Interventions to address deaths from childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea equitably: what works and at what cost?
Abstract
Global mortality in children younger than 5 years has fallen substantially in the past two decades from more than 12 million in 1990, to 6·9 million in 2011, but progress is inconsistent between countries. Pneumonia and diarrhoea are the two leading causes of death in this age group and have overlapping risk factors. Several interventions can effectively address these problems, but are not available to those in need. We systematically reviewed evidence showing the effectiveness of various potential preventive and therapeutic interventions against childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia, and relevant delivery strategies. We used the Lives Saved Tool model to assess the effect on mortality when these interventions are applied. We estimate that if implemented at present annual rates of increase in each of the 75 Countdown countries, these interventions and packages of care could save 54% of diarrhoea and 51% of pneumonia deaths by 2025 at a cost of US$3·8 billion. However, if coverage of these key evidence-based interventions were scaled up to at least 80%, and that for immunisations to at least 90%, 95% of diarrhoea and 67% of pneumonia deaths in children younger than 5 years could be eliminated by 2025 at a cost of $6·715 billion. New delivery platforms could promote equitable access and community platforms are important catalysts in this respect. Furthermore, several of these interventions could reduce morbidity and overall burden of disease, with possible benefits for developmental outcomes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Most deaths from diarrhoea and pneumonia are preventable with high coverage of existing interventions.
“Most deaths from diarrhoea and pneumonia are preventable95 with high coverage of existing interventions (as shown in the second paper in this Series96).”
From Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea (2013) · cites this paper as [96]
Cites
Liu, L., Johnson, H. L., Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., Lawn, J. E., Rudan, I., Campbell, H., Cibulskis, R., Li, M., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60560-1 · Cited by 3,934 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea
Walker, C. L. F., Rudan, I., Liu, L., Nair, H., Theodoratou, E., Bhutta, Z. A., O'Brien, K. L., Campbell, H., & Black, R. E. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60222-6 · Cited by 2,356 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival
Bhutta, Z. A., Ahmed, T., Black, R. E., Cousens, S. N., Dewey, K. G., Giugliani, E. R. J., Haider, B. A., Kirkwood, B. R., Morris, S. S., Sachdev, H. S., et al. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61693-6 · Cited by 2,264 · see citing works
Self-citationHow many child deaths can we prevent this year?
Jones, G., Steketee, R. W., Black, R. E., Bhutta, Z. A., & Morris, S. S. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13811-1 · Cited by 2,244 · see citing works
Self-citationHow many child deaths can we prevent this year?
(2003) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2214.2003.00376_6.x · Cited by 1,585 · see citing works
Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions: How many newborn babies can we save?
Darmstadt, G. L., Bhutta, Z. A., Cousens, S., Adam, T., Walker, N., & de Bernis, L. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71088-6 · Cited by 1,541 · see citing works
Self-citationKotloff, K. L., Winickoff, J. P., Ivanoff, B., Clemens, J. D., Swerdlow, D. L., Sansonetti, P. J., Adak, G. K., & Levine, M. M. (1999) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
Wessells, K. R., & Brown, K. H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050568 · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health: from slogan to service delivery
Kerber, K. J., de Graft‐Johnson, J., Bhutta, Z. A., Okong, P., Starrs, A., & Lawn, J. E. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61578-5 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
Self-citationNair, H., Simões, E. A., Rudan, I., Gessner, B. D., Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Zhang, J. S. F., Feikin, D. R., Mackenzie, G. A., Moiïsi, J. C., Roca, A., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61901-1 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Self-citationWater, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea
Cairncross, S., Hunt, C., Boisson, S., Bostoen, K., Curtis, V., Fung, I. C., & Schmidt, W.-P. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq035 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality
Lamberti, L. M., Walker, C. L. F., Noiman, A., Victora, C. G., & Black, R. E. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-s3-s15 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Self-citationLassi, Z. S., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007754.pub3 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, K. R., McCracken, J. P., Weber, M. W., Hubbard, A., Jenny, A., Thompson, L. M., Balmes, J., Diaz, A., Arana, B., & Bruce, N. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60921-5 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Diarrhea incidence in low- and middle-income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review
Fischer Walker, C. L., Perin, J., Aryee, M. J., Boschi-Pinto, C., & Black, R. E. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-220 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Self-citationBreastfeeding promotion interventions and breastfeeding practices: a systematic review
Haroon, S., Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., Imdad, A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-s3-s20 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Self-citationAmadi, B., Mwiya, M., Musuku, J., et al. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11401-2 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Rossignol, J.-F., Ayoub, A., & Ayers, M. S. (2001) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/321008 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: a reanalysis
Ali, M., Emch, M., von Seidlein, L., et al. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66550-6 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Understanding the Cholera Epidemic, Haiti
Piarroux, R. (2011) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1707.110059 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Bhutta, Z. A., Ali, S., Cousens, S. N., Ali, T. M., Haider, B. A., Rizvi, A., Okong, P., Bhutta, S. Z., & Black, R. E. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61407-5 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citationYakoob, M. Y., Theodoratou, E., Jabeen, A., Imdad, A., Eisele, T. P., Ferguson, J., Jhass, A., Rudan, I., Campbell, H., Black, R. E., et al. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-s3-s23 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of oral rehydration solution and recommended home fluids on diarrhoea mortality
Munos, M. K., Walker, C. L. F., & Black, R. E. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq025 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal report on preterm birth and stillbirth (3 of 7): evidence for effectiveness of interventions
the GAPPS Review Group, Barros, F. C., Bhutta, Z. A., Batra, M., Hansen, T. N., Victora, C. G., & Rubens, C. E. (2010) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-10-s1-s3 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-citationRudan, I., Gibson, J. L., Ameratunga, S. N., Arifeen, S. E., Bhutta, Z. A., Black, M. M., Black, R. E., Brown, K. H., Campbell, H. J., Carneiro, I. A., et al. (2008) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2008.49.720 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationDuke, T., Wandi, F., Jonathan, M., Matai, S., Kaupa, M., Sa’avu, M., Subhi, R., & Peel, D. A. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61164-2 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Ozawa, S., Mirelman, A. J., Stack, M. L., Walker, D. G., & Levine, O. S. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.103 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Victora, C. G., Barros, A. J. D., Axelson, H., Bhutta, Z. A., Chopra, M., França, G. V., Kerber, K. J., Kirkwood, B. R., Newby, H., Ronsmans, C., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61427-5 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationBassani, D. G., Arora, P., Wazny, K., Gaffey, M. F., Lenters, L. M., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-s3-s30 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationWater, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries
(3ie), I. I. F. I. E., Waddington, H. S., Snilstveit, B., (3ie), I. I. F. I. E., White, H., (3ie), I. I. F. I. E., & Fewtrell, L. (2012) · doi:10.23846/sr0017 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Walker, C. L. F., & Black, R. E. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq023 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationLassi, Z. S., Haider, B. A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007754.pub2 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationControlling Endemic Cholera with Oral Vaccines
Longini, I. M., Nizam, A., Ali, M., et al. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040336 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Standards for CHERG reviews of intervention effects on child survival
Walker, N., Fischer-Walker, C., Bryce, J., Bahl, R., Cousens, S., & Effects, W. F. T. C. R. G. O. I. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq036 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of measles vaccination and vitamin A treatment
Sudfeld, C. R., Návar, A. M., & Halsey, N. A. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq021 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Gu, B., Cao, Y., Pan, S., Zhuang, L., Yu, R., Peng, Z., Qian, H., Wei, Y., Zhao, L., Liu, G., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.02.005 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Tackling pneumonia and diarrhoea: the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children
Gupta, G. R. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60907-6 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The effect of case management on childhood pneumonia mortality in developing countries
Τheodoratou, E., Al-Jilaihawi, S., Woodward, F., Ferguson, J., Jhass, A., Balliet, M., Kolčić, I., Sadruddin, S., Duke, T., Rudan, I., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq032 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationSetting Research Priorities to Reduce Global Mortality from Childhood Pneumonia by 2015
Rudan, I., Arifeen, S. E., Bhutta, Z. A., Black, R. E., Brooks, A. W., Chan, K. Y., Chopra, M., Duke, T., Marsh, D., Pío, A., et al. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001099 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationCunliffe, N. A., Witte, D., Ngwira, B. M., et al. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.120 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Strategy for Cross-Protection among Shigella flexneri Serotypes
Noriega, F. R., Liao, F. M., Maneval, D. R., et al. (1999) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.67.2.782-788.1999 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Control of household air pollution for child survival: estimates for intervention impacts
Bruce, N., Dherani, M., Das, J. K., Balakrishnan, K., Adair‐Rohani, H., Bhutta, Z. A., & Pope, D. P. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-s3-s8 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationChopra, M., Sharkey, A., Dalmiya, N., Anthony, D., & BINKIN, N. J. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61423-8 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Thompson, L. M., Bruce, N., Eskenazi, B., Diaz, A., Pope, D., & Smith, K. R. (2011) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1002928 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Haider, B. A., Lassi, Z. S., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005976.pub2 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationRudan, I., Chopra, M., Kapiriri, L., Gibson, J., Lansang, M. A., Carneiro, I. A., Ameratunga, S. N., Tsai, A. C., Chan, K. Y., Tomlinson, M., et al. (2008) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2008.3.307 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of case management on neonatal mortality due to sepsis and pneumonia
Zaidi, A. K. M., Ganatra, H. A., Syed, S., Cousens, S. N., Lee, A. C., Black, R. E., Bhutta, Z. A., & Lawn, J. E. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-s3-s13 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationRandomised comparison of ciprofloxacin suspension and pivmecillinam for childhood shigellosis
Salam, M. A., Dhar, U., Khan, W. A., et al. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11457-x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Τheodoratou, E., Johnson, S., Jhass, A., Madhi, S. A., Clark, A. D., Boschi-Pinto, C., Bhopal, S., Rudan, I., & Campbell, H. J. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq033 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationDas, J. K., Lassi, Z. S., Salam, R. A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-s3-s29 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationScaling Up Diarrhea Prevention and Treatment Interventions: A Lives Saved Tool Analysis
Walker, C. L. F., Friberg, I. K., BINKIN, N. J., et al. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000428 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Rudan, I., Gibson, J., Kapiriri, L., Lansang, M. A., Hyder, A. A., Lawn, J. E., Darmstadt, G. L., Cousens, S. N., Bhutta, Z. A., Brown, K. H., et al. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationStack, M. L., Ozawa, S., Bishai, D. M., Mirelman, A. J., Tam, Y., Niessen, L. W., Walker, D. G., & Levine, O. S. (2011) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0382 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Antibiotics for the treatment of dysentery in children.
Traa, B. S., Walker, C. L. F., Munos, M., & Black, R. E. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq024 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of rotavirus vaccine on diarrhoea mortality
Munos, M. K., Walker, C. L. F., & Black, R. E. (2010) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq022 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationSetting Research Priorities To Reduce Global Mortality from Childhood Diarrhoea by 2015
Fontaine, O., Kosek, M. N., Bhatnagar, S., Boschi-Pinto, C., Chan, K. Y., Duggan, C., Martı́nez, H., Ribeiro, H. D. C., Rollins, N. C., Salam, M. A., et al. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000041 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationAddo-Yobo, E., Dang, A. D., Elsayed, H., Fox, L., Fox, M. P., MacLeod, W., Saha, S., Tran, T.-A., Thea, D., & Qazi, S. (2011) · Tropical medicine & international health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02787.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Imdad, A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.11.060 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationChandani, Y., Noel, M., Pomeroy, A., Andersson, S., Pahl, M. K., & Williams, T. (2012) · The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0781 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Feng, X. L., Τheodoratou, E., Liu, L., Chan, K. Y., Hipgrave, D. B., Scherpbier, R. W., Brixi, H. P., Sufang, G., Chunmei, W., Chopra, M., et al. (2012) · PubMed Central · doi:10.7189/jogh.02.010405 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationChatterjee, A., Mahalanabis, D., Jalan, K. N., et al. (1978) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.53.4.284 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Vaccines for the prevention of diarrhea due to cholera, shigella, ETEC and rotavirus
Das, J. K., Tripathi, A., Ali, A. S., Hassan, A., Dojosoeandy, C., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-s3-s11 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationWittenberg, D. F., Miller, N. M., & ENDE, J. V. D. (1989) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/159.1.131 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Efficacy of the oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccine in Mali
Sow, S. O., Tapia, M. D., Haidara, F. C., Ciarlet, M., Diallo, F., Kodio, M., Doumbia, M. M., Dembelé, R., Traoré, O., Onwuchekwa, U. U., et al. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.094 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Ozawa, S., Stack, M. L., Bishai, D. M., et al. (2011) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0381 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dietary management of childhood diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Gaffey, M. F., Wazny, K., Bassani, D. G., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-s3-s17 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationComparative efficacy of ceftriaxone and ampicillin for treatment of severe shigellosis in children
Varsano, I., Eidlitz-Marcus, T., Nussinovitch, M., & Elian, I. (1991) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)83392-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Antibiotics for the treatment of Cholera, Shigella and Cryptosporidiumin children
Das, J. K., Ali, A., Salam, R. A., et al. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-s3-s10 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationWazny, K., Zipursky, A., Black, R. E., et al. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001446 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE ZIMBABWE BANGLADESH SOUTH AFRICA (ZIMBASA) DYSENTERY STUDY GROUP (2002) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-200212000-00010 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Systematic review of strategies to increase use of oral rehydration solution at the household level
Lenters, L. M., Das, J. K., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-s3-s28 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement of Newborn Infections in Primary Care Settings
Bhutta, Z. A., Zaidi, A. K. M., Thaver, D., Humayun, Q., Ali, S., & Darmstadt, G. L. (2008) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e31819588ac · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationVerg, L. V. D. (1996) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/0264-410x(96)00006-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lassi, Z. S., Haider, B. A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2012) · Journal of Development Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19439342.2012.655911 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationPunpanich, W., Groome, M. J., Muhe, L. M., et al. (2011) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e31822d989c · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhoea 1 Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea
Walker, C. L. F., Rudan, I., Liu, L., Nair, H., & Campbell, H. J. (2013) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationDirecting Diarrhoeal Disease Research towards Disease-burden Reduction
Kosek, M. N., Lanata, C. F., Black, R. E., Walker, D. G., Snyder, J. D., Salam, M. A., Mahalanabis, D., Fontaine, O., Bhutta, Z. A., Bhatnagar, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.3329/jhpn.v27i3.3374 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationErythromycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in the treatment of cholera in children.
Kabir, I., Khan, W. A., Haider, R., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Comparison of Pivmecillinam and Nalidixic Acid in the Treatment of Acute Shigellosis in Children
Alam, A. N., Islam, M. R., Hossain, M. S., et al. (1994) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365529409094842 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sk, R., Islam, A., Ali, R., Islam, K. E., Khan, R., Ara, S. H., Saifuddin, N. M., & Fuchs, G. J. (1998) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(98)91094-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Oral rehydration in infantile diarrhoea.
Vinhas, A., Wilson, G., Zinkin, P., et al. (1979) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.54.3.243-a · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bhutta, Z. A. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39520.680718.94 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSetting priorities for development of emerging interventions against childhood diarrhoea
Bhutta, Z. A., Zipursky, A., Wazny, K., Levine, M. M., Black, R. E., Bassani, D. G., Shantosham, M., Freedman, S. B., Grange, A., Kosek, M. N., et al. (2013) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.03.010302 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationMainstreaming interventions in the health sector to address maternal and child undernutrition
Bhutta, Z. A., Shekar, M., & Ahmed, T. (2008) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2007.00132.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia in children aged under 5 years.
(2009) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Liu, L., Oza, S., Hogan, D., Chu, Y., Perin, J., Zhu, J., Lawn, J. E., Cousens, S., Mathers, C., & Black, R. E. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31593-8 · Cited by 3,453 · see citing works
Self-citationBhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M. F., Walker, N., Horton, S., Webb, P., Lartey, A., & Black, R. E. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4 · Cited by 3,093 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea
Walker, C. L. F., Rudan, I., Liu, L., Nair, H., Theodoratou, E., Bhutta, Z. A., O'Brien, K. L., Campbell, H., & Black, R. E. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60222-6 · Cited by 2,356 · see citing works
Self-citationThe epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies
Bailey, R. L., West Jr., K. P., & Black, R. E. (2015) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000371618 · Cited by 2,035 · see citing works
Self-citationNurturing care: Promoting early childhood development
Britto, P. R., Lye, S. J., Proulx, K., Yousafzai, A. K., Matthews, S. G., Vaivada, T., Perez-Escamilla, R., Rao, N., Ip, P., Fernald, L. C. H., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31390-3 · Cited by 1,796 · see citing works
Self-citationBhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Bahl, R., Lawn, J. E., Salam, R. A., Paul, V. K., Sankar, M. J., Blencowe, H., Rizvi, A., Chou, V. B., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60792-3 · Cited by 1,367 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal health 2035: a world converging within a generation
Jamison, D. T., Summers, L. H., Alleyne, G., Arrow, K. J., Berkley, S., Binagwaho, A., Bustreo, F., Evans, D., Feachem, R. G. A., Frenk, J., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62105-4 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
The Global Burden of Diagnostic Errors in Primary Care
Singh, H., Schiff, G. D., Graber, M. L., Onakpoya, I., & Thompson, M. J. (2017) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2016-005401 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Can water, sanitation and hygiene help eliminate stunting? Current evidence and policy implications
Cumming, O., & Cairncross, S. (2016) · Maternal & Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12258 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Overview of the Lives Saved Tool (LiST).
Walker, N., Tam, Y., & Friberg, I. K. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-s3-s1 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationBlack, R. E., Levin, C., Walker, N., Chou, D., Liu, L., & Temmerman, M. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00738-8 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationVaivada, T., Lassi, Z. S., Irfan, O., Salam, R. A., Das, J. K., Oh, C., Carducci, B., Jain, R. P., Als, D., Sharma, N., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02725-2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationProactive community case management and child survival in periurban Mali
Johnson, A. D., Thiero, O., Whidden, C., Poudiougou, B., Diakité, D., Traoré, F., Samaké, S., Koné, D., Cissé, I., & Kayentao, K. (2018) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000634 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ashraf, S., Islam, M., Unicomb, L., Rahman, M., Winch, P. J., Arnold, B. F., Benjamin-Chung, J., Ram, P. K., Colford, J. M., & Luby, S. P. (2020) · The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0769 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Prenatal exposure to diurnal temperature variation and early childhood pneumonia
Zeng, J., Lu, C., & Deng, Q. (2017) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.02.012 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Walker, N., Rizvi, A., Campbell, H., Rudan, I., & Black, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Aga Khan University (PK)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bhutta, Zulfiqar A
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 381
- Issue
- 9875
- Pages
- 1417-1429
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W2026569930
- Cited by
- 675
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 30
- FWCI
- 57.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Keywords
- pediatric pneumonia, childhood diarrhea, under-five mortality, Lives Saved Tool, intervention cost-effectiveness, vaccination coverage, community health workers, child morbidity
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Bacterial Agents, Breast Feeding, Child, Preschool, Dehydration, Diarrhea, Female, Fluid Therapy, Health Promotion, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Infant, Male, Pneumonia, Risk Factors, Global Health, Zinc
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
