Cited by 276Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthCholesterol and Lipid MetabolismDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

LDL cholesterol: controversies and future therapeutic directions

Ridker, Paul M·2014·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61009-6

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Lifelong exposure to raised concentrations of LDL cholesterol increases cardiovascular event rates, and the use of statin therapy as an adjunct to diet, exercise, and smoking cessation has proven highly effective in reducing the population burden associated with hyperlipidaemia. Yet, despite consistent biological, genetic, and epidemiological data, and evidence from randomised trials, there is controversy among national guidelines and clinical practice with regard to LDL cholesterol, its measurement, the usefulness of population-based screening, the net benefit-to-risk ratio for different LDL-lowering drugs, the benefit of treatment targets, and whether aggressive lowering of LDL is safe. Several novel therapies have been introduced for the treatment of people with genetic defects that result in loss of function within the LDL receptor, a major determinant of inherited hyperlipidaemias. Moreover, the usefulness of monoclonal antibodies that extend the LDL-receptor lifecycle (and thus result in substantial lowering of LDL cholesterol below the levels achieved with statins alone) is being assessed in phase 3 trials that will enrol more than 60,000 at-risk patients worldwide. These trials represent an exceptionally rapid translation of genetic observations into clinical practice and will address core questions of how low LDL cholesterol can be safely reduced, whether the mechanism of LDL-cholesterol lowering matters, and whether ever more aggressive lipid-lowering provides a safe, long-term mechanism to prevent atherothrombotic complications.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61009-6

Cites

104 of 104 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A. H., Genest, J., Gotto, A. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Koenig, W., Libby, P., Lorenzatti, A. J., MacFadyen, J. G., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0807646 · Cited by 6,674
Self-citation
Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61350-5 · Cited by 6,550
Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine.
(1984) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-101-3-415_3 · Cited by 4,119
NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals
Duewell, P., Kono, H., Rayner, K. J., Sirois, C. M., Vladimer, G., Bauernfeind, F. G., Abela, G. S., Franchi, L., Nuñez, G., Schnurr, M., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08938 · Cited by 4,026
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial
Colhoun, H. M., Betteridge, D. J., Durrington, P. N., Hitman, G. A., W Neil, H. A., Livingstone, S. J., Thomason, M. J., Mackness, M. I., Charlton-Menys, V., & Fuller, J. H. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16895-5 · Cited by 3,755
Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
Mann, D. L., Zipes, D. P., Libby, P., Bonow, R. O., & D, E. B. M. (2011) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,745
Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women With Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A. H., Genest, J. J., Gotto, A. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Köenig, W., Libby, P., Lorenzatti, A. J., MacFadyen, J. G., et al. (2009) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000344393.60303.0a · Cited by 3,641
Self-citation
Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial
(2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67667-2 · Cited by 3,284
Sequence Variations in PCSK9, Low LDL, and Protection against Coronary Heart Disease
Cohen, J. C., Boerwinkle, E., Mosley, T. H., & Hobbs, H. H. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa054013 · Cited by 3,181
Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events
Barter, P. J., Caulfield, M., Eriksson, M., Grundy, S. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Komajda, M., Lopez-Sendon, J., Mosca, L., Tardif, J.-C., Waters, D. D., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706628 · Cited by 3,139

Show all 104 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 276

A Proposal to Incorporate Trial Data Into a Hybrid ACC/AHA Algorithm for the Allocation of Statin Therapy in Primary Prevention
Ridker, P. M., Rose, L. M., & Cook, N. R. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.028 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Current Treatment of Dyslipidemia: Evolving Roles of Non-Statin and Newer Drugs
KONES, R. J., & Rumana, U. (2015) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-015-0429-3 · Cited by 26
Extent of Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction and All-cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Benefit: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Ennezat, P. V., Guerbaaï, R.-A., Maréchaux, S., Jemtel, T. H. L., & François, P. (2022) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000001345 · Cited by 24
Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among students of a tertiary institution in Ghana
Ofori, E. K., Intiful, F. D., Asante, M., Asare, G. A., Adjei, P., Steele-Dadzie, R., Amoako‐Mensah, A., Mensah, D., & Angmorterh, S. K. (2018) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.565 · Cited by 25
“However, higher levels of HDL are encouraged as it promotes better health (Nordestgaard & Varbo, 2014; Rader & Hovingh, 2014; Ridker, 2014).”
Background
Baseline levels of serum high sensitivity C reactive protein and lipids in predicting the residual risk of cardiovascular events in Chinese population with stable coronary artery disease: a prospective cohort study
Dai, W., Zhang, Z., & Zhao, S. (2018) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0923-1 · Cited by 23
Present status of statin therapy
Opie, L. H. (2014) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.002 · Cited by 22
“Into the future of LDL-lowering Monoclonal antibodies extend the LDL-receptor lifecycle, thereby substantially lowering the LDL-C below the levels achieved with statins alone [23].”
Background
Hepatitis C virus and atherosclerosis: A legacy after virologic cure?
Bassendine, M. F., Nielsen, S. U., Bridge, S. H., Felmlee, D. J., Sheridan, D. A., Packard, C. J., & Neely, R. D. G. (2016) · Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2016.09.008 · Cited by 20
“Lifelong exposure to raised concentrations of low-density ipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increases cardiovascular vent rates and the use of statin therapy as an adjunct o diet, exercise, and smoking cessation has proven highly ffective in reducing the population burden of disease assoiated with hyperlipidaemia [4].”
Effects of testosterone supplementation therapy on lipid metabolism in hypogonadal men with T2 DM : a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Zhang, K., Zhao, M. ‐., An, Q., Jia, Y., Fu, L., Xu, J., & Gu, Y. (2017) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12425 · Cited by 21
“Because treatment with lipid-lowering drugs prevents primary and/or recurrent CVD events that are associated with atherogenesis (Ridker, 2014), TST, which improves TC and TG levels in hypogonadal men with T2DM, may also prevent atherogenesis and decrease the incidence of ASCVD.”
Background
Association between Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C) and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Postmenopausal Women Without Overt Cardiovascular Disease and on LDL-C Target Levels
Gentile, M., Iannuzzi, A., Giallauria, F., D’Andrea, A., Venturini, E., Pacileo, M., Covetti, G., Panico, C., Mattiello, A., Vitale, G., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9051422 · Cited by 21
“LDL-C levels are declining with increasing use of lipid-lowering drugs and better adherence to healthy lifestyle [14].”
Background
Cigarette smoke extract stimulates PCSK9 production in HepG2 cells via ROS/NF‑κB signaling
Ma, B., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Niu, S., Rong, Z., Ni, L., Di, X., Han, Q., & Liu, C. (2021) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2021.11970 · Cited by 18
Female sex, high soluble CD163, and low HDL-cholesterol were associated with high galectin-3 binding protein in type 1 diabetes
Melin, E. O., Dereke, J., & Hillman, M. (2019) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-019-0268-0 · Cited by 18
“If there is a direct impact of Gal3BP on CVD and mortality, our findings of increased Gal3BP levels in women might contribute to the increased prevalence of CAC and CV death observed in women with T1D [3, 4].”
BackgroundInfluential
Ten years of lipoprotein apheresis for familial hypercholesterolemia in Malaysia: A creative approach by a cardiologist in a developing country
Lin, K. K., Page, M. M., Liew, Y. M., Defesche, J. C., & Watts, G. F. (2016) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2016.05.006 · Cited by 17
Implications of thermogenic adipose tissues for metabolic health
Schlein, C., & Heeren, J. (2016) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2016.08.002 · Cited by 18
Study of the cholesterol adsorption and characterization of montmorillonite and bentonite clay
García‐Guzmán, P., Torres, L. M., Bernad‐Bernad, M. J., Calderas, F., & Manero, Ο. (2023) · Materials Today Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105604 · Cited by 16
LDL-Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy
Pirillo, A., Norata, G. D., & Catapano, A. L. (2020) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2020_361 · Cited by 17
“…for the treatment of dyslipidemia, however, failed to further reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events when added to current statin therapy, with the exception of ezetimibe (Ridker 2014; Cannon et al. 2015a) and, more recently, PCSK9 inhibitors (Sabatine et al. 2017a; Schwartz et al. 2018).”
Background
Fatores associados ao LDL-Colesterol aumentado na população adulta brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde
de Sá, A. C. M. G. N., Machado, Í. E., Bernal, R. T. I., & Malta, D. C. (2021) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232021262.37102020 · Cited by 16
Association between nontraditional lipid profiles and the severity of obstructive sleep apnea: A retrospective study
Fang, Y., Su, J., Zhao, C., Meng, Y., Wei, B., Zhang, B., Huang, Y., Dai, L., & Ouyang, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis · doi:10.1002/jcla.24499 · Cited by 17
“5,6 Thus, grasping the relationship between lipid metabolism and OSA is of great significance to guide the management and treatment of OSA.”
Background
Cholesterol: Absorption, Function and Metabolism
Vučić, V., & Cvetković, Z. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384947-2.00151-3 · Cited by 16
Metabolic profiles of adipose-derived and bone marrow-derived stromal cells from elderly coronary heart disease patients by capillary liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Li, J.-Z., Qu, H., Wu, J., Zhang, F., Jia, Z.-B., Sun, J., Lv, B., Kang, Y., Jiang, S.-L., & Kang, K. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2017.3198 · Cited by 17
“Recent studies further underlined the significance of dyslipidemia in cardiovascular disease through performing research on lipids [high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides] and cardio-vascular disease (41-43).”
Different spatiotemporal organization of GPI-anchored T-cadherin in response to low-density lipoprotein and adiponectin
Balatskaya, M. N., Sharonov, G. V., Baglay, A. I., Rubtsov, Y. P., & Va, T. (2019) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129414 · Cited by 16
The Association of Dietary Cholesterol from Egg Consumption on Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Varies from Person to Person
Zhang, F., Li, J., Chang, C., Gu, L., Xiong, W., Su, Y., & Yang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04634 · Cited by 14
Association of remnant cholesterol with unhealthy lifestyle and risk of coronary heart disease: a population-based cohort study
Johansen, M. Ø., Vedel‐Krogh, S., Nielsen, S. F., Afzal, S., Smith, G. D., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101223 · Cited by 18
“11,12 29 Since elevated remnant cholesterol is a causal risk factor for coronary heart disease, 30,31 it seems biologically plausible that elevated remnant cholesterol could explain part of excess risk of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease from unhealthy lifestyle; however, data on…”
Apolipoproteins as context-dependent regulators of lung inflammation
Figueroa, D. M., Gordon, E. M., Yao, X., & Levine, S. J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813553-2.00013-0 · Cited by 15
Testosterone Deficiency Promotes Hypercholesteremia and Attenuates Cholesterol Liver Uptake via AR/PCSK9/LDLR Pathways
Yu, Y., Zhiqi, L., Chen, Y., Keyu, Z., Wan, H., Wang, Y., Ningjian, W., Yu, Y., Xinjie, G., Yihao, Z., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2022/7989751 · Cited by 14
“PCSK9 escorts LDLR to lysosome for ubiquitination-related degradation [7].”
Background
Statin therapy across the lifespan: evidence in major age groups
Stone, N. J., Turin, A., Spitz, J. A., Valle, C. W., & Kazmi, S. (2015) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/14779072.2016.1128825 · Cited by 13
“[141] Moreover, while LDL is crucial to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, LDL-C levels are not good biomarkers for discriminating those at risk in the range of 70–190 mg/dl.[142] At any level of LDL-C in this range, associated factors that convey risk and the presence/ absence of ASCVD are crucial to determining on…”
Background
Comment on “Hypercholesterolemia with consumption of PFOA-laced Western diets is dependent on strain and sex of mice” by Rebholz S.L. et al. Toxicol. Rep. 2016 (3) 46–54
Princen, H. M. G., Pouwer, M. G., & Pieterman, E. J. (2016) · Toxicology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.02.002 · Cited by 13
Still a reasonable goal: Targeting cholesterol in dialysis and advanced chronic kidney disease patients
Heine, G. H., Rogacev, K. S., Weingärtner, O., & Marsche, G. (2017) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/sdi.12621 · Cited by 13
Mediation roles of neutrophils and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on the relationship between HLA-DQB1 and rosacea
Xiao, W., Li, J., Huang, X., Zhu, Q. K., Liu, T., Xie, H., Deng, Z., & Tang, Y. (2022) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2077427 · Cited by 13
Deferoxamine stimulates LDLR expression and LDL uptake in HepG2 cells
Guillemot, J., Asselin, M., Susan‐Resiga, D., Essalmani, R., & Seidah, N. G. (2015) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500467 · Cited by 14
Genetic parameters of milk cholesterol content in Holstein cattle
Do, D. N., Fleming, A., Schenkel, F. S., Miglior, F., Zhao, X., & Ibeagha-Awemu, E. M. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1139/cjas-2018-0010 · Cited by 13
Influence of Habitual Dairy Food Intake on LDL Cholesterol in a Population-Based Cohort
Buscemi, S., Corleo, D., Buscemi, C., Randazzo, C., Borzì, A. M., Barile, A. M., Rosafio, G., Ciaccio, M., Caldarella, R., Meli, F., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020593 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, we did not consider genetic factors that could influence LDL-C levels [52].”
Background
Coated cysteamine and choline chloride could be potential feed additives to mitigate the harmful effects of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens caused by high-energy low-protein diet
Yaqoob, M. U., Qi, Y., Jia, H., Li, Z., Zhu, X., Wu, P., Li, Z., Wang, M., Li, Y., & Yue, M. (2024) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.104296 · Cited by 12
“Elevated LDL-C level is a causative agent of cardiovascular disease and a risk factor linked with atherosclerosis (Ridker, 2014).”
Background
Emerging biologic therapies for hypercholesterolaemia
Pucci, G., Cicero, A. F. G., Borghi, C., & Schillaci, G. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2017.1341485 · Cited by 11
“With the only exception of ezetimibe, which showed a significant decrease of CV events when associated to statins in subjects with high CV risk and acute coronary syndrome [7], no other agents such as fibrates, bile acid-binding resins, or niacin proved to be effective in reducing CV clinical outcomes on top of statin…”
Background
Correlation of triglycerides with myocardial infarction and analysis of risk factors for myocardial infarction in patients with elevated triglyceride
Jiao, Z.-Y., Li, X.-T., Li, Y., Zheng, M., Cai, J., Chen, S., Wu, S.-L., & Yang, X. (2018) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd.2018.04.132 · Cited by 11
“In recent years, the role of low density lipoprotein density (LDL-C) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS) has attracted much attention (7).”
Background
Magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with immobilized apolipoprotein antibodies for direct detection of non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol in human serum
Wang, S., Wang, S., Yu, X. M., Zeng, J., Li, H., Yang, R., Chen, W., & Dong, J. (2019) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.123465 · Cited by 11
Targeted genotyping to identify potential functional variants associated with cholesterol content in bovine milk
Do, D. N., Schenkel, F. S., Miglior, F., Zhao, X., & Ibeagha-Awemu, E. M. (2020) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.12901 · Cited by 11
Retargeting the management of hypercholesterolemia – focus on evolocumab
Cicero, A. F. G., Colletti, A., & Derosa, G. (2016) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s116679 · Cited by 10
“Bile acid-binding resins, fibrates, niacin, and ezetimibe have been approved as nonstatin agents for treating dyslipidemia.(8) However, only ezetimibe has shown a significant decrease of cardiovascular events in hypercholesterolemic subjects, when associated to statins,(9) as demonstrated by the Improved Reduction of…”
A short-term religious “fast” from animal products has a minimal impact on cardiometabolic health biomarkers irrespective of concurrent shifts in distinct plant-based food groups
Bethancourt, H. J., Kratz, M., & O–Connor, K. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz153 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, reductions in saturated fat and increases in carbohydrates may increase blood concentrations of small, dense LDL particles (36, 37), which are more susceptible to oxidation and more atherogenic than large buoyant LDL particles (35, 38, 39).”
Background
Discrimination between minimally modified LDL and fully oxidized LDL using monoclonal antibodies
Lowhalidanon, K., & Khunkaewla, P. (2021) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2021.114103 · Cited by 10
Serum CETP concentration is not associated with measures of body fat: The NEO study
Blauw, L. L., de Mutsert, R., Lamb, H. J., Roos, A., Rosendaal, F. R., Jukema, J. W., Wang, Y., van Dijk, K. W., & Rensen, P. C. N. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.031 · Cited by 9
Current and future options in cholesterol lowering treatments
Elis, A. (2023) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2023.02.010 · Cited by 9
Predicting low density lipoprotein cholesterol target attainment using machine learning in patients with coronary artery disease receiving moderate-dose statin therapy
Han, J., Kim, Y., Kang, H. J., Seo, J., Choi, H., Kim, M., Kee, G., Park, S., Ko, S., Jung, H., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-88693-y · Cited by 10
Regulation of Cholesterol Transporters by Nuclear Receptors
Matsuo, M. (2023) · Receptors · doi:10.3390/receptors2040014 · Cited by 8
“Overall, RCT is important physiological process for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and preventing Cholesterol in the liver is excreted into the bile duct by ABC transporters, ABCG5 and ABCG8 [15,16]. and related diseases [3].”
Modulation of LDL receptor expression and promoter methylation in HepG2 cells treated with a Corylus avellana L. extract
Benassi, B., Santi, C., Santangeli, S., Grollino, M. G., Raschellà, G., Bacchetta, L., & Pacchierotti, F. (2018) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2018.12.024 · Cited by 8
“Elevated levels of circulating low-density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) are associated with an increased risk of developing different cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (Ridker, 2014).”
Background
Effect of electroacupuncture on glial fibrillary acidic protein and nerve growth factor in the hippocampus of rats with hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombus
Ren, X.-J., Tu, Y., Xue, N.-Y., Ge, D., Dong, R., & Kim, H.-H. (2020) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.286973 · Cited by 8
“It has been shown that rates of cardiovascular events decrease following cholesterol reduction treatment in patients with hyperlipidemias (Ridker, 2014).”
Antilipidemic Drug Therapy Today and in the Future
Kramer, W. (2015) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2015_15 · Cited by 8
“15% for stroke (Ridker 2014) 4.”
BackgroundInfluential
24. Cholesterol and vitamin D: how the ‘mother’ and ‘daughter’ molecules interact
Nkooyeh, B., & Neyestani, T. R. (2016) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-821-6_24 · Cited by 8
Detailed Description of Change in Serum Cholesterol Profile with Incremental Weight Loss After Restrictive Bariatric Surgery
Ooi, G., Earnest, A., Doyle, L., Laurie, C., Wentworth, J. M., Sikaris, K. A., le Roux, C. W., Burton, P. R., O’Brien, P. E., & Brown, W. A. (2017) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-017-3015-9 · Cited by 8
Relationship of Riboflavin and Niacin with Cardiovascular Disease
Ahn, J. Y., Kim, I. S., & Lee, J.-S. (2019) · Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science · doi:10.15324/kjcls.2019.51.4.484 · Cited by 8
“Before executing this study, the physiological factor most correlated to cardiovascular disease was expected to be lipid level [23-25].”
Background
Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of anacetrapib for the treatment of dyslipidemia
Borghi, C., & Cicero, A. F. G. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1080/17425255.2017.1262347 · Cited by 7
Exploring the causal effect between lipid-modifying drugs and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a drug-target Mendelian randomization study
Cai, G., Liu, J., Cai, M., & Shao, L. (2024) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02218-6 · Cited by 7
“Utilizing the DrugBank database (https:// go. drugb ank. com/) and pertinent scholarly articles, we undertook gene identification for the pharmacological targets of these medications [30, 31].”
Method
In-situ quantification of lipids in live cells through imaging approaches
Hu, Y., Zhang, R.-Q., Liu, S., & Wang, Z.-G. (2023) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2023.115649 · Cited by 7
Clinical Lipidology and the Prevention of Vascular Disease: Time for Personalized Therapy
Brown, W. V. (2018) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.1127 · Cited by 7
Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids improve lipid metabolism by increasing LDL uptake through regulation of the LXRα/IDOL/LDLR pathway and inhibition of PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells
Sun, J., Liu, H.-R., Zhang, W., Shi, J., Wu, Q., Xu, R., & Zhu, Y. (2025) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2025.12796 · Cited by 7
Optimization of lipid variants in lipid-PEG conjugates for triple-negative breast cancer cell surface modification
Kim, E., Jangid, A. K., & Kim, K. (2025) · Macromolecular Research · doi:10.1007/s13233-025-00442-2 · Cited by 6
MiR-199a-3p Restrains Foaming and Inflammation by Regulating RUNX1 in Macrophages
Liu, M., Cao, Y., Hu, Y., Zhang, Z., Ji, S., Shi, L., & Tao, G. (2022) · Molecular Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12033-022-00484-2 · Cited by 6
“RUNX1 is highly expressed in monocyte-derived macrophages of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FA-MACs), which are at high risk for premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease as a result of chronic lifelong exposure to high levels of LDL cholesterol [45, 46].”
Background
CETP Genotype and Concentrations of HDL and Lipoprotein Subclasses in African–American Men
Samedy-Bates, L.-A., Ryan, G. J., Superko, H. R., & Momary, K. M. (2019) · Future Cardiology · doi:10.2217/fca-2018-0058 · Cited by 6
Metformin promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in Ox-LDL stimulated macrophages by regulating the miR-34a/Bcl2 axis
Feng, L., Liu, T., Yang, Y., Xiao, W., Shi, J., Mei, X., Tian, S., Liu, X., Huang, H., & Bai, Y. (2019) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c9ra00705a · Cited by 6
Genetic variants of SLC17A1 are associated with cholesterol homeostasis and hyperhomocysteinaemia in Japanese men
Koyama, T., Matsui, D., Kuriyama, N., Ozaki, E., Tanaka, K., Oze, I., Hamajima, N., Wakai, K., Okada, R., Arisawa, K., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep15888 · Cited by 6
Genetic association of lipid and lipid-lowering drug target genes with atopic dermatitis: a drug target Mendelian randomization study
Niu, Q., Zhang, T., Mao, R., Zhao, N., & Deng, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69180-2 · Cited by 5
Cardioprotective Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Through the Regulation of Lipid Metabolism
Balogun, K. A., & Cheema, S. K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15961-4_27 · Cited by 5
Dyslipidaemia in perspective
Kastelein, J. J. P. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61332-5 · Cited by 5
Effects of monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9 on clinical cardiovascular events
Zhu, Y., Shen, X., Jiang, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Dong, X., Li, J., Han, Q., Zhao, J., Wang, B., et al. (2017) · Herz · doi:10.1007/s00059-017-4640-8 · Cited by 5
“Lowering LDL-C is an important goal in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease [28].”
Comparative Study of Serum Lipid Profiles in Nepalese Cancer Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital
Pandeya, D. R., Rajbhandari, A., Nepal, M. K., Abdalhabib, E. K., Bhatta, M. P., Malla, S. S., Upadhyay, L., & Al-Dahr, M. H. S. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.2.491 · Cited by 6
“(Nordestgaard and Varbo, 2014; Ridker, 2014).”
Lipids and Lipoproteins in Alzheimer’s Disease
Stukas, S. K., Kulić, I., Zareyan, S., & Wellington, C. L. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/59808 · Cited by 5
“cated in AD pathogenesis by a number of mechanisms, genetic evidence for their role is not robust, despite mutations in LDLR being highly associated with hypercholesterolemia in humans [272].”
Background
Influence of Lipid Metabolism
Boucher, P., & Vogel, H. G. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05392-9_47 · Cited by 5
Insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome
Krentz, A. J., & Scuteri, A. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118954621.ch15 · Cited by 5
Lipid-lowering drug targets influence inflammatory bowel disease through gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines
Huang, X., Li, Q., Guo, P., Gong, W., Wang, Y., & Yuan, Z. (2025) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2025.100871 · Cited by 4
Association between statin use and cataract formation in a retrospective cohort study using Japanese health screening and claims data
Kawabe, K., Izumi, K., Fukasawa, N., Takashina, M., Taguchi, M., Koike, H., Sahashi, Y., & Ooba, N. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-97889-1 · Cited by 4
New joint consensus initiative on quantifying atherogenic lipoproteins
Stock, J. K. (2018) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.037 · Cited by 4
Insights Into Causal Effects of Genetically Proxied Lipids and Lipid‐Modifying Drug Targets on Cardiometabolic Diseases
Fu, L., Liu, Q., Cheng, H., Zhao, X., Xiong, J., & Mi, J. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.038857 · Cited by 4
“43,44 We used the DrugBank data-base (https:// go. drugb ank. com/ ) along with multiple reputable reviews 45–47 to identify genes associated with these pharmacologic targets, categorizing them as LDL-C target genes (ie, APOB , ABCG5 , ABCG8 , PCSK9 , NPC1L1 , and HMGCR ) and triglyceride target…”
Lipid disorders
Waller, D. G., & Sampson, A. P. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-7167-6.00048-8 · Cited by 4
Effects of Obesity, Blood Pressure, and Blood Metabolic Biomarkers on Grey Matter Brain Healthcare Quotient: A Large Cohort Study of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Screening System in Japan
Watanabe, K., Kakeda, S., Nemoto, K., Onoda, K., Yamaguchi, S., Kobayashi, S., & Yamakawa, Y. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11112973 · Cited by 3
“LDL and HDL are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and lowering LDL and maintaining HDL is known to improve cardiovascular outcomes [34].”
Background
Allosteric Sites and Allosteric Regulators of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Gray Cardinals of Signal Transduction
Shpakov, A. O. (2023) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0022093023070013 · Cited by 3
Genetic Insights Into Lipid Traits and Lipid-Modifying Drug Targets in Pregnancy Complications: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Shao, H., Xu, C., Zhang, C., Li, L., Wu, P., Chen, Z., & Guan, R. (2025) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s496268 · Cited by 3
Physical activity dose-response and long-term effects on dyslipidemia in Chinese adults: a CHARLS study
Wan, K., Wang, R., Yan, H., Cheng, W., Ma, F., Jin, Y., & Wang, R. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24568-1 · Cited by 3
“However, statin therapy presents limitations including contraindications in pregnancy, hepatotoxicity risks, and cost barriers [13].”
Next-generation gene discovery for variants of large impact on lipid traits
Rosenthal, E. A., Blue, E., & Jarvik, G. P. (2015) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000156 · Cited by 3
“Treatments targeting other pathways or genes may reduce the complications and the health burdens associated with hyperlipidemia [5,6].”
Background
Hypercholesterolemias: Pathogenesis and pathophysiological implications
Vučević, D. B., Đorđević, D., Stanojević, M., Jorgačević, B. Z., Đorović, D., Radak, Đ., & Radosavljević, T. S. (2016) · Medicinska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/medist1602030v · Cited by 3
Crossover point and maximal fat oxidation training effects on blood lipid metabolism in young overweight women: a pilot study
Wang, D., Zhang, P., & Li, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1190109 · Cited by 3
“Many studies have shown that drug treatment and lifestyle changes can improve dyslipidemia and maintain body health (Garelnabi, et al., 2014; Ridker, 2014).”
Background
Correlations between genetically predicted lipid-lowering drug targets and inflammatory bowel disease
Huang, K., Huang, S., & Xiong, M. (2024) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02026-y · Cited by 3
Non-HDL cholesterol is better than Friedewald-estimated LDL cholesterol to associate with cardiometabolic markers
Seki, R., Inoue, K., Yamamoto, S., & Akimoto, K. (2017) · Biomedical Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.15761/brcp.1000141 · Cited by 3
“This feature of non-HDL-C presents a contrast with LDL-C, which has been intended for description of cholesterol of LDL, only one of the several apoB-containing lipoproteins [6].”
Background
The very high residual degree of death and disease from atherosclerosis needs new approaches
Makover, M. E., & Schloss, M. G. (2016) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2016.01.002 · Cited by 3
Application of various mixtures of medicinal herbs in the diet of laying hens: Evaluating preventive approach of fatty liver syndrome
Khodaei, M., Torki, M., Khajali, F., & Karimi, I. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330363 · Cited by 2
“LDL, commonly referred to as “bad cholesterol,” is a key contributor to lipid accumulation in blood vessels and a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease [67].”
Genome-wide gene-sleep interaction study identifies novel lipid loci in 732,564 participants
Noordam, R., Wang, W., Nagarajan, P., Wang, H., Brown, M. R., Bentley, A. R., Hui, Q., Kraja, A. T., Morrison, J. L., O’Connel, J. R., et al. (2025) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120603 · Cited by 3
Correlation between Overactive Bladder Syndrome and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Postmenopausal Women
Yüksel, B., Özgör, F., Şahan, M., Öztürk, S., Can, M. M., & Sarılar, Ö. (2020) · Journal of College of Physicians And Surgeons Pakistan · doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2020.06.622 · Cited by 2
Clinical Phenotypes of Cardiovascular and Heart Failure Diseases Can Be Reversed? The Holistic Principle of Systems Biology in Multifaceted Heart Diseases
Lourida, K. G., & Louridas, G. E. (2022) · Cardiogenetics · doi:10.3390/cardiogenetics12020015 · Cited by 2
Bempedoic acid a novel drug used for the treatment of Hyperlipidaemia: A Review
Shimpi, R. D., Barhate, S. D., & Jain, M. S. (2023) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.52711/2231-5691.2023.00013 · Cited by 2
Genetic insights into repurposing statins for hyperthyroidism prevention: a drug-target Mendelian randomization study
Huang, A., Wu, X., Lin, J., Wei, C., & Xu, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1331031 · Cited by 2
Nuevos tratamientos para la hipercolesterolemia
Pintó, X., & Gómez, M. C. G. (2015) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2015.01.016 · Cited by 2
Una visión actualizada del tratamiento hipolipemiante de alta intensidad en los pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular
Pedro‐Botet, J., & Pintó, X. (2015) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2015.10.006 · Cited by 2
New agents for hypercholesterolemia
Pintó, X., & Gómez, M. C. G. (2016) · Medicina Clínica (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medcle.2016.04.058 · Cited by 2
Risk factors for atherosclerosis in the light of existing scientific facts
Vučević, D. B., Jorgačević, B. Z., Radosavljević, M., Đorđević, D., & Radak, Đ. (2017) · Medicinska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/medist1703007v · Cited by 2
“LDL u odnosu na sve ostale lipidne materije u krvi najviše doprinosi razvoju ateroskleroze (12, 16).”
BackgroundInfluential
ALLOSTERIC SITES AND ALLOSTERIC REGULATORS OF G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS: GRAY CARDINALS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Shpakov, A. O. (2023) · Журнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии · doi:10.31857/s0044452923070021 · Cited by 2
Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Risks with a Focus on Dairy Foods
Givens, D. I. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56909-9_6 · Cited by 2
A Contemporary Evaluation of Calculated and Directly Measured LDL
Lau, C. S., Loh, W. J., Phua, S. K., & Aw, T. C. (2021) · Japan Journal of Clinical & Medical Research · doi:10.47363/jjcmr/2021(1)109 · Cited by 1
Pathophysiologische Prinzipien von Dyslipoproteinämien
Müller‐Wieland, D., Merkel, M., Verket, M., März, W., & von Eckardstein, A. (2021) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/a-1516-2441 · Cited by 2
Genetic Association of Lipid-Lowering Drug Target Genes with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Luan, H., Wang, T., Wang, R., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Sheng, W., Guo, J., Ji, H., Liu, X., Xue, X., et al. (2025) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412555.2025.2513601 · Cited by 1
“Pharmacological target coding genes for these drugs were identified using the DrugBank database (https://go.drugbank.com/) and related literature [28–30].”
Chronic Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome Who Have Been Taking Lipid-Lowering Drugs as a Residual Risk Factor – a Bidirectional Synergistic Correlation with Epicardial Adipose Tissue
Zhu, R., Wang, W., Gao, Y., Li, B., Wang, W. “., Liu, J., Wu, L., Yang, S., & Wang, X. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s571886 · Cited by 1
Statins Regulate Stem Cell Growth Factor‐β to Balance Osteogenesis and Adipogenesis in Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Endowing Anti‐Osteonecrosis Effects
Fan, F., Chen, Y., Peng, W., Yan, W., Tan, H., Zhang, C., Tan, S., Xiao, Q., Gao, Y. H., Zhang, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.70967 · Cited by 1
Mesoscopic Insights Into Low-Density Lipoprotein Transport: A Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study
Fan, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Deng, X., & Yan, C. (2026) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4071212 · Cited by 1

Authors: Ridker, P. M.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Ridker, Paul M
ORCID: Ridker, Paul M
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-08
Volume: 384
Issue: 9943
Pages: 607-617
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61009-6
OpenAlex: W2058652637
Cited by: 274
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 4
FWCI: 6.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: LDL cholesterol, hyperlipidemia, statin therapy, LDL receptor, PCSK9 inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, LDL cholesterol measurement, mass screening, treatment goals, cardiovascular risk, atherothrombotic complications
MeSH terms: Animals, Hypolipidemic Agents, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Cholesterol, LDL, Risk Factors, Risk Assessment, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

LDL cholesterol: controversies and future therapeutic directions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks