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The growing problem of loneliness
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“The perception that we are connected to others is a basic human need that is linked to mental and physical well-being (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010, 2015; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005).”
From Enhancing social connectedness in anxiety and depression through amplification of positivity: Preliminary treatment outcomes and process of change (2020) · cites this paper as Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018
In the citing paper
“Companionship provides emotional validation and shared meaning, buffering individuals against stress (Cohen & Wills, 1985;Thoits, 2011), and is crucial for those at risk of isolation (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018;Loades et al., 2020).”
From Artificial intelligence and unconditional love: the rise of generative AI as an alternative form of mental health support (2026) · cites this paper as Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018
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A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
Self-citationA Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness
Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310377394 · Cited by 1,995
Self-citationThe neuroendocrinology of social isolation
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cole, S. W. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015240 · Cited by 977
Self-citationToward a neurology of loneliness
Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037618 · Cited by 623
Self-citationCole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Chun, K., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1514249112 · Cited by 310
Self-citationHolt‐Lunstad, J., & Smith, T. B. (2016) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-309242 · Cited by 282
Why Loneliness Is Hazardous to Your Health
Miller, G. L. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.331.6014.138 · Cited by 128
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“Social capital analysis associated loneliness with objective social isolation, depression, introversion and deprived social skills (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
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“Companionship provides emotional validation and shared meaning, buffering individuals against stress (Cohen & Wills, 1985; Thoits, 2011), and is crucial for those at risk of isolation (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Loades et al., 2020).”
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“More importantly, Cacioppo and Cacioppo (2018) note that this is not a function of any psychopathology but instead affects ordinary people. In a review of the literature on the neurology of loneliness, Cacioppo, Capitanio, and Cacioppo (2014) noted that a pattern emerging over the past 15 years has indicated that “the…”
BackgroundInfluentialLONELINESS AS A NOVEL PUBLIC PROBLEM - OUTLINES TO CREATE AN "ANTI-LONELINESS" POLICY
Stančetić, V. (2022) · Slovak journal of public policy and public administration · doi:10.34135/sjpppa.220903 · Cited by 1
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Kang, J. Y., Shin, O., Park, S., Baek, J., & Kwak, M. (2025) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/01640275251330214 · Cited by 2
“Research shows that loneliness has negative impacts on various well-being outcomes, including life satisfaction and depression (Beutel et al., 2017; Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Galea and Abdalla, 2020).”
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“Research has consistently shown that individuals with strong social ties experience lower levels of anxiety and depression (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
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“It is urgent to understand that variation in the social brain—how individuals process social information—can influence daily functioning and well-being in the real world (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Tusche et al., 2023).”
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“Loneliness is widely acknowledged to be a serious public health matter [1].”
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“1 In the digital age, EIU significantly contributes to adolescent loneliness through multifaceted mechanisms.”
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“Nevertheless, mounting evidence suggests that loneliness is not only prevalent but is escalating in an increasingly interconnected society (Cacioppo and Cacioppo 2018).”
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“Though precise terminology may vary, social isolation is defined here as the objective state of being alone, while loneliness is defined as the subjective distressing feeling that results from unmet social needs (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Ortiz-Ospina & Roser, 2024).”
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“Depression and loneliness are pressing threats in midlife and older adulthood, with far-reaching consequences for both mental and physical health (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Santini et al., 2020).”
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“It affects approximately one-third of people in industrialized nations and has been linked to worse physical and mental health in young adults [3, 7–9].”
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“Loneliness is such a highly prevalent condition in many countries that researchers termed it a growing public health problem [18] and suggested”
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“On the one hand, Cacioppo and Cacioppo (2018) argue that loneliness has an adaptive process that promotes individuals to engage more in social activities and rebuild their network.”
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“As a result, loneliness is often associated with negative psychological and emotional outcomes and is increasingly being recognized as a significant public health concern (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
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“Compelling evidence suggests social isolation, less social integration, and feelings of loneliness are risk factors for poor health and even early death (Berkman, 1995; Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; House et al., 1988; Smith & Christakis, 2008).”
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Lai, C. K. Y., Liu, J. Y. W., Cheung, D. S. K., Chin, K. C. W., & Tse, M. Y. M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1030756/v1
“Jafari et al. (52) examined the relationship between frailty state and mood, cognition, quality of life, and level of independence over a 1-year period in patients with chronic kidney disease.”
Aging and Aging Perceptions in Nonindustrialized Indigenous Societies
Sorokowski, P., & Małecki, W. (2021) · Science across cultures · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76501-9_26
La solitude, une voie vers soi
Rauh, R. B. (2021) · Cerveau & Psycho · doi:10.3917/cerpsy.139.0056
Werth, L., Seibt, B., & Mayer, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53899-9_1
Is a good bot better than a mediocre human?: Chatbots as alternative sources of social connectionPreprint
Folk, D. P., Yu, S., & Dunn, E. W. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xunsy · Cited by 1
“…greater social benefits than suboptimal human conversation partners. iv Lay Summary Loneliness has been identified as a major public health problem (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018), suggesting there is a pressing need to develop new strategies for helping people satisfy the fundamental human need for…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cacioppo, John T
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 391
- Issue
- 10119
- Pages
- 426
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC6530780
- OpenAlex
- W2787145468
- Cited by
- 897
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 67.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG033590)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- loneliness, social isolation, premature mortality, depression, irritability, self-centeredness, social contagion, socioeconomic factors
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Loneliness, Public Health, Social Isolation
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