Cited by 276Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthCholesterol and Lipid MetabolismDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

LDL cholesterol: controversies and future therapeutic directions

Ridker, Paul M·2014·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61009-6

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Lifelong exposure to raised concentrations of LDL cholesterol increases cardiovascular event rates, and the use of statin therapy as an adjunct to diet, exercise, and smoking cessation has proven highly effective in reducing the population burden associated with hyperlipidaemia. Yet, despite consistent biological, genetic, and epidemiological data, and evidence from randomised trials, there is controversy among national guidelines and clinical practice with regard to LDL cholesterol, its measurement, the usefulness of population-based screening, the net benefit-to-risk ratio for different LDL-lowering drugs, the benefit of treatment targets, and whether aggressive lowering of LDL is safe. Several novel therapies have been introduced for the treatment of people with genetic defects that result in loss of function within the LDL receptor, a major determinant of inherited hyperlipidaemias. Moreover, the usefulness of monoclonal antibodies that extend the LDL-receptor lifecycle (and thus result in substantial lowering of LDL cholesterol below the levels achieved with statins alone) is being assessed in phase 3 trials that will enrol more than 60,000 at-risk patients worldwide. These trials represent an exceptionally rapid translation of genetic observations into clinical practice and will address core questions of how low LDL cholesterol can be safely reduced, whether the mechanism of LDL-cholesterol lowering matters, and whether ever more aggressive lipid-lowering provides a safe, long-term mechanism to prevent atherothrombotic complications.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61009-6

Cites

104 of 104 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A. H., Genest, J., Gotto, A. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Koenig, W., Libby, P., Lorenzatti, A. J., MacFadyen, J. G., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0807646 · Cited by 6,674
Self-citation
Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61350-5 · Cited by 6,550
Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine.
(1984) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-101-3-415_3 · Cited by 4,119
NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals
Duewell, P., Kono, H., Rayner, K. J., Sirois, C. M., Vladimer, G., Bauernfeind, F. G., Abela, G. S., Franchi, L., Nuñez, G., Schnurr, M., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08938 · Cited by 4,026
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial
Colhoun, H. M., Betteridge, D. J., Durrington, P. N., Hitman, G. A., W Neil, H. A., Livingstone, S. J., Thomason, M. J., Mackness, M. I., Charlton-Menys, V., & Fuller, J. H. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16895-5 · Cited by 3,755
Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
Mann, D. L., Zipes, D. P., Libby, P., Bonow, R. O., & D, E. B. M. (2011) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,745
Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women With Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A. H., Genest, J. J., Gotto, A. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Köenig, W., Libby, P., Lorenzatti, A. J., MacFadyen, J. G., et al. (2009) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000344393.60303.0a · Cited by 3,641
Self-citation
Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial
(2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67667-2 · Cited by 3,284
Sequence Variations in PCSK9, Low LDL, and Protection against Coronary Heart Disease
Cohen, J. C., Boerwinkle, E., Mosley, T. H., & Hobbs, H. H. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa054013 · Cited by 3,181
Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events
Barter, P. J., Caulfield, M., Eriksson, M., Grundy, S. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Komajda, M., Lopez-Sendon, J., Mosca, L., Tardif, J.-C., Waters, D. D., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706628 · Cited by 3,139
Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia
Abifadel, M., Varret, M., Rabès, J.-P., Allard, D., Ouguerram, K., Devillers, M., Cruaud, C., Benjannet, S., Wickham, L., Erlich, D., et al. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1161 · Cited by 2,985
Untitled work
Willer (2013) · doi:10.1038/ng.2797 · Cited by 2,983
Self-citation
Niacin in Patients with Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Receiving Intensive Statin Therapy
The AIM-HIGH Investigators (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1107579 · Cited by 2,911
Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
(2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1001282 · Cited by 2,837
The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials
Collaborators, C. T. T. (. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60367-5 · Cited by 2,833
Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis
Yokoyama, M., Origasa, H., Matsuzaki, M., Matsuzawa, Y., Saito, Y., Ishikawa, Y., Oikawa, S., Sasaki, J., Hishida, H., Itakura, H., et al. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60527-3 · Cited by 2,516
The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial
Baigent, C., Landray, M. J., Reith, C., Emberson, J., Wheeler, D. C., Tomson, C., Wanner, C., Krane, V., Cass, A., Craig, J., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60739-3 · Cited by 2,479
Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths
(2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61778-4 · Cited by 2,331
Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome
Schwartz, G. G., Olsson, A. G., Abt, M., Ballantyne, C. M., Barter, P. J., Brumm, J., Chaitman, B. R., Holme, I. M., Kallend, D., Leiter, L. A., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1206797 · Cited by 2,022
Treating inflammation by blocking interleukin-1 in a broad spectrum of diseases
Dinarello, C. A., Simon, A., & van der Meer, J. W. M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3800 · Cited by 1,812
Bariatric Surgery versus Conventional Medical Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes
Mingrone, G., Panunzi, S., De Gaetano, A., Guidone, C., Iaconelli, A., Leccesi, L., Nanni, G., Pomp, A., Castagneto, M., Ghirlanda, G., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1200111 · Cited by 1,791
Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients
The HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1300955 · Cited by 1,668
Bariatric Surgery and Long-term Cardiovascular Events
Sjöström, L., Peltonen, M., Jacobson, P., Sjöström, C. D., Karason, K., Wedel, H., Ahlin, S., Anveden, Å., Bengtsson, C., Bergmark, G., et al. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1914 · Cited by 1,656
Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women
Bansal, S., Buring, J. E., Rifai, N., Mora, S., Sacks, F. M., & Ridker, P. M. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.3.309 · Cited by 1,619
Self-citation
Risk of Incident Diabetes With Intensive-Dose Compared With Moderate-Dose Statin Therapy: A Meta-analysis
Preiss, D. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.860 · Cited by 1,390
The LDL Receptor
Goldstein, J. L., & Brown, M. S. (2009) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.108.179564 · Cited by 1,344
Statin Therapy, LDL Cholesterol, C-Reactive Protein, and Coronary Artery Disease
Nissen, S. E., Tuzcu, E. M., Schoenhagen, P., Crowe, T., Sasiela, W. J., Tsai, J., Orazem, J., Magorien, R. D., O'Shaughnessy, C., & Ganz, P. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa042000 · Cited by 1,325
Simvastatin with or without Ezetimibe in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Kastelein, J. J. P., Akdim, F., Stroes, E. S. G., Zwinderman, A. H., Bots, M. L., Stalenhoef, A. F. H., Visseren, F. L. J., Sijbrands, E. J. G., Trip, M. D., Stein, E. A., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0800742 · Cited by 1,241
The interleukin-6 receptor as a target for prevention of coronary heart disease: a mendelian randomisation analysis
(2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60110-x · Cited by 1,146
Anti-Inflammatory Therapy in Chronic Disease: Challenges and Opportunities
Tabas, I., & Glass, C. K. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1230720 · Cited by 1,093
n–3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Events after Myocardial Infarction
Kromhout, D., Giltay, E. J., & Geleijnse, J. M. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1003603 · Cited by 936
Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, for lowering of LDL cholesterol concentrations in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Raal, F. J., Santos, R. D., Blom, D. J., Marais, A. D., Charng, M., Cromwell, W. C., Lachmann, R., Gaudet, D., Tan, J. L., Chasan-Taber, S., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60284-x · Cited by 934
n–3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Dysglycemia
The ORIGIN Trial Investigators (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1203859 · Cited by 929
Relation of Gemfibrozil Treatment and Lipid Levels With Major Coronary Events
Robins, S. J., Collins, D. E., Wittes, J. T., Papademetriou, V., DEEDWANIA, P. C., Schaefer, E. J., McNamara, J. R., Kashyap, M. L., Hershman, J. M., WEXLER, L. F., et al. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.12.1585 · Cited by 917
Effect of Two Intensive Statin Regimens on Progression of Coronary Disease
Nicholls, S. J., Ballantyne, C. M., Barter, P. J., Chapman, M. J., Erbel, R. M., Libby, P., Raichlen, J. S., Uno, K., Borgman, M., Wolski, K., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1110874 · Cited by 904
Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Lower Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Beginning Early in Life on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Ference, B. A., Yoo, W., Alesh, I., Mahajan, N., Mirowska, K. K., Mewada, A., Kahn, J., Afonso, L., Williams, K. A., & Flack, J. M. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.017 · Cited by 898
Comparison of a Novel Method vs the Friedewald Equation for Estimating Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels From the Standard Lipid Profile
Martin, S. S., Blaha, M. J., Elshazly, M. B., Toth, P. P., Kwiterovich, P. O., Blumenthal, R. S., & Jones, S. R. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280532 · Cited by 883
Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies
(2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61931-4 · Cited by 823
Cardiovascular benefits and diabetes risks of statin therapy in primary prevention: an analysis from the JUPITER trial
Ridker, P. M., Pradhan, A., MacFadyen, J. G., Libby, P., & Glynn, R. J. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61190-8 · Cited by 816
Self-citation
Association of LDL Cholesterol, Non–HDL Cholesterol, and Apolipoprotein B Levels With Risk of Cardiovascular Events Among Patients Treated With Statins: A Meta-analysis
Boekholdt, S. M., Arsenault, B. J., Mora, S., Pedersen, T. R., LaRosa, J. C., Nestel, P. J., Simes, R. J., Durrington, P., Hitman, G. A., Welch, K. M. A., et al. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.366 · Cited by 795
Self-citation
The biology and therapeutic targeting of the proprotein convertases
Seidah, N. G., & Prat, A. (2012) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3699 · Cited by 759
Efficacy and safety of a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a single-arm, open-label, phase 3 study
Cuchel, M., Meagher, E. A., du Toit Theron, H., Blom, D. J., Marais, A. D., Hegele, R. A., Averna, M. R., Sirtori, C. R., Shah, P. K., Gaudet, D., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61731-0 · Cited by 744
A 52-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial of Evolocumab in Hyperlipidemia
Blom, D. J., Hala, T., Bolognese, M., Lillestol, M. J., Toth, P. D., Burgess, L., Ceska, R., Roth, E., Koren, M. J., Ballantyne, C. M., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1316222 · Cited by 720
Elevated remnant cholesterol causes both low-grade inflammation and ischemic heart disease, whereas elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol causes ischemic heart disease without inflammation
Varbo, A., Benn, M., Tybjærg-Hansen, A., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.003008 · Cited by 692
Effect of a Monoclonal Antibody to PCSK9 on LDL Cholesterol
Stein, E. A., Mellis, S., Yancopoulos, G. D., Stahl, N., Logan, D., Smith, W. B., Lisbon, E., Gutierrez, M., Webb, C., Wu, R., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1105803 · Cited by 664
Application of New Cholesterol Guidelines to a Population-Based Sample
Pencina, M. J., Navar‐Boggan, A. M., D’Agostino, R. B., Williams, K., Neely, B., Sniderman, A. D., & Peterson, E. D. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1315665 · Cited by 612
Effect of an RNA interference drug on the synthesis of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and the concentration of serum LDL cholesterol in healthy volunteers: a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial
Fitzgerald, K. J., Frank-Kamenetsky, M. D., Shulga‐Morskaya, S., Liebow, A., Bettencourt, B. R., Sutherland, J. E., Hutabarat, R. M., Clausen, V. A., Karsten, V., Cehelsky, J. E., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61914-5 · Cited by 586
Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in familial hypercholesterolemia
Cuchel, M., Bloedon, L. T., Szapary, P. O., Kolansky, D. M., Wolfe, M. L., Sarkis, A., Millar, J. S., Ikewaki, K., Siegelman, E. S., Gregg, R. E., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa061189 · Cited by 580
Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, REGN727/SAR236553, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia on stable statin dose with or without ezetimibe therapy: a phase 2 randomised controlled trial
Stein, E. A., Gipe, D., Bergeron, J., Gaudet, D., Weiss, R., Dufour, R., Wu, R., & Pordy, R. C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60771-5 · Cited by 579
Anti-inflammatory therapies for cardiovascular disease
Ridker, P. M., & Lüscher, T. F. (2014) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu203 · Cited by 568
Self-citation
Lipid-Related Markers and Cardiovascular Disease Prediction
The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.6571 · Cited by 547
PCSK9: a convertase that coordinates LDL catabolism
Horton, J. D., Cohen, J. C., & Hobbs, H. H. (2009) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r800091-jlr200 · Cited by 533
Anti-PCSK9 Antibody Effectively Lowers Cholesterol in Patients With Statin Intolerance
Stroes, E., Colquhoun, D., Sullivan, D., Civeira, F., Rosenson, R. S., Watts, G. F., Bruckert, E., Cho, L., Dent, R., Knusel, B., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.019 · Cited by 526
Safety and Efficacy of a Monoclonal Antibody to Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Serine Protease, SAR236553/REGN727, in Patients With Primary Hypercholesterolemia Receiving Ongoing Stable Atorvastatin Therapy
McKenney, J. M., Koren, M. J., Kereiakes, D. J., Hanotin, C., Ferrand, A.-C., & Stein, E. A. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.007 · Cited by 514
n–3 Fatty Acids in Patients with Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors
The Risk and Prevention Study Collaborative Group (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1205409 · Cited by 510
Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol–Lowering Effects of AMG 145, a Monoclonal Antibody to Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Serine Protease in Patients With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Raal, F. J., Scott, R. C., Somaratne, R. M., Bridges, I. M., Li, G., Wasserman, S. M., & Stein, E. A. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.144055 · Cited by 506
Lipoprotein particle profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance compared with standard lipids and apolipoproteins in predicting incident cardiovascular disease in women.
Mora, S., Otvos, J. D., Rifai, N., Rosenson, R. S., Buring, J. E., & Ridker, P. M. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.816181 · Cited by 490
Self-citation
Atorvastatin with or without an Antibody to PCSK9 in Primary Hypercholesterolemia
Roth, E. M., McKenney, J. M., Hanotin, C., Asset, G., & Stein, E. A. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1201832 · Cited by 462
Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations, Rosuvastatin Therapy, and Residual Vascular Risk: An Analysis From the JUPITER Trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin)
Khera, A. V., Everett, B. M., Caulfield, M. P., Hantash, F. M., Wohlgemuth, J., Ridker, P. M., & Mora, S. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004406 · Cited by 461
Self-citation
Effect of a Monoclonal Antibody to PCSK9 on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Statin-Intolerant Patients: The GAUSS Randomized Trial
Sullivan, D., Olsson, A. G., Scott, R., Kim, J. B., Xue, A., Gebski, V., Wasserman, S. M., & Stein, E. A. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.25790 · Cited by 447
Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 in combination with a statin in patients with hypercholesterolaemia (LAPLACE-TIMI 57): a randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2 study
Giugliano, R. P., Desai, N. R., Kohli, P., Rogers, W. J., Somaratne, R. M., Huang, F., Liu, T., Mohanavelu, S., Hoffman, E. B., McDonald, S. T., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61770-x · Cited by 429
Friedewald-estimated versus directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and treatment implications
Martin, S. S., Blaha, M. J., Elshazly, M. B., Brinton, E. A., Toth, P. P., McEvoy, J. W., Joshi, P. H., Kulkarni, K. R., Mize, P. D., Kwiterovich, P. O., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.079 · Cited by 428
Intensification of Statin Therapy Results in a Rapid Reduction in Atherosclerotic Inflammation
Tawakol, A. A., Fayad, Z. A., Mogg, R., Alon, A., Klimas, M. T., Dansky, H. M., Subramanian, S. S., Abdelbaky, A., Rudd, J. H. F., Farkouh, M. E., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.066 · Cited by 420
Seven direct methods for measuring HDL and LDL cholesterol compared with ultracentrifugation reference measurement procedures
Miller, W. G., Myers, G. L., Sakurabayashi, I., Bachmann, L. M., Caudill, S. P., Dziekonski, A., Edwards, S., Kimberly, M. M., Korzun, W. J., Leary, E. T., et al. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2009.142810 · Cited by 386
Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 as monotherapy in patients with hypercholesterolaemia (MENDEL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study
Koren, M. J., Scott, R. C., Kim, J. B., Knüsel, B., Liu, T., Lei, L., Bolognese, M. A., & Wasserman, S. M. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61771-1 · Cited by 366
The ACC/AHA 2013 guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in adults: the good the bad and the uncertain: a comparison with ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias 2011
Ray, K. K., Kastelein, J. J. P., Boekholdt, S. M., Nicholls, S. J., Khaw, K., Ballantyne, C. M., Catapano, A. L., Reiner, E., & Lüscher, T. F. (2014) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu107 · Cited by 304
Effect of the Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 Monoclonal Antibody, AMG 145, in Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Stein, E. A., Honarpour, N., Wasserman, S. M., Xu, F., Scott, R., & Raal, F. J. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004678 · Cited by 300
Apolipoprotein B Synthesis Inhibition With Mipomersen in Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Stein, E. A., Dufour, R., Gagné, C., Gaudet, D., East, C. A., Donovan, J. M., Chin, W., Tribble, D. L., & McGowan, M. P. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.104125 · Cited by 297
Rationale and design of IMPROVE-IT (IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial): Comparison of ezetimbe/simvastatin versus simvastatin monotherapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes
Cannon, C. P., Giugliano, R. P., Blazing, M. A., Harrington, R. A., Peterson, J. L., Sisk, C. M., Strony, J. T., Musliner, T. A., McCabe, C. H., Veltri, E. P., et al. (2008) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.07.023 · Cited by 294
Statin Therapy and the Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis of 31 Randomized Controlled Trials
McKinney, J. S., & Kostis, W. J. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.112.655894 · Cited by 294
Genetic Determinants of Statin-Induced Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction: The Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) Trial
Chasman, D. I., Giulianini, F., MacFadyen, J., Barratt, B. J., Nyberg, F., & Ridker, P. M. (2012) · Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.111.961144 · Cited by 285
Self-citation
Discordance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with alternative LDL-related measures and future coronary events
Mora, S., Buring, J. E., & Ridker, P. M. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005873 · Cited by 255
Self-citation
High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Size, Particle Number, and Residual Vascular Risk After Potent Statin Therapy
Mora, S., Glynn, R. J., & Ridker, P. M. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.002671 · Cited by 241
Self-citation
Mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effects of statins
Bu, D.-X., Griffin, G. K., & Lichtman, A. H. (2011) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e3283453e41 · Cited by 235
Cardiovascular Event Reduction and Adverse Events Among Subjects Attaining Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol <50 mg/dl With Rosuvastatin
Hsia, J., MacFadyen, J. G., Monyak, J., & Ridker, P. M. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.082 · Cited by 231
Self-citation
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Mipomersen in Patients with Severe Hypercholesterolemia Receiving Maximally Tolerated Lipid-Lowering Therapy
McGowan, M. P., Tardif, J., Češka, R., Burgess, L. J., Soran, H., Gouni‐Berthold, I., Wagener, G., & Chasan-Taber, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049006 · Cited by 228
More Than a Billion People Taking Statins?
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284657 · Cited by 187
The Severe Hypercholesterolemia Phenotype
Sniderman, A. D., Tsimikas, S., & Fazio, S. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.060 · Cited by 180
AMG145, a Monoclonal Antibody Against Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9, Significantly Reduces Lipoprotein(a) in Hypercholesterolemic Patients Receiving Statin Therapy
Desai, N. R., Kohli, P., Giugliano, R. P., O’Donoghue, M. L., Somaratne, R. M., Zhou, J., Hoffman, E. B., Huang, F., Rogers, W. J., Wasserman, S. M., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.001969 · Cited by 179
Comparison of LDL cholesterol concentrations by Friedewald calculation and direct measurement in relation to cardiovascular events in 27,331 women
Mora, S., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., & Ridker, P. M. (2009) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.117929 · Cited by 176
Self-citation
Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Dual Modulator of Adenosine Triphosphate-Citrate Lyase and Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia
Ballantyne, C. M., Davidson, M. H., MacDougall, D. E., Bays, H. E., DiCarlo, L. A., Rosenberg, N. L., Margulies, J., & Newton, R. S. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.050 · Cited by 175
Efficacy and Safety of ETC-1002, a Novel Investigational Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol–Lowering Therapy for the Treatment of Patients With Hypercholesterolemia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Gutierrez, M. J., Rosenberg, N. L., MacDougall, D. E., Hanselman, J. C., Margulies, J. R., Strange, P., Milad, M. A., McBride, S. J., & Newton, R. S. (2014) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.113.302677 · Cited by 170
MBX-8025, A Novel Peroxisome Proliferator Receptor-δ Agonist: Lipid and Other Metabolic Effects in Dyslipidemic Overweight Patients Treated with and without Atorvastatin
Bays, H. E., Schwartz, S. L., Littlejohn, T. W., Kerzner, B., Krauss, R. M., Karpf, D. B., Choi, Y., Wang, X., Naim, S., & Roberts, B. K. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1061 · Cited by 151
Discordance analysis of apolipoprotein B and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol as markers of cardiovascular risk in the INTERHEART study
Sniderman, A. D., Islam, S., Yusuf, S., & McQueen, M. J. (2012) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.039 · Cited by 138
C-Reactive Protein, but not Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels, Associate With Coronary Atheroma Regression and Cardiovascular Events After Maximally Intensive Statin Therapy
Puri, R., Nissen, S. E., Libby, P., Shao, M., Ballantyne, C. M., Barter, P. J., Chapman, M. J., Erbel, R. M., Raichlen, J. S., Uno, K., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004243 · Cited by 124
Three Reasons to Abandon Low-Density Lipoprotein Targets
Hayward, R. A., & Krumholz, H. M. (2012) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.111.964676 · Cited by 115
Screening for Future Cardiovascular Disease Using Age Alone Compared with Multiple Risk Factors and Age
Wald, N., Simmonds, M. C., & Morris, J. K. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018742 · Cited by 113
New therapeutic principles in dyslipidaemia: focus on LDL and Lp(a) lowering drugs
Norata, G. D., Ballantyne, C. M., & Catapano, A. L. (2013) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht088 · Cited by 99
Mipomersen (kynamro): a novel antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor for the management of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
Wong, E., & Goldberg, T. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 81
Effects of the PPAR-δ agonist MBX-8025 on atherogenic dyslipidemia
Choi, Y., Roberts, B. K., Wang, X., Geaney, J. C., Naim, S., Wojnoonski, K., Karpf, D. B., & Krauss, R. M. (2011) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.10.029 · Cited by 78
Lipoprotein disorders and cardiovascular risk
Genest, J. J. (2003) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1023/a:1024449603891 · Cited by 73
Personalized cardiovascular disease prevention by applying individualized prediction of treatment effects
van der Leeuw, J., Ridker, P. M., van der Graaf, Y., & Visseren, F. L. J. (2014) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu004 · Cited by 68
Self-citation
Future of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors
Rader, D. J., & deGoma, E. M. (2014) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050311-163305 · Cited by 66
Creating controversy where none exists: the important role of C-reactive protein in the CARE, AFCAPS/TexCAPS, PROVE IT, REVERSAL, A to Z, JUPITER, HEART PROTECTION, and ASCOT trials
Braunwald, E. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr310 · Cited by 64
Measurement of LDL-C after treatment with the CETP inhibitor anacetrapib
Davidson, M., Liu, S. X., Barter, P., Brinton, E. A., Cannon, C. P., Gotto, A. M., Leary, E. T., Shah, S., Stepanavage, M., Mitchel, Y., et al. (2013) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m032615 · Cited by 56
A Trial-Based Approach to Statin Guidelines
Ridker, P. M., & Wilson, P. W. F. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.276529 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Lomitapide for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia
Raal, F. J. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61845-5 · Cited by 37
Lipoprotein Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
Genest, J. J., & Libby, P. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0398-6.00047-0 · Cited by 36
Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein Before and On-Treatment as a Predictor of Benefit of Atorvastatin
Sever, P., Poulter, N. R., Chang, C. L., Thom, S., Hughes, A. D., Welsh, P. I., & Sattar, N. A. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.098 · Cited by 29
Agreement Between Fasting and Postprandial LDL Cholesterol Measured with 3 Methods in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Lund, S. S., Petersen, M., Frandsen, M., Smidt, U., Parving, H., Vaag, A. A., & Jensen, T. J. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2009.133868 · Cited by 22
Two New Drugs for Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Smith, R. J., & Hiatt, W. R. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6624 · Cited by 15
Limitations of Direct Methods and the Reference Method for Measuring HDL and LDL Cholesterol
Schaefer, E. J., Otokozawa, S., & Ai, M. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.159483 · Cited by 14
What Is the Role of the Clinical Laboratory in the New ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol in Adults?
Jialal, I. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1309/ajcped9x7rnmyaeq · Cited by 4
Normal levels of inflammatory markers in treated patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study
Seed, M., Betteridge, D. J., Cooper, J. A., CASLAKE, M. J., Durrington, P. N., Thompson, G. R., Sattar, N. A., Humphries, S. E., & Neil, H. A. W. (2012) · JRSM Cardiovascular Disease · doi:10.1258/cvd.2012.012011 · Cited by 2

Sorted by citations

Strategies to increase nitric oxide signalling in cardiovascular disease
Lundberg, J. O., Gladwin, M. T., & Weitzberg, E. (2015) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4623 · Cited by 576
Saturated Fat Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Ischemic Stroke: A Science Update
Nettleton, J. A., Brouwer, I. A., Geleijnse, J. M., & Hornstra, G. (2017) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000455681 · Cited by 525
Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins
Wang, Y., & Xu, D. (2017) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0515-5 · Cited by 436
“However, their hepatotoxicity, high cost, inconvenience, and a general lack of availability outside the tertiary referral centers imply that their use is limited [10].”
Background
Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk among the MASHAD study population
Hedayatnia, M., Asadi, Z., Zare‐Feyzabadi, R., Yaghooti‐Khorasani, M., Ghazizadeh, H., Zirak, R. G., Tirkani, A. N., Mohammadi‐Bajgiran, M., Rohban, M., Sadabadi, F., et al. (2020) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-020-01204-y · Cited by 406
Effects of Vegetarian Diets on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Wang, F., Zheng, J., Yang, B., Jiang, J., Fu, Y., & Li, D. (2015) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.115.002408 · Cited by 340

See all 276

Authors: Ridker, P. M.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Ridker, Paul M
ORCID: Ridker, Paul M
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-08
Volume: 384
Issue: 9943
Pages: 607-617
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61009-6
OpenAlex: W2058652637
Cited by: 274
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 4
FWCI: 6.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: LDL cholesterol, hyperlipidemia, statin therapy, LDL receptor, PCSK9 inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, LDL cholesterol measurement, mass screening, treatment goals, cardiovascular risk, atherothrombotic complications
MeSH terms: Animals, Hypolipidemic Agents, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Cholesterol, LDL, Risk Factors, Risk Assessment, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

LDL cholesterol: controversies and future therapeutic directions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks