Cited by 819Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentFamily Dynamics and Relationships

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Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study

Ramchandani, Paul, Stein, Alan, Evans, Jonathan, O'Connor, Thomas G·2005·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66778-5

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Abstract

Background Depression is common and frequently affects mothers and fathers of young children. Postnatal depression in mothers affects the quality of maternal care, and can lead to disturbances in their children's social, behavioural, cognitive, and physical development. However, the effect of depression in fathers during the early years of a child's life has received little attention.Methods As part of a large, population-based study of childhood, we assessed the presence of depressive symptoms in mothers (n=13,351) and fathers (n=12,884) 8 weeks after the birth of their child with the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS). Fathers were reassessed at 21 months. We identified any subsequent development of behavioural and emotional problems in their children (n=10,024) at age 3.5 years with maternal reports on the Rutter revised preschool scales.Findings Information was available for 8431 fathers, 11,833 mothers, and 10,024 children. Depression in fathers during the postnatal period was associated with adverse emotional and behavioural outcomes in children aged 3.5 years (adjusted odds ratio 2.09, 95% CI 1.42-3.08), and an increased risk of conduct problems in boys (2.66, 1.67-4.25). These effects remained even after controlling for maternal postnatal depression and later paternal depression.Interpretation Our findings indicate that paternal depression has a specific and persisting detrimental effect on their children's early behavioural and emotional development.

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Authors: Ramchandani, P., Stein, A., Evans, J., & O'Connor, T. G.
Affiliations: Warneford Hospital (GB)
University of Bristol (GB)
Corresponding author: Ramchandani, Paul
ORCID: Ramchandani, Paul
Stein, Alan
Evans, Jonathan
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-06
Volume: 365
Issue: 9478
Pages: 2201-2205
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66778-5
OpenAlex: W2163378129
Cited by: 819
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 27.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords: paternal depression, postpartum depression, child development, child behavior problems, child emotional problems, conduct problems, early childhood, father-child relationship, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
MeSH terms: Child Behavior Disorders, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Father-Child Relations, Fathers, Female, Humans, Infant Care, Infant, Newborn, Male, Prospective Studies

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Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study

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