Can water, sanitation and hygiene help eliminate stunting? Current evidence and policy implications
Open accessAbstract
Stunting is a complex and enduring challenge with far-reaching consequences for those affected and society as a whole. To accelerate progress in eliminating stunting, broader efforts are needed that reach beyond the nutrition sector to tackle the underlying determinants of undernutrition. There is growing interest in how water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions might support strategies to reduce stunting in high-burden settings, such as South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. This review article considers two broad questions: (1) can WASH interventions make a significant contribution to reducing the global prevalence of childhood stunting, and (2) how can WASH interventions be delivered to optimize their effect on stunting and accelerate progress? The evidence reviewed suggests that poor WASH conditions have a significant detrimental effect on child growth and development resulting from sustained exposure to enteric pathogens but also due to wider social and economic mechanisms. Realizing the potential of WASH to reduce stunting requires a redoubling of efforts to achieve universal access to these services as envisaged under the Sustainable Development Goals. It may also require new or modified WASH strategies that go beyond the scope of traditional interventions to specifically address exposure pathways in the first 2 years of life when the process of stunting is concentrated.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There might be multiple additional mechanisms by which WASH could contribute to undernutrition, such as via parasitic infections, asymptomatic carriage of certain enteric pathogens, and environmental enteric dysfunction.
“There might be multiple additional mechanisms by which WASH could contribute to undernutrition, such as via parasitic infections,53 the asymptomatic carriage of certain enteric pathogens,48 and environmental enteric dysfunction.12, 54”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805 · see citing works
Murray, C. J. L., Vos, T., Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Flaxman, A. D., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J. A., Abdalla, S., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61689-4 · Cited by 8,888 · see citing works
Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60937-x · Cited by 8,475 · see citing works
Liu, L., Johnson, H. L., Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., Lawn, J. E., Rudan, I., Campbell, H., Cibulskis, R., Li, M., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60560-1 · Cited by 3,934 · see citing works
Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm
Bethony, J., Brooker, S., Albonico, M., Geiger, S. M., Loukas, A., Diemert, D., & Hotez, P. J. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68653-4 · Cited by 2,478 · see citing works
Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea
Walker, C. L. F., Rudan, I., Liu, L., Nair, H., Theodoratou, E., Bhutta, Z. A., O'Brien, K. L., Campbell, H., & Black, R. E. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60222-6 · Cited by 2,356 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As both diarrhoeal disease morbidity and mortality (Walker et al. 2013.)”
BackgroundDisease control priorities in developing countries
Frenk, J. M. (2006) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342006000600011 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
Prüss‐Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford, J. M., Cumming, O., Curtis, V., Bonjour, S., Dangour, A. D., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., et al. (2014) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12329 · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Self-citationThe stunting syndrome in developing countries
Prendergast, A. J., & Humphrey, J. H. (2014) · Paediatrics and International Child Health · doi:10.1179/2046905514y.0000000158 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
Esrey, S. A., Potash, J. B., Roberts, L., & Shiff, C. (1991) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Caulfield, L. E., de Onís, M., Blössner, M., & Black, R. E. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.1.193 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Dewey, K. G., & Adu‐Afarwuah, S. (2008) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2007.00124.x · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing
Humphrey, J. H. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60950-8 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
On the Mode of the Communication of Cholera
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551330.003.0027 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Progress on sanitation and drinking-water 2010 update
worl (2010) · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Hygiene, Sanitation, and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health
Bartram, J., & Cairncross, S. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Disease control priorities in developing countries, second edition
Jamison, D., Breman, J., Measham, A., Alleyne, G., Claeson, M., Evans, D. B., Jha, P., Mills, A., & Musgrove, P. (2006) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6179-5 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Strunz, E. C., Addiss, D. G., Stocks, M. E., Ogden, S., Utzinger, J., & Freeman, M. C. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
World Development Indicators 2015
Bank, W. (2015) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0440-3 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Worldwide Timing of Growth Faltering: Implications for Nutritional Interventions
Shrimpton, R., Victora, C. G., de Onís, M., Lima, R. C., Blössner, M., & Clugston, G. A. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.107.5.e75 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Walker, N., Rizvi, A., Campbell, H., Rudan, I., & Black, R. E. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60648-0 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Multi-country analysis of the effects of diarrhoea on childhood stunting
Checkley, W., Buckley, G., Gilman, R. H., Assis, A. M., Guerrant, R. L., Morris, S. S., Mølbak, K., Valentiner-Branth, P., Lanata, C. F., Black, R. E., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyn099 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Hotez, P. J., BROOKER, S. J., Bethony, J. M., Bottazzi, M. E., Loukas, A. C., & Shuhua, X. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra032492 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Prüss‐Üstün, A., & Corvalan, C. F. (2006) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Effect of Sanitation on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Ziegelbauer, K., Speich, B., Mäusezahl, D., Bos, R., Keiser, J., & Utzinger, J. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review
Rabie, T., & Curtis, V. (2006) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01568.x · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development
Guerrant, R. L., Oriá, R. B., Moore, S. R., Oriá, M. O. B., & Lima, A. Â. M. (2008) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00082.x · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Clasen, T., Boisson, S., Routray, P., Torondel, B., Bell, M., Cumming, O., Ensink, J., Freeman, M., Jenkins, M., Odagiri, M., et al. (2014) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70307-9 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Freeman, M. C., Stocks, M. E., Cumming, O., Jeandron, A., Higgins, J. P. T., Wolf, J., Prüss‐Ustün, A., Bonjour, S., Hunter, P. R., Fewtrell, L., et al. (2014) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12339 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Self-citationBain, R., Cronk, R., Hossain, R., Bonjour, S., Onda, K., Wright, J., Yang, H., Slaymaker, T., Hunter, P. R., Prüss‐Üstün, A., et al. (2014) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12334 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Patil, S. R., Arnold, B. F., Salvatore, A. L., Briceno, B., Ganguly, S., Colford, J. M., & Gertler, P. J. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Enteric infections, diarrhea, and their impact on function and development
Petri, W. A., Miller, M. A., Binder, H. J., Levine, M. M., Dillingham, R., & Guerrant, R. L. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci34005 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Houthakker, H. S. (1957) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1905382 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Wolf, J., Prüss‐Ustün, A., Cumming, O., Bartram, J., Bonjour, S., Cairncross, S., Clasen, T., Colford, J. M., Curtis, V., De France, J., et al. (2014) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12331 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Esrey, S. A., Feachem, R. G., & Jm, H. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Environmental enteropathy: critical implications of a poorly understood condition
Korpe, P. S., & Petri, W. A. (2012) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.007 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Hookworm-Related Anaemia among Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review
Brooker, S., Hotez, P., & Bundy, D. A. (2008) · PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000291 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Waage, J. K., Banerji, R., Campbell, O. M. R., Chirwa, E. W., Collender, G., Dieltiens, V., Dorward, A., Godfrey‐Faussett, P., Hanvoravongchai, P., Kingdon, G., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61196-8 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Pickering, A. J., Djebbari, H., López, C., Coulibaly, M., & Alzúa, M. L. (2015) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(15)00144-8 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Dangour, A. D., Watson, L., Cumming, O., Boisson, S., Che, Y., Velleman, Y., Cavill, S., Allen, E., & Uauy, R. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009382.pub2 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Self-citationSpears, D., Ghosh, A., & Cumming, O. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
A review and meta‐analysis of the impact of intestinal worms on child growth and nutrition
Hall, A., Hewitt, G., Tuffrey, V., & de Silva, N. (2008) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2007.00127.x · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Lin, A., Arnold, B. F., Afreen, S., Goto, R., Huda, T. M. N., Haque, R., Raqib, R., UNICOMB, L. E., Ahmed, T., Colford, J. M., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0629 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Hidden cities: unmasking and overcoming health inequities in urban settings
Ompad, D. C. (2010) · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Intestinal permeability, mucosal injury, and growth faltering in Gambian infants
Lunn, P. G., Northrop‐Clewes, C. A., & Downes, R. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91772-m · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Luby, S. P., Agboatwalla, M., Painter, J., Altaf, A., Billhimer, W. L., & Hoekstra, R. M. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.21.2547 · Cited by 309 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…on childhood stunting: treatment of household drinking water by solar disinfection (Du Preez et al. 2010; Du Preez et al. 2011; McGuigan et al. 2011), chlorination (Luby et al. 2006), flocculants (Luby et al. 2006) and the provision of soap and promotion of handwashing (Luby et al. 2004).”
BackgroundGrimes, J. E. T., Croll, D., Harrison, W. E., Utzinger, J., Freeman, M. C., & Templeton, M. R. (2014) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003296 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Clinical Consequences
Keusch, G. T., Denno, D. M., Black, R. E., Duggan, C., Guerrant, R. L., Lavery, J. V., Nataro, J. P., Rosenberg, I. H., Ryan, E. T., Tarr, P. I., et al. (2014) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciu485 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Stocks, M. E., Ogden, S., Haddad, D., Addiss, D. G., McGuire, C., & Freeman, M. C. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001605 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Brown, K. H. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.1.328s · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Ngure, F. M., Humphrey, J. H., Mbuya, M. N. N., Majo, F. D., Mutasa, K., Govha, M., Mazarura, E., Chasekwa, B., Prendergast, A. J., Curtis, V. A., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0568 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Governing the UN Sustainable Development Goals: interactions, infrastructures, and institutions
Waage, J. K., Yap, C., Bell, S. J., Lévy, C., Mace, G. M., Pegram, T., Unterhalter, E., Dasandi, N., Hudson, D., Kock, R. A., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(15)70112-9 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction: An Overview
Crane, R. J., Jones, K. D. J., & Berkley, J. A. (2015) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/15648265150361s113 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Arnold, B. F., Null, C., Luby, S. P., UNICOMB, L. E., Stewart, C. P., Dewey, K. G., Ahmed, T., Ashraf, S., Christensen, G., Clasen, T., et al. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003476 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Excreta disposal for rural areas and small communities
(1959) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1959.tb88741.x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Barnard, S., Routray, P., Majorin, F., Peletz, R., Boisson, S., Sinha, A., & Clasen, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071438 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The public health importance of Ascaris lumbricoides
O'Lorcain, P., & Holland, C. (2000) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182000006442 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Hygiene: new hopes, new horizons
Curtis, V., Schmidt, W., Luby, S., Florez, R., Touré, O., & Biran, A. (2011) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70224-3 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
How Much International Variation in Child Height Can Sanitation Explain?
Spears, D. (2013) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6351 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Pullan, R. L., Freeman, M. C., Gething, P. W., & BROOKER, S. J. (2014) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001626 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Nutritional Status of Under-five Children Living in an Informal Urban Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya
Olack, B., Burke, H., Cosmas, L. O., Bamrah, S., Dooling, K. L., Feikin, D. R., Talley, L. E., & Breiman, R. F. (2011) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.3329/jhpn.v29i4.8451 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Four dimensions of food and nutrition security: definitions and concepts.
Gross, R., Schoeneberger, H., Pfeifer, H., & Preuß, H. (2000) · SCN News · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Effects of Acute Diarrhea on Linear Growth in Peruvian Children
Checkley, W. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf179 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Calculating the value of time spent collecting water: Some estimates for Ukunda, Kenya
Whittington, D., Mu, X., & Roche, R. (1990) · World Development · doi:10.1016/0305-750x(90)90052-y · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Keusch, G. T., Rosenberg, I. H., Denno, D. M., Duggan, C., Guerrant, R. L., Lavery, J. V., Tarr, P. I., Ward, H., Black, R. E., Nataro, J. P., et al. (2013) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/156482651303400308 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Luby, S. P., Agboatwalla, M., Painter, J., Altaf, A., Billhimer, W., Keswick, B., & Hoekstra, R. M. (2006) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01592.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Richard, S. A., Black, R. E., Gilman, R. H., Guerrant, R. L., Kang, G., Lanata, C. F., Mølbak, K., Rasmussen, Z., Sack, R. B., Valentiner‐Branth, P., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt094 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Beňová, L., Cumming, O., & Campbell, O. M. R. (2014) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12275 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Briend, A. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Rural:urban inequalities in post 2015 targets and indicators for drinking-water
Bain, R., Wright, J., Christenson, E., & Bartram, J. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.007 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Fotso, J., Ezeh, A., Madise, N., & Ciera, J. M. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-218 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Clasen, T., Prüss‐Üstün, A., Mathers, C. D., Cumming, O., Cairncross, S., & Colford, J. M. (2014) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12330 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Environmental enteropathy: new targets for nutritional interventions
McKay, S., Gaudier, E. A., Campbell, D. I., Prentice, A. M., & Albers, R. (2010) · International Health · doi:10.1016/j.inhe.2010.07.006 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
du Preez, M., Conroy, R. M., Ligondo, S., Hennessy, J., Elmore-Meegan, M., Soita, A., & McGuigan, K. G. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es2018835 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Impact Evaluation of a Large-Scale Rural Sanitation Project in Indonesia
Cameron, L., Shah, M., & Olivia, S. (2013) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6360 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Tropical enteropathy and tropical sprue
Baker, S. J., & Mathan, V. I. (1972) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/25.10.1047 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Patterns and determinants of communal latrine usage in urban poverty pockets in Bhopal, India
Biran, A., Jenkins, M. W., Dabrase, P., & Bhagwat, I. (2011) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02764.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Brown, J. M., Cumming, O., Bartram, J., Cairncross, S., Ensink, J. H. J., Holcomb, D., Knee, J., Kolsky, P. J., Liang, K., Liang, S., et al. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008215 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
McGuigan, K. G., Samaiyar, P., du Preez, M., & Conroy, R. M. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es201313x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Elasticity of demand for water in Khartoum, Sudan
Cairncross, S., & Kinnear, J. (1992) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90095-8 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Tropical Sprue and Subclinical Enteropathy: A Vision for the Nineties
Haghighi, P., Wolf, P. L., & Durie, P. R. (1997) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408369708998096 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Fagundes–Neto, U., Viaro, T., Wehba, J., Patrı́cio, F. R. D. S., & Machado, N. L. (1984) · Journal of Tropical Pediatrics · doi:10.1093/tropej/30.4.204 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
du Preez, M., McGuigan, K. G., & Conroy, R. M. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es103328j · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chadwick, E. (1842) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Hygiene intervention reduces contamination of weaning food in Bangladesh
Islam, M. S., Mahmud, Z. H., Gope, P. S., Zaman, R. U., Hossain, Z., Islam, M. S., Mondal, D., Sharker, M. A. Y., Islam, K., Jahan, H., et al. (2013) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12051 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mock, N. B., Sellers, T. A., Abdoh, A. A., & Franklin, R. R. (1993) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90041-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Piloting an intervention to improve microbiological food safety in Peri-Urban Mali
Touré, O., Coulibaly, S. S., Arby, A., Maiga, F., & Cairncross, S. (2012) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.02.003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Jejunal morphology of the African in Uganda
Cook, G. C., Kajubi, S. K., & Lee, F. D. (1969) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1710980302 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Hammer, J. S., & Spears, D. (2013) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6580 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Cumming, O., Ellıott, M., Overbo, A., & Bartram, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114699 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Water and other environmental interventions—the minimum investment concept
Kawata, K. (1978) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/31.11.2114 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Editorial: Water supply and sanitation: some misconceptions
Cairncross, S. (2003) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01027.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Improving microbiological food Safety in peri-urban Mali; an experimental study
Touré, O., Coulibaly, S. S., Arby, A., Maiga, F., & Cairncross, S. (2011) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.012 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Measuring disparities in sanitation access: does the measure matter?
Rheingans, R., Anderson, J. D., Luyendijk, R., & Cumming, O. (2013) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12220 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Malnutrition–Infection Complex and its Environment Factors
Mata, L. J. (1979) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19790006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Routledge Handbook of Food and Nutrition Security
Blades, M. (2017) · Reference Reviews · doi:10.1108/rr-03-2017-0069 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Ghost Map: A Street, an Epidemic and the Hidden Power of Urban Networks.
Johnson, S. B. (2008) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mortality of Children in the Principal States of Europe
Farr, W. (1866) · Journal of the Statistical Society of London · doi:10.2307/2338423 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An interview with Mahmuder Rahman. Bangladesh’s arsenic agony
Fleck, F. (2008) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.08.040108 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Changing Focus for Improving Nutrition
Dangour, A. D., Kennedy, E., & Taylor, A. (2013) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/156482651303400208 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Water, sanitation and hygiene: a missing link to food and nutrition security?
Cumming, O., Watson, L., & Dangour, A. D. (2016) · LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) · doi:10.4324/9781315745749-39 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An Analysis on the Systematic Approach Views in Orthodox Classics of Huangdi
Sun, K., & Zhang, X. (2015) · JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING STUDIES · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1224.2015.00076 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2008) · World Health Organization eBooks
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 109 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Freeman M.C., Stocks M.E., Cumming O., Jeandron A., Higgins J.P.T., Wolf J. et al. (2014b) Systematic review: hygiene and health: systematic review of handwashing practices worldwide and update of health effects. Tropical Medicine & International Health 19, 906– 916. 24889816
- Humphrey J.H. (2009b) Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing. The Lancet 374, 1032– 1035. 19766883
- Strunz E.C., Addiss D.G., Stocks M.E., Ogden S., Utzinger J. & Freeman M.C. (2014b) Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil‐transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. PLoS Medicine 11, e1001620. 24667810 PMC3965411
- UNICEF (1990) Strategy for improved nutrition of women and children in developing countries In: A UNICEF Policy Review. UNICEF: New York.
- White G.F., Bradley D.J., White A.U. & Ahmed T. (1972) Drawers of Water. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Zaroff B. & Okun D.A. (1984) Water vending in developing countries. Aqua: Journal of the International Water Supply Association 5, 289– 95.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brauer, M., Roth, G. A., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., Abate, K. H., Abate, Y. H., Abbafati, C., Abbasgholizadeh, R., Abbasi, M. A., Abbasian, M., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4 · Cited by 2,884 · see citing works
Luby, S. P., Rahman, M., Arnold, B. F., Unicomb, L., Ashraf, S., Winch, P. J., Stewart, C. P., Begum, F., Hussain, F., Benjamin-Chung, J., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30490-4 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Wolf, J., Johnston, R. B., Ambelu, A., Arnold, B. F., Bain, R., Brauer, M., Brown, J., Caruso, B. A., Clasen, T., Colford, J. M., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00458-0 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Environmental enteric dysfunction and child stunting
Budge, S., Parker, A. H., Hutchings, P. T., & Garbutt, C. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy068 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Stop stunting: improving child feeding, women's nutrition and household sanitation in South Asia
Aguayo, V. M., & Menon, P. (2016) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12283 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Deshpande, A., Miller-Petrie, M. K., Lindstedt, P. A., Baumann, M. M., Johnson, K. B., Blacker, B. F., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30278-3 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia
Kwami, C. S., Godfrey, S., Gavilan, H., Lakhanpaul, M., & Parikh, P. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203793 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Determinants of stunting in children under 5 years in Madagascar
Rakotomanana, H., Gates, G. E., Hildebrand, D. A., & Stoecker, B. J. (2016) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12409 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Sanitation and child health in India
Augsburg, B., & Lesmes, P. A. R. (2018) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.005 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Rogawski McQuade, E. T., Platts-Mills, J. A., Gratz, J., Zhang, J., Moulton, L. H., Mutasa, K., Majo, F. D., Tavengwa, N., Ntozini, R., Prendergast, A. J., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz179 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Rogawski, E. T., Guerrant, R., Havt, A., Lima, I., Medeiros, P. H., Seidman, J., McCormick, B., Babji, S., Hariraju, D., Bodhidatta, L., et al. (2017) · PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005798 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Drivers of stunting reduction in Peru: a country case study
Huicho, L., Vidal-Cárdenas, E., Akseer, N., Brar, S., Conway-Moore, K., Islam, M., Juárez-Chávez, E., Rappaport, A. I., Tasic, H., Vaivada, T., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa164 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Muhoozi, G. K. M., Atukunda, P., Diep, L. M., Mwadime, R. K. N., Kaaya, A. N., Skaare, A. B., Willumsen, T., Westerberg, A. C., & Iversen, P. O. (2017) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12527 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
van Cooten, M. H., Bilal, S. M., Gebremedhin, S., & Spigt, M. (2018) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12631 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Chirgwin, H., Cairncross, S., Zehra, D., & Waddington, H. S. (2021) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1194 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Kothari, M. T., Coile, A., Huestis, A., Pullum, T., Garrett, D., & Engmann, C. (2019) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14109 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Current Status of Malnutrition and Stunting in Pakistani Children: What Needs to Be Done?
Ali, A. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1750504 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Climate impacts associated with reduced diet diversity in children across nineteen countries
Niles, M. T., Emery, B. F., Wiltshire, S., Brown, M. E., Fisher, B., & Ricketts, T. H. (2020) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abd0ab · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Parvez, S. M., Azad, R., Rahman, M. M., UNICOMB, L. E., Ram, P. K., Naser, A. M., Stewart, C. P., Jannat, K., Rahman, M. J., Leontsini, E., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2710-8 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Gera, T., Shah, D., & Sachdev, H. S. (2018) · Indian Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s13312-018-1279-3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The co‐occurrence of anaemia and stunting in young children
Gosdin, L., Martorell, R., Bartolini, R., Mehta, R. V., Srikantiah, S., & Young, M. (2018) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12597 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Habimana, S., & Biracyaza, E. (2019) · Pediatric Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/phmt.s222198 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
After the floods: Differential impacts of rainfall anomalies on child stunting in India
Dimitrova, A., & Muttarak, R. (2020) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102130 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
He, Z., Bishwajit, G., Zou, D., Yaya, S., Cheng, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061241 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Association Between Breastfeeding and Child Stunting in Mexico
Campos, A. P., Vilar‐Compte, M., & Hawkins, S. S. (2020) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.5334/aogh.2836 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sahiledengle, B., Petrucka, P. M., Kumie, A., Mwanri, L., Beressa, G., Atlaw, D., Tekalegn, Y., Zenbaba, D., Desta, F., & Agho, K. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14309-z · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Momberg, D. J., Ngandu, C. B., Voth‐Gaeddert, L. E., Ribeiro, K. C., May, J. D., Norris, S. A., & Mohamed, R. S. (2020) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174419000898 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sutriyawan, A., Kurniawati, R. D., Rahayu, S. R., & Habibi, J. (2020) · Journal Of Midwifery · doi:10.37676/jm.v8i2.1197 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Drivers of stunting reduction in Senegal: a country case study
Brar, S., Akseer, N., Sall, M., Conway-Moore, K., Diouf, I., Everett, K., Islam, M., Sène, P. I. S., Tasic, H., Wigle, J., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa151 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gizaw, Z., & Worku, A. (2019) · Italian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-019-0666-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hubungan Faktor Air dan Sanitasi dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita di Indonesia
Olo, A., Mediani, . S., & Rakhmawati, W. (2020) · Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini · doi:10.31004/obsesi.v5i2.788 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Bekele, T., Rahman, B., & Rawstorne, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239313 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Bekele, T., Rawstorne, P., & Rahman, B. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034812 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Rakotomanana, H., Komakech, J. J., Walters, C. A., & Stoecker, B. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176262 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Prevalence and risk predictors of childhood stunting in Bangladesh
Abdulla, F., Rahman, A., & Hossain, M. M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279901 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Childhood undernutrition in three disadvantaged East African Districts: a multinomial analysis
Agho, K., Akombi-Inyang, B. J., Ferdous, A. J., Mbugua, I., & Kamara, J. K. (2019) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1482-y · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Rajkumar, H., Pandey, A., Kinyoki, D. K., Ramji, S., Lodha, R., Kumar, G. A., Kassebaum, N. J., Borghi, E., Agrawal, D., Gupta, S. S., et al. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100317 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Mahmood, T., Abbas, F., Kumar, R., & Somrongthong, R. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09110-9 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Ademas, A., Adane, M., Keleb, A., Berihun, G., & Addis, G. T. (2021) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-021-01128-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Pearson, R., Killedar, M., Petravic, J., Kakietek, J. J., Scott, N., Grantham, K. L., Stuart, R. M., Kedziora, D. J., Kerr, C. C., Skordis, J., et al. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5294-z · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Dilemmas of Water Quality and Food Security Interactions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Linderhof, V. G. M., de Lange, T., & Reinhard, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Water · doi:10.3389/frwa.2021.736760 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Risk factors of stunting in Indonesian children aged 1 to 60 months
Wicaksono, R. A., Arto, K. S., Mutiara, E., Deliana, M., Lubis, M., & Batubara, J. R. L. (2021) · Paediatrica Indonesiana · doi:10.14238/pi61.1.2021.12-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Choudhary, N., Schuster, R. C., Brewis, A., & Wutich, A. (2020) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12929 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Malnutrition and poverty in India: does the use of public distribution system matter?
Panda, B. K., Mohanty, S. K., Nayak, I., Shastri, V. D., & Subramanian, S. V. (2020) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-020-00369-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Das, S., Chanani, S., More, N. S., Osrin, D., Pantvaidya, S., & Jayaraman, A. (2020) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-020-00222-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ahmed, J., Wong, L. P., Chua, Y. P., Hydrie, M. Z. I., & Channa, N. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15681-w · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Haile, B., & Headey, D. (2023) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102485 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Patlán‐Hernández, A. R., Stobaugh, H. C., Cumming, O., Angioletti, A., Pantchova, D., Lapègue, J., Stern, S., & N’Diaye, D. S. (2021) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13257 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Choudhary, N., Schuster, R. C., Brewis, A., & Wutich, A. (2021) · Food and Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0379572121998122 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Shahid, M., Cao, Y., Shahzad, M., Saheed, R., Rauf, U., Qureshi, M. G., Hasnat, A., Bibi, A., & Ahmed, F. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9030361 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Stunting and anemia among children 6–23 months old in Damot Sore district, Southern Ethiopia
Malako, B. G., Asamoah, B. O., Tadesse, M., Kabthymer, R. H., & Gebre, M. T. (2019) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-018-0268-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Banerjee, K., & Dwivedi, L. K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238364 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gizaw, Z., Worku, A., Bitew, B. D., Lee, J., & Bisesi, M. S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23981-5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
World Perspective on the Epidemiology of Stunting between 1990 and 2015
Campisi, S. C., Cherian, A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000462972 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Spatial typology for targeted food and nutrition security interventions
Marivoet, W., Ulimwengu, J. M., & Sedano, F. (2019) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.04.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Gemeda, S. T., Springer, E., Gari, S. R., Birhan, S. M. M., & Bedane, H. T. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248944 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hetherington, E., Eggers, S. M., Wamoyi, J., Hatfield, J. M., Manyama, M. F., Kutz, S. J., & Bastien, S. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4100-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Risk factors for anaemia among Ghanaian women and children vary by population group and climate zone
Petry, N., Wirth, J. P., Adu‐Afarwuah, S., Wegmüller, R., Woodruff, B. A., Tanumihardjo, S. A., Bentil, H., Donkor, W., Williams, T. N., Shahab‐Ferdows, S., et al. (2020) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13076 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Shrestha, S. K., Vicendese, D., & Erbas, B. (2020) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-020-2010-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Erismann, S., Diagbouga, S., Schindler, C., Odermatt, P., Knoblauch, A. M., Gerold, J., Leuenberger, A., Shrestha, A., Tarnagda, G., Utzinger, J., et al. (2017) · The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0964 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cunningham, K., Ferguson, E., Ruel, M. T., Uauy, R. D., Kadiyala, S., Menon, P., & Ploubidis, G. B. (2018) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12638 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Alexander, C. C., Shrestha, S., Tounkara, M. D., Cooper, S., Hunt, L., Hoj, T. H., Dearden, K. A., Kezakubi, D., Atugonza, V., West, J. H., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16111963 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Examining the linkage between open defecation and child malnutrition in India
Rahman, M. H. U., Malik, M. A., Chauhan, S., Patel, R., Singh, A. K., & Mittal, A. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105345 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wright, C. M., Macpherson, J., Bland, R., Ashorn, P., Zaman, S., & Ho, F. K. W. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab054 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Davis, E., Cumming, O., Aseyo, R. E., Nelima, D., Baker, K. K., Mumma, J. A. O., & Dreibelbis, R. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15020192 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Woldesenbet, B., Tolcha, A., & Negash, B. T. (2023) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-023-00677-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Irianti, S., Prasetyoputra, P., Dharmayanti, I., Azhar, K., & Hidayangsih, P. S. (2019) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/344/1/012009 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mohapatra, S. (2020) · Review of Economics of the Household · doi:10.1007/s11150-020-09512-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cigarette smoke exposure and increased risks of stunting among under-five children
Astuti, D. D., Handayani, T. W., & Astuti, D. P. (2020) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2020.02.029 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Modern, G., Sauli, E., & Mpolya, E. A. (2020) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00430 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA DI UPT PUSKESMAS CITARIP KOTA BANDUNG
Sutriyawan, A., & Nadhira, C. C. (2020) · Jurnal Kesmas (Kesehatan Masyarakat) Khatulistiwa · doi:10.29406/jkmk.v7i2.2072 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Freeman, M. C., Ellis, A. S., Ogutu, E. A., Caruso, B. A., Linabarger, M., Micek, K., Muga, R., Girard, A. W., Wodnik, B. K., & Arriola, K. J. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002806 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Prevalence and determinants of nutritional status among women and children in Pakistan
Waghmare, H., Chauhan, S., & Sharma, S. K. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13059-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Azupogo, F., Abizari, A., Aurino, E., Gelli, A., Osendarp, S. J. M., Bras, H. A. J., Feskens, E. J. M., & Brouwer, I. D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092737 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Neves, P. A. R., Barros, A. J. D., Baker, P., Piwoz, E., Santos, T. M., Gatica‐Domínguez, G., Vaz, J. D. S., Rollins, N. C., & Victora, C. G. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020004061 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Characterisation and correlates of stunting among Malaysian children and adolescents aged 6–19 years
Partap, U., Young, E. H., Allotey, P. A., Sandhu, M. S., & Reidpath, D. D. (2019) · Global Health · doi:10.1017/gheg.2019.1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Huo, S., Wang, K., Liu, Z., Yang, Y., Hee, J. Y., He, Q., Takesue, R., & Tang, K. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/33394 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Vuong, T. N., Dang, C. V., Toze, S., Jagals, P., Gallegos, D., & Gatton, M. L. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267344 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wren‐Atilola, H. M., Solomons, N. W., Scott, M. E., & Koski, K. G. (2018) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12756 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Externalities and Spillovers from Sanitation and Waste Management in Urban and Rural Neighborhoods
Kresch, E. P., Lipscomb, M., & Schechter, L. (2019) · Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy · doi:10.1093/aepp/ppz024 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hasan, M. M., Asif, C. A. A., Barua, A., Banerjee, A., Kalam, M. A., Kader, A., Wahed, T., Noman, M. W., & Talukder, A. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065330 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pérez‐Escamilla, R., & Morán, V. H. (2016) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12387 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lazaro, J., Kapute, F., & Holm, R. H. (2019) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.1155 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Determinants of Stunting among Children in Urban Families in Palu, Indonesia
Rahman, N., Napirah, M. R., Nadila, D., & Bohari (2017) · Pakistan Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3923/pjn.2017.750.756 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Oerther, D. B., Voth‐Gaeddert, L. E., & Divelbiss, D. W. (2019) · Environmental Engineering Science · doi:10.1089/ees.2019.0058 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Doocy, S., Cohen, S., Emerson, J. A., Menakuntuala, J., the Jenga Jamaa II Study Team, & Rocha, J. S. (2017) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-17-00203 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Improving Child Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa: Key Environmental and Nutritional Interventions
Amegah, A. K. (2020) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.5334/aogh.2908 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Stunting in a political context: A systematic review
Palutturi, S., Syam, A., Asnawi, A., & Hamzah, H. (2020) · Enfermería Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.10.049 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gibson, S. L., Sahanggamu, D., Fatmaningrum, D., Curtis, V., & White, S. (2017) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12927 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Das, S., Fahim, S. M., Alam, M. A., Mahfuz, M., Bessong, P. O., Mduma, E. R., Kosek, M. N., Shrestha, S. K., & Ahmed, T. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898002000004x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Quattrochi, J. P., Coville, A., Mvukiyehe, E. N., Dohou, C. J., Esu, F., Cohen, B. L. M., Bokasola, Y. L., & Croke, K. G. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005030 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The social and political construction of latrines in rural Ethiopia
Novotný, J., Humňalová, H., & Kolomazníková, J. (2018) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.08.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Karpati, J., de Neubourg, C., Laillou, A., & Poirot, E. (2020) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12731 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Saheed, R., Shahid, M., Wang, J., Qureshi, M. G., Sun, X., Bibi, A., Zia, S., & Tang, K. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9111674 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Melariri, P., Steenkamp, L., Williams, M., Mtembu, C., Ronaasen, J., & Truter, I. (2019) · Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2019.130 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Berendes, D. M., Capone, D., Knee, J., Holcomb, D., Sultana, S., Pickering, A. J., & Brown, J. M. (2020) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268820000369 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Intergenerational Effects of Stunting on Human Capital: Where Does the Compass Point?
Chakravarty, N., Tatwadi, K., & Ravi, K. (2019) · International Journal of Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.5530/ijmedph.2019.4.24 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sahiledengle, B., Mwanri, L., Blumenberg, C., & Agho, K. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16907-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wirth, J. P., Sesay, F., Mbai, J., Ali, S. I., Donkor, W. E. S., Woodruff, B. A., Pilane, Z., Mohamud, K. M., Muse, A., Yussuf, H. O., et al. (2022) · Maternal & Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13254 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chen, B., Jin, F., & Zhu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1026714 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cumming, O., & Cairncross, S.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Cumming, Oliver
- Venue
- Maternal & Child Nutrition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 91-105
- ISSN
- 1740-8695 (ISSN-L)
- 1740-8709
- PMC
- PMC5084825
- OpenAlex
- W2396904246
- Cited by
- 338
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Maternal and Child Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- UNICEF
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Public Health and Nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Keywords
- stunting, water, sanitation and hygiene, WASH interventions, child undernutrition, enteric pathogens, child growth and development, Sustainable Development Goals, South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa
- MeSH terms
- Asia, Child Development, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Female, Growth Disorders, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infections, Pregnancy, Sanitation, Socioeconomic Factors, Water Supply, Infection Control, Africa South of the Sahara
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
