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Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?
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“and can be produced by confounding (that is, by another factor that affects both the outcome and exposure)1 2 3”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
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“However, such associations reported in epidemiological studies are often not reliable estimates of causal effects”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“or by other forms of bias.”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lawlor, D. A., Smith, G. D., Bruckdorfer, K. R., Kundu, D., & Ebrahim, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lawlor, Debbie A
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 363
- Issue
- 9422
- Pages
- 1724-1727
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2158304798
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 23.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- antioxidant vitamins, vitamin C supplementation, observational studies, randomized controlled trials, cardiovascular disease, cancer, all-cause mortality, vitamin supplementation, evidence synthesis
- MeSH terms
- Anthropometry, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Life Style, Research Design, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behavior, Causality, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Observation
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