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Extended and standard duration weight-loss programme referrals for adults in primary care (WRAP): a randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence exist that primary care referral to an open-group behavioural programme is an effective strategy for management of obesity, but little evidence on optimal intervention duration is available. We aimed to establish whether 52-week referral to an open-group weight-management programme would achieve greater weight loss and improvements in a range of health outcomes and be more cost-effective than the current practice of 12-week referrals. METHODS: or higher from 23 primary care practices in England. Participants were randomly assigned (2:5:5) to brief advice and self-help materials, a weight-management programme (Weight Watchers) for 12 weeks, or the same weight-management programme for 52 weeks. We followed-up participants over 2 years. The primary outcome was weight at 1 year of follow-up, analysed with mixed-effects models according to intention-to-treat principles and adjusted for centre and baseline weight. In a hierarchical closed-testing procedure, we compared combined behavioural programme arms with brief intervention, then compared the 12-week programme and 52-week programme. We did a within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis using person-level data and modelled outcomes over a 25-year time horizon using microsimulation. This study is registered with Current Controlled Trials, number ISRCTN82857232. FINDINGS: Between Oct 18, 2012, and Feb 10, 2014, we enrolled 1269 participants. 1267 eligible participants were randomly assigned to the brief intervention (n=211), the 12-week programme (n=528), and the 52-week programme (n=528). Two participants in the 12-week programme had been found to be ineligible shortly after randomisation and were excluded from the analysis. 823 (65%) of 1267 participants completed an assessment at 1 year and 856 (68%) participants at 2 years. All eligible participants were included in the analyses. At 1 year, mean weight changes in the groups were -3·26 kg (brief intervention), -4·75 kg (12-week programme), and -6·76 kg (52-week programme). Participants in the behavioural programme lost more weight than those in the brief intervention (adjusted difference -2·71 kg, 95% CI -3·86 to -1·55; p<0·0001). The 52-week programme was more effective than the 12-week programme (-2·14 kg, -3·05 to -1·22; p<0·0001). Differences between groups were still significant at 2 years. No adverse events related to the intervention were reported. Over 2 years, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER; compared with brief intervention) was £159 per kg lost for the 52-week programme and £91 per kg for the 12-week programme. Modelled over 25 years after baseline, the ICER for the 12-week programme was dominant compared with the brief intervention. The ICER for the 52-week programme was cost-effective compared with the brief intervention (£2394 per quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]) and the 12-week programme (£3804 per QALY). INTERPRETATION: For adults with overweight or obesity, referral to this open-group behavioural weight-loss programme for at least 12 weeks is more effective than brief advice and self-help materials. A 52-week programme produces greater weight loss and other clinical benefits than a 12-week programme and, although it costs more, modelling suggests that the 52-week programme is cost-effective in the longer term. FUNDING: National Prevention Research Initiative, Weight Watchers International (as part of an UK Medical Research Council Industrial Collaboration Award).
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“Adverse mental burden may lead to emotional eating and decreased physical activity [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] and thus to increases in bodyweight [15].”
From Supporting Weight Management during COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Web-Based, ACT-Based, Guided Self-Help Intervention (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Studies contributing to the analysis of intervention effects at 12 months from baseline were between 1 week and 12 months in duration; 10 interventions were less than 6 months in duration,(37,49,53,60,65,73) and eight interventions were 12 months in duration.(37,39,43,46,68,74) Seven outcomes were positively scaled, d…”
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“WW is a validated behavioral weight management program that focuses on health behaviors in three areas: food, activity, and mind-set (26,27).”
BackgroundWhitelock, V., Kersbergen, I., Higgs, S., Aveyard, P., Halford, J., & Robinson, E. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6923-x · Cited by 35
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“Programs offering inperson and individualized support are more effective in managing weight than interventions without this tailored support (11, 12).”
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“One Weight Watchers Meetings study showed that for a 12-month intervention, only 35% weight was regained in the second year, revealing that some weight loss was maintained into the third year and potentially beyond.(19) Other studies from Jenny Craig, Weight Watchers and Orlistat, which measure regain for 2-year-long…”
BackgroundIsmail, K., Bayley, A., Twist, K., Stewart, K., Ridge, K., Britneff, E., Greenough, A., Ashworth, M. J., Rundle, J., Cook, D. G., et al. (2019) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315656 · Cited by 40
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“In this analysis, we made similar assumptions about weight regain to other studies (8), and the cost-effectiveness of TDR was robust to conservative assumptions about weight regain.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationPudney, E. V., Himmelstein, M. S., Puhl, R. M., & Foster, G. D. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112854 · Cited by 37
“Data analyzed in the present study were drawn from a larger survey study examining weight stigma in a sample of adults enrolled in a commercial weight management program, WW (formerly Weight Watchers), which focuses on health behaviors pertaining to food, activity, and mindset (Ahern et al., 2017; Gudzune et al., 2014…”
MethodMorris, E. M., Jebb, S. A., Oke, J. L., Nickless, A., Ahern, A. L., Boyland, E. J., Caterson, I. D., Halford, J. C. G., Hauner, H., & Aveyard, P. N. (2020) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp20x714113 · Cited by 39
“The second parallel group, non-blinded, multicentre, randomised trial, 12 known as the WRAP trial, recruited 1269 adults with overweight or obesity from 23 primary care practices in England.”
Self-citationRetat, L., Pimpin, L., Webber, L., Jaccard, A., Lewis, A. L., Tearne, S., Hood, K., Christian-Brown, A., Adab, P., Begh, R. A., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0295-7 · Cited by 35
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“Successfully maintaining weight loss for 2 to 5 years greatly increases the likelihood of longer term success [4], as does increasing the duration of exposure to the weight loss program [5].”
Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, C., Dodos, L. A., Stenling, A., & Ntoumanis, N. (2020) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12499 · Cited by 35
“1% from initial weight, with only a third of dieters losing ≥ 5%weight (Ahern et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialIdris, I., Hampton, J., Moncrieff, F., & Whitman, M. (2020) · JMIR Diabetes · doi:10.2196/15189 · Cited by 25
“However, similar results were seen in the treatment arm of a randomized control trial conducted in the United Kingdom, which looked at weight loss in a 12- and 52-week weight management program, with a control group of participants receiving brief lifestyle advice [8].”
BackgroundResultCelis-Morales, C. A., Livingstone, K. M., Petermann-Rocha, F. E., Navas‐Carretero, S., San-Cristóbal, R., O’Donovan, C. B., Moschonis, G., Μanios, Y., Traczyk, I., Drevon, C. A., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.03.024 · Cited by 34
Lawrence, S. E., Puhl, R. M., Schwartz, M. B., Watson, R. J., & Foster, G. D. (2022) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100073 · Cited by 35
“WW is an empirically validated behavioral weight management program focused on healthy habits pertaining to food, physical activity, mindset, and sleep (Ahern et al., 2017; Gudzune et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAhern, A. L., Breeze, P. R., Fusco, F., Sharp, S. J., Islam, N., Wheeler, G., Hill, A. J., Hughes, C. A., Duschinsky, R., Thomas, C., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00226-2 · Cited by 32
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“We had an excellent retention rate (91%) compared with the 15%–20% drop-out typically seen in lifestyle trials at 6 months.(33) Limitations of the study include the small sample size, lack of power, and the presence of multiple testing that render the interpretation of all secondary outcomes as preliminary.”
ResultPiernas, C., MacLean, F., Aveyard, P. N., Ahern, A. L., Woolston, J., Boyland, E. J., Halford, J. C. G., & Jebb, S. A. (2020) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000509131 · Cited by 33
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Livingstone, K. M., Celis-Morales, C. A., Navas‐Carretero, S., San-Cristóbal, R., Forster, H., Woolhead, C., O’Donovan, C. B., Moschonis, G., Μanios, Y., Traczyk, I., et al. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520000653 · Cited by 27
“In addition, although the cut-off points for defining benefit were based on previous research (31) , the clinical relevance of a 5 % in outcome measures warrants further investigation.”
Koutoukidis, D. A., Jebb, S. A., Tomlinson, J., Cobbold, J., & Aveyard, P. N. (2021) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2021.03.047 · Cited by 27
Self-citationCoping with Weight Stigma Among Adults in a Commercial Weight Management Sample
Himmelstein, M. S., Puhl, R. M., Pearl, R. L., Pinto, A. M., & Foster, G. D. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-020-09895-4 · Cited by 32
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“Participants assigned to the brief intervention control group were given a 32-page printed booklet by the British Heart Foundation of self-help weight-management strategies [37].”
MethodSelf-citationCommercial weight loss programs in the management of obesity: an update.
Laudenslager, M., Chaudhry, Z. W., Rajagopal, S., Clynes, S., & Gudzune, K. A. (2021) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-021-00428-y · Cited by 25
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“Because weight loss programs are cost-effective interventions to improve cardiometabolic risk, they may be particularly valuable for this population at elevated risk (57).”
Self-citationArigo, D., Jake‐Schoffman, D. E., & Pagoto, S. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-024-00526-x · Cited by 24
“…is a notable example of a commercial program that has been tested in numerous clinical trials over the past 10 years as it has evolved from in-person delivery to hybrid (in-person and digital) (Ahern et al., 2017; Johnston et al., 2013) to digital only (Pagoto et al., 2023; Thomas et al., 2017).”
25th European Congress on Obesity, Vienna, Austria, May 23-26, 2018: Abstracts
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Si, K., Hu, Y., Wang, M., Apovian, C. M., Chavarro, J. E., & Sun, Q. (2022) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004094 · Cited by 25
“The effectiveness of CWLP and pills on weight maintenance particularly depends on the duration of use and degree of compliance [28,29].”
BackgroundLadapo, J. A., Orstad, S. L., Wali, S., Wylie‐Rosett, J., Tseng, C., Chung, U. Y. R., Cuevas, M. A., Hernandez, C., Parraga, S., Ponce, R. B., et al. (2022) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.5618 · Cited by 22
Richards, R., Jones, R. A., Whittle, F., Hughes, C. A., Hill, A. J., Lawlor, E. R., Bostock, J., Bates, S., Breeze, P. R., Brennan, A., et al. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/31801 · Cited by 15
“Although the extended use of traditional behavioral strategies can improve weight loss maintenance to some extent [8], alternative approaches are needed to better support weight loss maintenance and maximize the long-term health benefits of BWMPs.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationTsompanaki, E., Koutoukidis, D. A., Wren, G., Tong, H., Theodoulou, A., Wang, D., Park, R. J., Jebb, S. A., & Aveyard, P. N. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.103049 · Cited by 20
“Weight regain is common after programme completion 50 and future trials could investigate how weight regain and participation in multiple weight loss attempts/programmes affect disordered eating in the long-term.”
Self-citationAceves‐Martins, M., Robertson, C., Cooper, D., Avenell, A., Stewart, F. J., Aveyard, P. N., de Bruin, M., & the REBALANCE team (2020) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12732 · Cited by 21
“1% from 52 weeks of programme (data for all participants), the role of commercial providers for people with higher BMIs could be explored further ((41)).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTaylor, C., Bhavnani, V., Zasada, M., USSHER, M. H., & Bick, D. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034747 · Cited by 19
Low carbohydrate versus balanced carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk
Naude, C. E., Schoonees, A., Nguyen, K. A., Senekal, M., Young, T., Garner, P., Chaplin, M., & Volmink, J. A. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013334 · Cited by 18
Efficacy of a Commercial Weight Management Program Compared With a Do-It-Yourself Approach
Tate, D. F., Lutes, L. D., Bryant, M., Truesdale, K. P., Hatley, K. E., Griffiths, Z., Tang, T. S., Padgett, L., Pinto, A. M., Stevens, J., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26561 · Cited by 21
Bick, D., Taylor, C., Bhavnani, V., Healey, A., Seed, P. T., Roberts, S. L. E., Zasada, M., Avery, A., Craig, V., Khazaezadah, N., et al. (2019) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16043 · Cited by 18
Phelan, S., Roake, J., Alarcon, N., Ng, S. M., Glanz, H., Cardel, M. I., & Foster, G. D. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23372 · Cited by 16
Maddison, R., Hargreaves, E. A., Jiang, Y., Calder, A. J., Wyke, S., Gray, C. M., Hunt, K., Lubans, D. R., Eyles, H. C., Draper, N., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01395-w · Cited by 16
“Incremental cost-effective ratios estimated were $259 per kg lost, or $40,269 per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTaylor, R., Valabhji, J., Aveyard, P. N., & Paul, D. (2018) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13892 · Cited by 16
“7kg on average at one year follow-up, which is similar to that achieved by apparently motivated people who seek out weight loss support.[36; 37] As a result of this, weight loss at one year in all those offered support as part of the brief intervention was 2.”
ResultSelf-citationStrelitz, J., Sharp, S. J., Khunti, K., Vos, R. C., Rutten, G. E. H. M., Webb, D. R., Witte, D. R., Sandbæk, A., Wareham, N. J., & Griffin, S. J. (2020) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14278 · Cited by 18
Associations between hedonic hunger and BMI during a two-year behavioural weight loss trial
Mead, B. R., Boyland, E. J., Christiansen, P., Halford, J. C. G., Jebb, S. A., & Ahern, A. L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252110 · Cited by 17
“This was due to participants not completing questionnaires and attrition, although overall WRAP trial retention rates were good [25].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGraham, J., Tudor, K., Jebb, S. A., Lewis, A. L., Tearne, S., Adab, P., Begh, R. A., Jolly, K. B., Daley, A., Farley, A., et al. (2019) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1284-y · Cited by 18
Self-citationPagoto, S., Xu, R., Bullard, T., Foster, G. D., Bannor, R., Arcangel, K., DiVito, J., Schroeder, M. W., & Cardel, M. I. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/44955 · Cited by 17
“The WeightWatchers (WW) program is a well-validated commercial weight management program that now leverages a personalized eHealth approach [7-10].”
Mueller, J., Richards, R., Jones, R. A., Whittle, F., Woolston, J., Stubbings, M., Sharp, S. J., Griffin, S. J., Bostock, J., Hughes, C. A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-022-01232-x · Cited by 13
“Obesity UK), and through a volunteer database from a previous study [18].”
Self-citationKar, P. S., Goward, C., Whitman, M., Davies, M., Willner, T., & Shaw, K. (2020) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.2295 · Cited by 14
“27,28 This is encouraging due to the inconsistent findings around engagement and outcomes of face-to-face programmes, 10–13 in addition to the lack of engagement and outcome data for digital interventions.”
BackgroundAguiar, A., de Medeiros, W. F., da Silva-Maia, J. K., Bezerra, I. W. L., Piuvezam, G., & Morais, A. H. D. A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179646 · Cited by 14
“Perspectives studies indicate that behavioral modifications targeting lifestyle habits can lead to weight reduction ranging from 5–10% [3,5–7].”
BackgroundInterventions to accelerate change towards a healthier diet
Jebb, S. A. (2018) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665117004086 · Cited by 14
“For the treatment of obesity, we have shown that referral from general practitioners to commercial weight-loss groups in the community leads to weight losses and improvements in glycated haemoglobin of similar magnitude to the Diabetes Prevention Program (20) .”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMcHale, C., Cecil, J. E., & Laidlaw, A. H. (2019) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2019.07.010 · Cited by 14
Examination of a partial dietary self‐monitoring approach for behavioral weight management
Tate, D. F., Quesnel, D. A., Lutes, L. D., Hatley, K. E., Nezami, B. T., Wojtanowski, A. C., Pinto, A. M., Power, J. M., Diamond, M. A., Polzien, K. M., et al. (2020) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.416 · Cited by 14
Beyond lifestyle interventions: exploring the potential of anti‐obesity medications in the UK
Wilding, J. P. H. (2018) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12248 · Cited by 13
“Tier 2 services in the UK Commercial lifestyle weight management programmes, such as Rosemary Conley, Slimming World or Weight Watchers, demonstrate proven effectiveness at 12 months (27) and should help people with overweight or obesity to assess their weight and set realistic goals for weight loss, and support them…”
BackgroundSitting Time, Type, and Context Among Long-Term Weight-Loss Maintainers
Roake, J., Phelan, S., Alarcon, N., Keadle, S. K., Rethorst, C. D., & Foster, G. D. (2021) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23148 · Cited by 12
24th European Congress on Obesity (ECO2017), Porto, Portugal, May 17-20, 2017: Abstracts
Redfern, K., Rees, G., & Pinkney, J. H. (2017) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000468958 · Cited by 14
Type 2 diabetes: treating not managing
Morris, E. M., Jebb, S. A., & Aveyard, P. N. (2019) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30071-3 · Cited by 12
Self-citationDaley, A., Jolly, K. B., Madigan, C. D., Griffin, R. A., Roalfe, A. K., Lewis, A. L., Nickless, A., & Aveyard, P. N. (2019) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr07070 · Cited by 12
Self-citationImpact of weight‐loss interventions on psoriasis severity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Morrow, S., Hawkins, P., Griffiths, C. E. M., Tektonidis, T., Harriss, E., Scragg, J., & Jebb, S. (2025) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.70247 · Cited by 12
Self-citationIntermittent fasting for adults with overweight or obesity
Garegnani, L., Oltra, G. V., Ivaldi, D., Burgos, M. A., Andrenacci, P. J., Rico, S., Boyd, M. J., Radler, D. R., Liquitay, C. M. E., & Eva Madrid, A. (2026) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015610.pub2 · Cited by 13
Saba, A., Eid, N. M. S., Volpi, E. V., & Tewfik, I. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.10.149 · Cited by 15
Heath, L., Aveyard, P. N., Tomlinson, J., Cobbold, J., & Koutoukidis, D. A. (2022) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1002/hep4.2044 · Cited by 10
“[18] Existing weight- management support and services offered to patients with NASH lead to an average 3– 5- kg change.[26,27] Although this is associated with clinically meaningful improvements in disease activity,[17,28] it is unlikely that the weight loss achieved in current care will directly translate to clinical…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBates, S. E., Thomas, C., Islam, N., Ahern, A. L., Breeze, P. R., Griffin, S. J., & Brennan, A. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12737-5 · Cited by 10
“The population of interest was defined as adults with a BMI of 28 kg/m2 and over (prior to initial weight-loss), based on previous studies in which this was a criteria for referral to a weight management programme by a GP [29], and with a HbA1c below 6.”
MethodSelf-citationLindberg, C. S., Sandbæk, A., Jensen, S. D., Bruun, J. M., & Andreassen, P. (2023) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.669 · Cited by 10
“55 Few of the studies included referral to bariatric surgery.”
BackgroundThe Efficacy of Telehealth Versus In-Person Management Delivery in Adult Patients with Obesity
Alolayan, R. A., Aldisi, D. A., Hussain, D. S., Alafif, N. O., & Abulmeaty, M. M. A. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12212190 · Cited by 9
“Short-timeframe studies of 12 weeks can still produce clinically meaningful health improvements in obesity-related comorbidities [4,28–31].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ahern, A. L., Wheeler, G. M., Aveyard, P., Boyland, E. J., Halford, J. C. G., Mander, A. P., Woolston, J., Thomson, A. M., Tsiountsioura, M., Cole, D., Mead, B. R., Irvine, L., Turner, D., Suhrcke, M., Pimpin, L., Retat, L., Jaccard, A., Webber, L., Cohn, S. R., & Jebb, S. A.
- Affiliations
- MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- UK Health Forum (GB)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ahern, Amy L
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 389
- Issue
- 10085
- Pages
- 2214-2225
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC5459752
- OpenAlex
- W2610544411
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 25.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Prevention Research Initiative through research (grant MR/J000493/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Keywords
- obesity, weight loss, weight management interventions, intervention duration, primary care referral, behavioural weight management, Weight Watchers, self-help materials, cost-effectiveness, long-term weight maintenance, health-related quality of life, cardiovascular risk, cost-effectiveness analysis, microsimulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Behavior Therapy, Body Weight, Cost-Benefit Analysis, England, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Primary Health Care, Quality of Life, Referral and Consultation, Socioeconomic Factors, State Medicine, Time Factors, Weight Loss, Health Care Costs, Weight Reduction Programs
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