Evidence-based goals in LDL-C reduction
Open accessAbstract
The evidence from trials of statin therapy suggests that benefits in cardiovascular disease (CVD) event reduction are proportional to the magnitude of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering. The lack of a threshold at which LDL-C lowering is not beneficial, in terms of CVD prevention observed in these trials, is supported by epidemiological and genetic studies reporting the cardio-protective effects of lifelong low exposure to atherogenic cholesterol in a graded fashion. Providing that intensive LDL-C lowering is safe, these observations suggest that many individuals even at current LDL-C treatment targets could benefit. Here, we review recent safety and efficacy data from trials of adjunctive therapy, with LDL-C lowering beyond that achieved by statin therapy, and their potential implications for current guideline targets. Finally, the application of current guidance in the context of pre-treatment LDL-C concentration and deployment of statin therapy is also discussed. The number of patients requiring treatment to prevent a CVD event with statin treatment has been shown to differ markedly according to the pre-treatment LDL-C concentration even when absolute CVD risk is similar. It produces more likelihood of benefit when absolute LDL-C reduction is greater which is largely dependent on pre-treatment LDL-C concentration. This also has to be taken in consideration when deploying new agents like proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies. Patients with highest LDL-C concentration despite maximum statin and ezetimibe therapy will attain most absolute LDL-C reduction when treated with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies, hence benefit most in term of CVD risk reduction.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ezetimibe provides additional LDL-C reduction of 15-20% but is often insufficient for high-risk individuals.
“Additional LDL-C reduction from ezetimibe therapy amounts to 15–20% but it often proves insufficient to meet the needs of individuals at high risk [77].”
From Inclisiran SiRNA therapy for durable LDL-C reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis highlighting a breakthrough in long-term cardiovascular risk management (2026) · cites this paper as [77]
The Interventional studies section (page not provided) reports that adding ezetimibe lowered LDL-C by around 24%, not 15–20%. The Abstract notes that some patients have high LDL-C despite maximum statin and ezetimibe therapy, supporting the point that this combination can be insufficient, but it does not establish how often this occurs among high-risk individuals. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIt is unlikely that the increase in HDL-C caused by statins makes a substantial contribution to the reduction of events mediated by statins.
“It is unlikely that this increase in HDL-C makes a substantial contribution to the reduction of events mediated by statins [83–85].”
From HDL cholesterol: reappraisal of its clinical relevance (2017) · cites this paper as [84]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bairey Merz, C. N., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., Goldberg, A. C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a · Cited by 7,081 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Merz, C. N. B., Brewer, H. B., Clark, L. T., Hunninghake, D. B., Pasternak, R. C., Smith, S. C., & Stone, N. J. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000133317.49796.0e · Cited by 6,902 · see citing works
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61350-5 · Cited by 6,550 · see citing works
Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes
Cannon, C. P., Blazing, M. A., Giugliano, R. P., McCagg, A., White, J. A., Theroux, P., Darius, H., Lewis, B. S., Ophuis, T. O., Jukema, J. W., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1410489 · Cited by 4,487 · see citing works
Stamler, J., Vaccaro, O., Neaton, J. D., Wentworth, D., & The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.2.434 · Cited by 4,063 · see citing works
Stone, N. J., Robinson, J. G., Lichtenstein, A. H., Bairey Merz, C. N., Blum, C. B., Eckel, R. H., Goldberg, A. C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002 · Cited by 3,845 · see citing works
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Reiner, Ž., Catapano, A. L., De Backer, G., Graham, I., Taskinen, M.-R., Wiklund, O., Agewall, S., Alegria, E., Chapman, M. J., Durrington, P., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr158 · Cited by 3,549 · see citing works
Self-citationIntensive Lipid Lowering with Atorvastatin in Patients with Stable Coronary Disease
LaRosa, J. C., Grundy, S. M., Waters, D. D., Shear, C., Barter, P., Fruchart, J.-C., Gotto, A. M., Greten, H., Kastelein, J. J. P., Shepherd, J., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa050461 · Cited by 3,489 · see citing works
Sequence Variations in <i>PCSK9,</i> Low LDL, and Protection against Coronary Heart Disease
Cohen, J. C., Boerwinkle, E., Mosley, T. H., & Hobbs, H. H. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa054013 · Cited by 3,181 · see citing works
2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Graham, I., De Backer, G., Wiklund, O., Chapman, M. J., Drexel, H., Hoes, A. W., Jennings, C. S., Landmesser, U., Pedersen, T. R., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw272 · Cited by 3,162 · see citing works
Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events
Barter, P. J., Caulfield, M., Eriksson, M., Grundy, S. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Komajda, M., Lopez-Sendon, J., Mosca, L., Tardif, J.-C., Waters, D. D., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706628 · Cited by 3,139 · see citing works
Niacin in Patients with Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Receiving Intensive Statin Therapy
The AIM-HIGH Investigators (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1107579 · Cited by 2,911 · see citing works
Collaborators, C. T. T. (. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60367-5 · Cited by 2,833 · see citing works
Statins and risk of incident diabetes: A collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials
Sattar, N., Preiss, D., Murray, H. M., Welsh, P., Buckley, B. M., de Craen, A. J., Seshasai, S. R. K., McMurray, J. J., Freeman, D. J., Jukema, J. W., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61965-6 · Cited by 2,436 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab in Reducing Lipids and Cardiovascular Events
Robinson, J. G., Farnier, M., Krempf, M., Bergeron, J., Luc, G., Averna, M., Stroes, E. S., Langslet, G., Raal, F. J., El Shahawy, M., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1501031 · Cited by 2,296 · see citing works
Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome
Schwartz, G. G., Olsson, A. G., Abt, M., Ballantyne, C. M., Barter, P. J., Brumm, J., Chaitman, B. R., Holme, I. M., Kallend, D., Leiter, L. A., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1206797 · Cited by 2,022 · see citing works
Stamler, J. (1986) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.256.20.2823 · Cited by 1,996 · see citing works
Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy
Collins, R., Reith, C., Emberson, J., Armitage, J., Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Blumenthal, R., Danesh, J., Smith, G. D., DeMets, D., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31357-5 · Cited by 1,857 · see citing works
Clofibrate and Niacin in Coronary Heart Disease
Stamler, J. (1975) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1975.03240160024021 · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Law, M. R., Wald, N. J., & Rudnicka, A. R. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7404.1423 · Cited by 1,720 · see citing works
Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients
The HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1300955 · Cited by 1,668 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Positive outcomes in OSLER, ODYSSEY and IMPROVE-IT studies are also significant in light of the failure of several other non-statin lipid lowering agents to demonstrate clinical benefit [20, 21].”
BackgroundHDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events
Barter, P., Gotto, A. M., LaRosa, J. C., Maroni, J., Szarek, M., Grundy, S. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Bittner, V., & Fruchart, J.-C. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa064278 · Cited by 1,610 · see citing works
2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Graham, I., De Backer, G., Wiklund, O., Chapman, M. J., Drexel, H., Hoes, A. W., Jennings, C. S., Landmesser, U., Pedersen, T. R., et al. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.018 · Cited by 1,582 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Bairey Merz, C. N., Brewer, H. B., Clark, L. T., Hunninghake, D. B., Pasternak, R. C., Smith, S. C., & Stone, N. J. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.001 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Evolocumab in Reducing Lipids and Cardiovascular Events
Sabatine, M. S., Giugliano, R. P., Wiviott, S. D., Raal, F. J., Blom, D. J., Robinson, J., Ballantyne, C. M., Somaratne, R., Legg, J., Wasserman, S. M., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1500858 · Cited by 1,509 · see citing works
Powell, E. E., Cooksley, G. W. E., Hanson, R., Searle, J., Halliday, J. W., & Powell, L. W. (1990) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840110114 · Cited by 1,473 · see citing works
Preiss, D. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.860 · Cited by 1,390 · see citing works
Stamler, J. (1986) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1986.03380200061022 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
Ference, B. A., Yoo, W., Alesh, I., Mahajan, N., Mirowska, K. K., Mewada, A., Kahn, J., Afonso, L., Williams, K. A., & Flack, J. M. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.017 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
The safety of statins in clinical practice
Armitage, J. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60716-8 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Statin Safety: A Systematic Review
Law, M., & Rudnicka, A. R. (2006) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.010 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
National Lipid Association Recommendations for Patient-Centered Management of Dyslipidemia: Part 2
Jacobson, T. A., Maki, K. C., Orringer, C. E., Jones, P. H., Kris-Etherton, P., Sikand, G., La Forge, R., Daniels, S. R., Wilson, D. P., Morris, P. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.09.002 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Report of the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol: Mortality Associations.
Jacobs, D. R., Blackburn, H., HIGGINS, M. W., REED, D. M., Iso, H., McMillan, G. C., Neaton, J. D., Nelson, J., Potter, J., & Rifkind, B. M. (1992) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.86.3.1046 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
PCSK9: a convertase that coordinates LDL catabolism
Horton, J. D., Cohen, J. C., & Hobbs, H. H. (2008) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r800091-jlr200 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Pedersen, T. R., OLSSON, A. G., Færgeman, O., KJEKSHUS, J. K., Wedel, H., Berg, K., Wilhelmsen, L., Haghfelt, T. H., Þorgeirsson, G., Pyörälà, K., et al. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.15.1453 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Very Low Levels of Atherogenic Lipoproteins and the Risk for Cardiovascular Events
Boekholdt, S. M., Hovingh, G. K., Mora, S., Arsenault, B. J., Amarenco, P., Pedersen, T. R., LaRosa, J. C., Waters, D. D., DeMicco, D. A., Simes, R. J., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.615 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Stein, E. A., Gipe, D., Bergeron, J., Gaudet, D., Weiss, R., Dufour, R., Wu, R., & Pordy, R. C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60771-5 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Gotto, A. M., Whitney, E. J., Stein, E. A., Shapiro, D. R., Clearfield, M. B., Weis, S. E., Jou, J. Y., Langendörfer, A., Beere, P. A., Watson, D. J., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.5.477 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A study of 49 patients
Lee, R. G. (1989) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/0046-8177(89)90249-9 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Chen, Z., Peto, R., Collins, R., MacMahon, S. W., Lu, J., & Li, W. (1991) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6797.276 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Fayad, Z. A., Mani, V., Woodward, M., Kallend, D. G., Abt, M., Burgess, T., Fuster, V., Ballantyne, C. M., Stein, E. A., Tardif, J., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61383-4 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Hippisley‐Cox, J., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c2197 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Raal, F. J., Scott, R. C., Somaratne, R. M., Bridges, I. M., Li, G., Wasserman, S. M., & Stein, E. A. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.144055 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Caldwell, S. H., & Crespo, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.02.013 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Jacobson, T. A., Ito, M. K., Maki, K. C., Orringer, C. E., Bays, H. E., Jones, P. H., McKenney, J. M., Grundy, S. M., Gill, E. A., Wild, R. A., et al. (2014) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2014.07.007 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Fruchart, J.-C., Sacks, F., Hermans, M. P., Assmann, G., Brown, W. V., Ceska, R., Chapman, M. J., Dodson, P. M., Fioretto, P., Ginsberg, H. N., et al. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.10.002 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Morris, P. B., Ballantyne, C. M., Birtcher, K. K., Daly, D. D., DePalma, S. M., Minissian, M. B., Orringer, C. E., & Smith, S. C. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.519 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Schwartz, G. G., Bessac, L., Berdan, L. G., Bhatt, D. L., Bittner, V., Diaz, R., Goodman, S. G., Hanotin, C., Harrington, R. A., Jukema, J. W., et al. (2014) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.07.028 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Oelkers, P. M., Kirby, L. C., Heubi, J. E., & Dawson, P. A. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119355 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Evolocumab in Reducing Lipids and Cardiovascular Events
Sabatine, M. S., Giugliano, R. P., & Wiviott, S. D. (2015) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2015.08.004 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Coronary Heart Disease: A HuGE Association Review
Austin, M. A. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh237 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Nielsen, S. F., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2015) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv641 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Ray, K. K., Kastelein, J. J. P., Boekholdt, S. M., Nicholls, S. J., Khaw, K., Ballantyne, C. M., Catapano, A. L., Reiner, E., & Lüscher, T. F. (2014) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu107 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M., Genest, J. J., Boekholdt, S. M., Libby, P., Gotto, A. M., Nordestgaard, B. G., Mora, S., MacFadyen, J. G., Glynn, R. J., & Kastelein, J. J. P. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60713-1 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Statins and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review
Richardson, K., Schoen, M., French, B., Umscheid, C. A., Mitchell, M. D., Arnold, S. E., Heidenreich, P. A., Rader, D. J., & deGoma, E. M. (2013) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-10-201311190-00007 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Hsia, J., MacFadyen, J. G., Monyak, J., & Ridker, P. M. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.082 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Abetalipoproteinemia: two case reports and literature review
Zamel, R., Khan, R., Pollex, R. L., et al. (2008) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-19 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Lee, J.-H., & Hegele, R. A. (2013) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/s10545-013-9665-4 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Anand, S. S. (2003) · Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1191/1358863x03vm518xx · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Pharmacogenomic Determinants of the Cardiovascular Effects of Dalcetrapib
Tardif, J., Rhéaume, É., Perreault, L. L., Grégoire, J. C., Zada, Y. F., Asselin, G., Provost, S., Barhdadi, A., Rhainds, D., L’Allier, P. L., et al. (2015) · Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.114.000663 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Mora, S., WENGER, N. K., DeMicco, D. A., Breazna, A., Boekholdt, S. M., Arsenault, B. J., DEEDWANIA, P. C., Kastelein, J. J. P., & Waters, D. D. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.088591 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Sabatine, M. S., Giugliano, R. P., Keech, A., Honarpour, N., Wang, H., Liu, T., Wasserman, S. M., Scott, R., Sever, P. S., & Pedersen, T. R. (2016) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2015.11.015 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Molecular diagnosis of hypobetalipoproteinemia: An ENID review
Tarugi, P., Averna, M. R., Leo, E. D., Cefalu, A. B., Noto, D., Magnolo, L., Cattin, L., Bertolini, S., & Calandra, S. (2007) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.05.003 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Contemporary Management of Dyslipidemia in High-Risk Patients: Targets Still Not Met
Yan, A. T.-K., Yan, R. T., Tan, M., Hackam, D. G., Leblanc, K., Kertland, H. R., Tsang, J. L. Y., Jaffer, S., Kates, M. L., Leiter, L. A., et al. (2006) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.11.015 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Ray, K. K., Cannon, C. P., Cairns, R., Morrow, D. A., Ridker, P. M., & D, E. B. M. (2009) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.108.181735 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Soran, H., Hama, S., Yadav, R., & Durrington, P. N. (2012) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e328355ca25 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationStatins for people at low risk of cardiovascular disease – Authors' reply
Mihaylova, B., Emberson, J., Keech, A., Collins, R., & Baigent, C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62027-3 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Beest, F. J. A. P., Termorshuizen, F., Goettsch, W., Klungel, O. H., Kastelein, J. J. P., & Herings, R. M. C. (2006) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl391 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Low serum cholesterol and the risk of cancer: an analysis of the published prospective studies
Law, M. R., & Thompson, S. G. (1991) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/bf00052142 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Mora, S., Glynn, R. J., Boekholdt, S. M., Nordestgaard, B. G., Kastelein, J. J. P., & Ridker, P. M. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.035 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Hepatic and Cardiovascular Consequences of Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia
Sankatsing, R. R., Fouchier, S. W., de Haan, S., Hutten, B. A., de Groot, E., Kastelein, J. J. P., & Stroes, E. S. G. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000176191.64314.07 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol and weight prior to the diagnosis of cancer.
Kritchevsky, S. B., Wilcosky, T. C., Morris, D. L., et al. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Primary Bile Acid Malabsorption: Defective In Vitro Ileal Active Bile Acid Transport
Heubi, J. E., Balistreri, W. F., Fondacaro, J. D., et al. (1982) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(82)80009-7 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Hooper, A. J., Burnett, J. R., & Watts, G. F. (2014) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.304637 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Effects of Evolocumab on Vitamin E and Steroid Hormone Levels
Blom, D. J., Djedjos, C. S., Monsalvo, M. L., Bridges, I. M., Wasserman, S. M., Scott, R. C., & Roth, E. M. (2015) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.115.307071 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Soran, H., Schofield, J. D., & Durrington, P. N. (2015) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv340 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationPedersen, T. R., OLSSON, A. G., F˦rgeman, O., KJEKSHUS, J. K., Wedel, H., Kjekshus, K. R., Wilhelmsen, L., Haghfelt, T. H., Þorgeirsson, G., Pyor, K., et al. (2004) · Atherosclerosis Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2004.08.030 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Genotype-Dependent Effects of Dalcetrapib on Cholesterol Efflux and Inflammation
Tardif, J., Rhainds, D., Brodeur, M. R., Zada, Y. F., Fouodjio, R., Provost, S., Boulé, M., Alem, S., Grégoire, J. C., L’Allier, P. L., et al. (2016) · Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.116.001405 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The efficiency of cardiovascular risk assessment: do the right patients get statin treatment?
van Staa, T. P., Smeeth, L. L., Ng, E. S. W., Goldacre, B. M., & Gulliford, M. C. (2013) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303698 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Treatment Guideline
Martin, S. S., Abd, T. T., Jones, S. R., Michos, E. D., Blumenthal, R. S., & Blaha, M. J. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.578 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cholesterol Risk Management: A Systematic Examination of the Gap from Evidence to Practice
Olson, K. L., Bungard, T. J., & Tsuyuki, R. T. (2001) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.21.9.807.34553 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Folsom, A. R., Peacock, J. M., & Boerwinkle, E. (2007) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0502 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Yadav, R., Liu, Y., Kwok, S., Hama, S., France, M. W., Eatough, R., Pemberton, P., Schofield, J. D., Siahmansur, T. J., Malik, R. A., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.114.001508 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationSoran, H., Adam, S., & Durrington, P. N. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316667785 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationKrobot, K. J., Yin, D., Alemao, E., & Steinhagen‐Thiessen, E. (2005) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000159278.81190.58 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Moving beyond the “LDL hypothesis”
Werner, C., & Laufs, U. (2015) · VASA · doi:10.1024/0301-1526/a000451 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Soran, H., Schofield, J. D., & Durrington, P. N. (2014) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000097 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationAdding Ezetimibe to Simvastatin for the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Mascitelli, L., & Goldstein, M. R. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.084 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Murphy, S. A., Cannon, C. P., Blazing, M. A., Giugliano, R. P., Tershakovec, A. M., & D, E. B. M. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.580 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [22]The HPS-THRIVE Collaborative Group Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients N Engl J Med 2014 371 2013 2121 25014686
- [84]Kane JP Havel RJ Scriver CR Beaudet AL Valle D Sly WS Disorders of the biogenesis and secretion of lipoproteins containing the B apolipoproteins The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited disease 2001 8 New York McGraw Hill 2717 2752
Cited by
Sorted by citations
HDL cholesterol: reappraisal of its clinical relevance
März, W., Kleber, M. E., Scharnagl, H., Speer, T., Zewinger, S., Ritsch, A., Parhofer, K. G., von Eckardstein, A., Landmesser, U., & Laufs, U. (2017) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-017-1106-1 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Schleyer, T., Hui, S., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Knapp, K., Baker, J., Chase, M., Boggs, R., & Simpson, R. J. (2019) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.5.544 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Satyam, S. M., El-Tanani, M., Patni, M. A., Rehman, A., Irshad, S. M., Raheem, R., Junais, E., John, A. A., Rassal, R. Y., Kumari, R., et al. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-026-05515-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Additional LDL-C reduction from ezetimibe therapy amounts to 15–20% but it often proves insufficient to meet the needs of individuals at high risk [77].”
- Authors
- Soran, H., Dent, R., & Durrington, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Esperion Therapeutics (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Soran, Handrean
- Venue
- Clinical Research in Cardiology
- Published
- 2017-01-25
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 237-248
- ISSN
- 1861-0684 (ISSN-L)
- 1861-0692
- PMC
- PMC5360845
- OpenAlex
- W2582531115
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Research in Cardiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Amgen (Europe) GmbH
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
- Keywords
- LDL cholesterol lowering, statin therapy, cardiovascular disease prevention, PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies, ezetimibe, cardiovascular risk reduction
- MeSH terms
- Anticholesteremic Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Drug Therapy, Combination, Goals, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Cholesterol, LDL, Risk Factors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
