Enhancing social connectedness in anxiety and depression through amplification of positivity: Preliminary treatment outcomes and process of change
Open accessAbstract
Background Anxiety and depressive disorders are often characterized by perceived social disconnection, yet evidence-based treatments produce only modest improvements in this domain. The well-established link between positive affect (PA) and social connectedness suggests that directly targeting PA in treatment may be valuable. Method A secondary analysis of a waitlist-controlled trial (N = 29) was conducted to evaluate treatment response and process of change in social connectedness within a 10-session positive activity intervention protocol—Amplification of Positivity (AMP)—designed to increase PA in individuals seeking treatment for anxiety or depression (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02330627). Perceived social connectedness and PA/negative affect (NA) were assessed throughout treatment. Time-lagged multilevel mediation models examined the process of change in affect and connectedness throughout treatment. Results The AMP group displayed significantly larger improvements in social connectedness from pre- to post-treatment compared to waitlist; improvements were maintained through 6-month follow-up. Within the AMP group, increases in PA and decreases in NA both uniquely predicted subsequent increases in connectedness throughout treatment. However, experiencing heightened NA throughout treatment attenuated the effect of changes in PA on connectedness. Improvements in connectedness predicted subsequent increases in PA, but not changes in NA. Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that positive activity interventions may be valuable for enhancing social connectedness in individuals with clinically impairing anxiety or depression, possibly through both increasing positive emotions and decreasing negative emotions.
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TL;DR
In a secondary analysis of a waitlist-controlled trial, a 10-session positive activity intervention (Amplification of Positivity; AMP) produced significantly greater improvements in perceived social connectedness than waitlist in treatment-seeking adults with anxiety or depression. Within AMP, increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect each predicted later increases in connectedness, though high negative affect attenuated the positive-affect pathway.
Key findings
- AMP showed greater post-treatment social connectedness than waitlist after controlling for baseline: F(1, 25) = 7.49, p = .011, η²p = .23, between-group Cohen’s d = 1.07; within-group pre-post effect was Cohen’s d_av = 1.28 for AMP vs 0.48 for waitlist.
- AMP gains were maintained through 6-month follow-up: repeated-measures ANOVA Time effect F(1.657, 23.194) = 15.49, p < .001, η²p = .53; post-treatment and follow-up scores did not significantly differ.
- Clinically significant improvement on the SCS-R occurred in 56% (9/16) of AMP participants vs 17% (2/12) of waitlist participants, Fisher’s exact p = .054; no participants met criteria for clinically significant deterioration.
- In time-lagged multilevel mediation, increases in positive affect predicted later connectedness (B = 0.40, p = .005; indirect ab = .5440, 95% CI [.1538, 1.04742]) and decreases in negative affect predicted later connectedness (B = −.33, p = .024; indirect ab = .5511, 95% CI [.09437, 1.08638]); when both were modeled together, positive affect remained significant (B = .36, p = .012) while negative affect was marginal (B = −.28, p = .058), and the PA × NA interaction predicted connectedness (B = −.040, p = .005). Connectedness predicted later positive affect (B = .19, p = .001) but not later negative affect (B = −.04, p = .47).
Methods
- Secondary analysis of a waitlist-controlled randomized trial (N = 29; AMP n = 16, waitlist n = 13) in individuals seeking treatment for anxiety or depression, recruited via clinical referrals and community/online announcements; inclusion required OASIS ≥ 8 or PHQ-9 ≥ 10, and diagnoses were assessed with the MINI for DSM-5.
- AMP consisted of 10 individual 60-minute sessions; social connectedness was measured with the 20-item Social Connectedness Scale–Revised (SCS-R) and affect with the 20-item PANAS pre/post and throughout treatment, with 3- and 6-month follow-up for AMP completers.
- Group differences at post-treatment were tested with ANCOVA controlling for baseline SCS-R; within-AMP change processes were tested with time-lagged multilevel mediation models (n = 20 who initiated AMP, including 4 waitlist participants later treated), using lower-level mediation and asymmetric confidence intervals via PRODCLIN.
Limitations
- The paper states the sample was small and the comparison was a no-intervention waitlist that completed measures only at pre- and post-treatment; it notes possible nonrepresentativeness, baseline group differences (more AMP participants had prior psychological treatment: 88% vs 50%), and that waitlist improvements may reflect natural fluctuation, treatment expectancy, or sampling bias.
- The paper states that larger samples are needed to test integrated moderated mediation models, that treatment fidelity/adherence was not formally assessed, that all measures were self-report, that the SCS-R does not capture full social functioning, and that some AMP participants remained socially disconnected post-treatment.
- Evident from the text: the small sample limits power, especially for negative-affect and connectedness associations; the waitlist design cannot account for common therapeutic factors such as therapist attention or patient expectations; and the lack of repeated control-group assessments precludes multilevel comparison of treatment effects.
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Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 62 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Experiencing heightened negative affect throughout treatment attenuated the effect of changes in positive affect on social connectedness.
“However, experiencing heightened NA throughout treatment attenuated the effect of changes in PA on connectedness.”
- Also stated in: § Changes in Affect as a Mediator of Increases in Connectedness Throughout Treatment · plain
“The interaction of PA x NA significantly predicted changes in connectedness (B = −.040, p = .005, path b1*b2, Table 2, Model 5). An examination of the pattern of estimated means from the multilevel model revealed that the association between PA and increases in connectedness was attenuated at higher levels of NA”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Changes in Affect as a Mediator of Increases in Connectedness Throughout Treatment · plain
- Findingown data
The AMP group displayed significantly larger improvements in social connectedness from pre- to post-treatment compared to the waitlist group.
“The AMP group displayed significantly larger improvements in social connectedness from pre- to post-treatment compared to waitlist; improvements were maintained through 6-month follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § Changes in Social Connectedness · boosted
“Results of the ANCOVA conducted on the SCS-R revealed that individuals in the AMP group demonstrated significantly greater perceived social connectedness at post-treatment compared to participants in the WL group, F(1, 25) = 7.49, p = .011, η2p = .23 (Cohen’s d = 1.07).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Changes in Social Connectedness · boosted
- Findingown data
Within the AMP group, decreases in negative affect predicted subsequent increases in social connectedness throughout treatment.
“Within the AMP group, increases in PA and decreases in NA both uniquely predicted subsequent increases in connectedness throughout treatment.”
- Also stated in: § Changes in Affect as a Mediator of Increases in Connectedness Throughout Treatment · plain
“Decreases in NA significantly predicted increases in connectedness when entered in the multilevel model together with time (B = −.33, p = .024, path b, Figure 2b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Changes in Affect as a Mediator of Increases in Connectedness Throughout Treatment · plain
- Findingown data
Improvements in social connectedness were maintained through 6-month follow-up in the AMP group.
“improvements were maintained through 6-month follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § Changes in Social Connectedness · hedged
“Post-treatment and follow-up scores did not significantly differ (all ps > .05), which indicated that initial gains were maintained up to 6-months following the end of treatment (see Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Changes in Social Connectedness · hedged
- Findingown data
No participants met criteria for clinically significant deterioration.
“No participants met criteria for clinically significant deterioration (defined by RCI < −1.96).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
The indirect effect of time on social connectedness through decreases in negative affect was significant.
“The mediation analysis revealed that the indirect effect (ab) of time on connectedness through decreases in NA was significant (ab = .5511; 95% CI [.09437, 1.08638]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Positive affect and negative affect were not significantly associated at baseline.
“Correlations revealed that PA and NA were not significantly associated at baseline, r = .05, p = .84.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Within the AMP group, increases in positive affect predicted subsequent increases in social connectedness throughout treatment.
“Within the AMP group, increases in PA and decreases in NA both uniquely predicted subsequent increases in connectedness throughout treatment.”
- Also stated in: § Changes in Affect as a Mediator of Increases in Connectedness Throughout Treatment · plain
“Increases in PA predicted subsequent increases in social connectedness when entered in the multilevel model together with time (B = 0.40, p = .005, path b, Figure 2a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Changes in Affect as a Mediator of Increases in Connectedness Throughout Treatment · plain
- Findingown data
The indirect effect of time on social connectedness through increases in positive affect was significant.
“The mediation analysis revealed that the indirect effect (ab) of time on connectedness through increases in PA was significant (ab = .5440; 95% CI [.1538, 1.04742]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The relationship between decreases in negative affect and increases in social connectedness was diminished at lower levels of positive affect.
“the relationship between decreases in NA and increases in connectedness was diminished at lower levels of PA (see Figure 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The indirect effect of time on social connectedness through decreases in negative affect was no longer significant when accounting for change in positive affect.
“The indirect effect (ab) of time on connectedness through decreases in NA was no longer significant when accounting for change in PA (ab = .4676; 95% CI [−.01614, 1.02119].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The direct effect of time on social connectedness remained significant when controlling for change in positive and negative affect.
“The direct effect of time on social connectedness remained significant when controlling for change in PA and NA (B = 2.05, p = .003, path c’, Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
AMP-related increases in connectedness were maintained up to 6 months following treatment.
“AMP-related increases in connectedness were maintained up to 6 months following treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Participants in the AMP group reported significantly higher social connectedness following treatment than those in the control group.
“Consistent with predictions, participants in the AMP group reported significantly higher social connectedness following treatment than those in the control group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
More than half (56%) of AMP participants met criteria for clinically significant change.
“More than half (56%) of AMP participants met criteria for clinically significant change—approximating response rates achieved on primary symptom outcomes in empirically established psychosocial treatments for anxiety (Loerinc et al., 2015) and depression (Cuijpers et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Decreases in negative affect predicted subsequent increases in connectedness throughout treatment.
“The current secondary analysis revealed that both increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect each predicted subsequent increases in connectedness throughout treatment—although associations were somewhat less robust for negative affect when considered in the same regression model alongside positive affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Increases in positive affect predicted subsequent increases in connectedness throughout treatment.
“The current secondary analysis revealed that both increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect each predicted subsequent increases in connectedness throughout treatment—although associations were somewhat less robust for negative affect when considered in the same regression model alongside positive affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The association between decreases in negative affect and subsequent increases in connectedness was less robust when considered in the same regression model alongside positive affect.
“although associations were somewhat less robust for negative affect when considered in the same regression model alongside positive affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Increases in connectedness predicted subsequent increases in positive affect.
“Finally, increases in connectedness were shown to predict subsequent increases in positive affect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Changes in social connectedness did not significantly predict subsequent changes in negative affect.
“Changes in social connectedness did not, however, significantly predict subsequent changes in negative affect, although the relationship was in the expected direction (i.e., increases in connectedness were associated with decreases in negative affect).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The waitlist group displayed small-to-medium sized improvements in social connectedness.
“Third, the waitlist group displayed small-to-medium sized improvements in social connectedness—outcomes that may reflect naturally occurring fluctuations in connectedness, improvement due to treatment expectancy (i.e., the promise of eventual treatment), or sampling bias.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Increases in connectedness were associated with decreases in negative affect (expected direction).
“Changes in social connectedness did not, however, significantly predict subsequent changes in negative affect, although the relationship was in the expected direction (i.e., increases in connectedness were associated with decreases in negative affect).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Continuing to experience heightened negative affect throughout treatment inhibited the influence of positive emotions on subsequent feelings of social connectedness.
“the current study revealed that continuing to experience heightened negative affect throughout treatment appeared to inhibit the influence of positive emotions on subsequent feelings of social connectedness; conversely, continuing to experience blunted positive affect attenuated the association between changes in negative affect and connectedness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Continuing to experience blunted positive affect attenuated the association between changes in negative affect and connectedness.
“the current study revealed that continuing to experience heightened negative affect throughout treatment appeared to inhibit the influence of positive emotions on subsequent feelings of social connectedness; conversely, continuing to experience blunted positive affect attenuated the association between changes in negative affect and connectedness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Some AMP participants continued to endorse feeling socially disconnected post-treatment-scoring below the scale mid-point.
“Finally, some AMP participants continued to endorse feeling socially disconnected post-treatment—scoring below the scale mid-point—suggesting that additional AMP sessions or alternative treatment may be needed for some individuals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Evidence-based treatments for anxiety and depression produce only modest improvements in social connectedness.
“Contemporary treatments for anxiety and depression improve facets of social connectedness; however, improvements tend to be modest and do not match the much larger changes typically observed for symptoms (Eng, Coles, Heimberg, & Safren, 2005; Hofmann, Wu, & Boettcher, 2014; McKnight & Kashdan, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationnone given
Current treatments for anxiety and depression do not fully ameliorate impairments in social connectedness.
“Thus, while current treatments are effective in decreasing symptoms of anxiety and depression, they do not fully ameliorate impairments in social connectedness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Positive affect facilitates positive social connections above and beyond negative affective experiences.
“Heightened positive affect—generated by the positive valence (approach/appetitive) system—facilitates positive social connections (Fredrickson, Cohn, Coffey, Pek, & Finkel, 2008; Kok et al., 2013; Waugh & Fredrickson, 2006; see Ramsey & Gentzler, 2015, for a review), above and beyond negative affective experiences (Strong & Aron, 2006), by guiding people toward (e.g., coordinating social initi”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Relationally focused positive activities tend to generate stronger effects than self-focused positive activities.
“Moreover, relationally focused positive activities (e.g., doing kind acts for others) tend to generate stronger effects than engaging in self-focused positive activities (i.e., engaging in kind acts for oneself; Nelson et al., 2016; O’Connell et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Social disconnection persists despite symptom remission.
“persists despite symptom remission (Saris et al., 2017)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saris et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The social connectedness-related benefits of positive activities previously demonstrated in non-clinical and non-diagnosed elevated symptom samples also extend to clinical populations.
“Thus, the current findings provide preliminary evidence that the social connectedness-related benefits of positive activities previously demonstrated in non-clinical (Algoe et al., 2013; Bartlett et al., 2012; O’Connell et al., 2016; Nelson et al., 2016; Williams & Bartlett, 2015) and non-diagnosed elevated symptom samples (Alden & Trew, 2013) also extend to clinical populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Social disconnection is only partially ameliorated by existing treatments for anxiety and depression.
“only partially ameliorated by existing treatments (e.g., Hofmann et al., 2014; Renner et al., 2016)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Hofmann et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Renner et al., 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Social disconnection is a common and debilitating feature of anxiety and depression.
“social disconnection is a common and debilitating feature of anxiety and depression”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
The 56% clinically significant change rate approximates response rates achieved on primary symptom outcomes in empirically established psychosocial treatments for anxiety and depression.
“approximating response rates achieved on primary symptom outcomes in empirically established psychosocial treatments for anxiety (Loerinc et al., 2015) and depression (Cuijpers et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Existing treatments for anxiety and depression may facilitate gains in social functioning largely through their success at reducing negative emotions or symptoms.
“These treatments may therefore facilitate gains in social functioning largely through their success at reducing negative emotions or symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Current empirically supported treatments for anxiety and depression predominately aim to decrease negative affect.
- Premisecitation
Positive affect contributes to social connections.
“prior research suggesting that both positive affect (e.g. Fredrickson, 2013; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005) and negative affect (e.g. Keltner & Kring, 1998) contribute to social connections, and that positive affect may especially so (see Clark & Watson, 1988; Watson, Clark, McIntyre, & Hamaker, 1992; Taylor, Pearlstein et al., 2017; Taylor, Pearlstein, & Stein, 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Positive affect may contribute especially to social connections.
“prior research suggesting that both positive affect (e.g. Fredrickson, 2013; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005) and negative affect (e.g. Keltner & Kring, 1998) contribute to social connections, and that positive affect may especially so (see Clark & Watson, 1988; Watson, Clark, McIntyre, & Hamaker, 1992; Taylor, Pearlstein et al., 2017; Taylor, Pearlstein, & Stein, 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Negative affect contributes to social connections.
“prior research suggesting that both positive affect (e.g. Fredrickson, 2013; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005) and negative affect (e.g. Keltner & Kring, 1998) contribute to social connections, and that positive affect may especially so (see Clark & Watson, 1988; Watson, Clark, McIntyre, & Hamaker, 1992; Taylor, Pearlstein et al., 2017; Taylor, Pearlstein, & Stein, 2020).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Keltner & Kring, 1998 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The mechanisms that underpin the positive valence system-social connectedness link (e.g., social approach behavior, responsiveness to positive social cues) may be inhibited when negative emotions are too high.
“It may be that the mechanisms that underpin the positive valence system-social connectedness link (e.g., social approach behavior, responsiveness to positive social cues) are inhibited when negative emotions are too high.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Perceived social connectedness does not capture the full complexity of an individual's social functioning.
“Further, all measures were self-reported, and perceived social connectedness does not capture the full complexity of an individual’s social functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In clinically anxious samples, social connectedness that develops during relationship formation is accounted for by increases in positive affect, but less so when individuals concurrently experience high levels of negative affect.
“social connectedness that develops during relationship formation is accounted for by increases in positive affect, but less so when individuals concurrently experience high levels of negative affect (i.e., anxiety; Taylor, Pearlstein et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Taylor, Pearlstein et al., 2017
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The current findings are consistent with the body of affective and relational literature suggesting that effectively altering both positive and negative emotion in treatment may yield optimal outcomes for social relationship functioning.
“The current findings are consistent with the body of affective and relational literature cited above suggesting that effectively altering both positive and negative emotion in treatment may yield optimal outcomes for social relationship functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Variables other than social connectedness accounted for the reduction in negative affect observed over the course of AMP.
“Those findings suggest that variables other than social connectedness accounted for the reduction in negative affect observed over the course of AMP; however, the small sample size also limited power to detect more modest associations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The effect of the AMP regimen was evaluated in a small sample.
“The effect of the AMP regimen was evaluated in a small sample and compared to a no intervention (waitlist) group that only completed measures at pre- and post-treatment (cf. repeated measures throughout treatment), which introduces several caveats.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Naturally occurring improvements in positive social functioning (e.g., connectedness, social group integration) predict reduced subsequent risk for depression.
“naturally occurring improvements in positive social functioning (e.g., connectedness, social group integration) predict reduced subsequent risk for depression (Cruwys et al., 2013; Czyz, Liu, & King, 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Treatment-related improvements that occur along only one affective dimension may have limited impact on connectedness if dysfunction in the other affective dimension persists.
“Treatment-related improvements that occur along only one affective dimension may therefore have limited impact on connectedness if dysfunction in the other affective dimension persists.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
There is a bidirectional, self-perpetuating "upward spiral," wherein increases in positive affect strengthen social connections, which in turn promote further amplification of positive affect.
“empirically supported theoretical accounts of a bidirectional, self-perpetuating “upward spiral,” wherein increases in positive affect strengthen social connections, which in turn promote further amplification of positive affect (Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002; Ramsey & Gentzler, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Anxiety can give rise to depression specifically when anxious avoidance leads individuals to abandon positive experiences and develop social anhedonia.
“anxiety can give rise to depression specifically when anxious avoidance leads individuals to abandon positive experiences and develop social anhedonia—a common correlate of diminished connectedness (Winer et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Winer et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
The small sample size limited power to detect more modest associations.
“the small sample size also limited power to detect more modest associations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
The SCS-R demonstrated sensitivity to change when measured on a bi-weekly basis throughout treatment.
“although the SCS-R demonstrated sensitivity to change when measured on a bi-weekly basis throughout treatment, it is likely that changes in some aspects of social functioning, including perceived connectedness, unfold over months or years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Multiple pathways can enhance connectedness.
“increases in positive emotions as well as decreases in negative emotions accounted for subsequent increases in connectedness, suggesting multiple pathways through which connectedness can be enhanced.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The current findings provide initial support for the idea that positive activities may be valuable for enhancing social connectedness in individuals with clinically impairing anxiety or depression.
“The current findings provide initial support for the idea that positive activities may be valuable for enhancing social connectedness in individuals with clinically impairing anxiety or depression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Social disconnection is common across a wide range of psychiatric conditions.
“Because social disconnection is common across a wide range of psychiatric conditions and existing treatments leave room for improvement for many patients in this domain (Hofmann et al., 2014; McKnight & Kashdan, 2009)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Changes in some aspects of social functioning, including perceived connectedness, likely unfold over months or years.
“although the SCS-R demonstrated sensitivity to change when measured on a bi-weekly basis throughout treatment, it is likely that changes in some aspects of social functioning, including perceived connectedness, unfold over months or years.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Existing treatments leave room for improvement for many patients in the domain of social disconnection.
“Because social disconnection is common across a wide range of psychiatric conditions and existing treatments leave room for improvement for many patients in this domain (Hofmann et al., 2014; McKnight & Kashdan, 2009)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- May combine two claims. 21
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe proportion of participants achieving clinically significant improvement on the SCS-R was 56% in the AMP group and 17% in the waitlist group.
“The proportion of participants who achieved clinically significant improvement on the SCS-R was 56% (9/16) in the AMP group and 17% (2/12) in the WL group, Fisher’s exact = .054.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataImprovements in social connectedness predicted subsequent increases in positive affect, but not changes in negative affect.
“Improvements in connectedness predicted subsequent increases in PA, but not changes in NA.”
- Also stated in: § Changes in Affect as a Mediator of Increases in Connectedness Throughout Treatment · plain
“increases in social connectedness predicted subsequent increases in PA when entered in the multilevel model together with time (B = .19, p = .001, path b). Those effects remained robust when controlling for NA at time t. This was a significant mediating effect (ab = .2412; 95% CI [.07398, .4631]). In contrast, changes in social connectedness did not predict later changes in NA (B = −.04, p = .47,”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Changes in Affect as a Mediator of Increases in Connectedness Throughout Treatment · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataTime significantly predicted positive affect, negative affect, and social connectedness ratings, such that participants reported increasing positive affect and connectedness and decreasing negative affect as treatment progressed.
“time significantly predicted PANAS-PA and NA, as well as SCS-R ratings, such that participants reported feeling increasing levels of PA and connectedness, as well as decreasing levels of NA as treatment progressed (all p < .001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWhen positive and negative affect were entered together, increases in positive affect significantly predicted increases in social connectedness, while change in negative affect was only a marginally significant predictor.
“increases in PA significantly predicted increases in social connectedness when simultaneously accounting for time and changes in NA (B = .36, p = .012, path b1, Table 2, Model 4). The indirect effect (ab) of time on connectedness through increases in PA remained significant when accounting for change in NA (ab = .4896; 95% CI [.1099, .9776]). Change in NA was a marginally significant predictor of”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAMP significantly increased positive emotions and decreased negative emotions and symptoms of anxiety and depression in a prior waitlist-controlled randomized clinical trial, with large effects (Cohen's d > .90).
“Results of a waitlist-controlled randomized clinical trial revealed that AMP significantly increased positive emotions as well as decreased negative emotions and symptoms of anxiety and depression (all within- and between-group AMP effects on the composite outcomes were large; Cohen’s d > .90; Taylor, Lyubomirsky et al., 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Taylor, Lyubomirsky et al., 2017
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationExcessive negative affect can lead to lower participation in social activities, diminished engagement in social relationships, and poorer interpersonal outcomes.
“Excessive negative affect—produced by over-activation of the negative valence (avoidance/aversive) system (Elliot, 2006; Gray, 1987; Lang, 1995)—can lead to lower participation in social activities, diminished engagement in social relationships, and ultimately poorer interpersonal outcomes (e.g., loneliness, diminished relationship satisfaction; Gable & Berkman, 2008; Impett et al., 2010; Trew, 20”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPositive activities increase perceived social connectedness and positive relationship functioning in non-clinical samples and in those with elevated social anxiety.
“Research from affective and relational science demonstrates that positive activities increase perceived social connectedness and positive relationship functioning (e.g., relationship satisfaction) in non-clinical samples (Algoe, Fredrickson, & Gable, 2013; O’Connell, Shea, & Gallagher, 2016; Nelson et al., 2016), and in those with elevated social anxiety (Alden & Trew, 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataPreliminary findings suggest that positive activity interventions may be valuable for enhancing social connectedness in individuals with clinically impairing anxiety or depression, possibly through both increasing positive emotions and decreasing negative emotions.
“These preliminary findings suggest that positive activity interventions may be valuable for enhancing social connectedness in individuals with clinically impairing anxiety or depression, possibly through both increasing positive emotions and decreasing negative emotions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataTreatment fidelity was not formally assessed.
“Therapists met weekly to review ongoing cases and treatment adherence; however, treatment fidelity was not formally assessed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAssumptions underlying the ANCOVA were met: independence of the covariate and treatment group, and homogeneity of regression slopes.
“We confirmed that assumptions underlying ANCOVA were met: independence of the covariate [pre-treatment scores] and treatment group, t(26) = 1.52, p = .14, and homogeneity of regression slopes such that the covariate (baseline SCS-R scores) and treatment group did not interact in predicting the outcome, F(1, 24) = .00, p = 1.0, η2p = .00.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAnalyses were conducted on an intent-to-treat basis.
“Analyses were conducted on an intent-to-treat (ITT) basis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenPost-treatment follow-up data were not included in the mediation analyses.
“Post-treatment follow-up data was not included in these analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe Positive and Negative Affect Schedule has high internal consistency and temporal stability, and its validity is supported by correlational data and confirmatory factor analyses.
“The PANAS has high internal consistency and temporal stability (trait version), and correlational data and confirmatory factor analyses support its validity (Crawford & Henry, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Crawford & Henry, 2004 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataOne participant in the AMP group discontinued treatment following session 7, and one participant in the waitlist group initiated treatment outside the study and was excluded from analyses.
“One participant in the AMP group discontinued treatment following session 7, and one participant in the WL group initiated treatment outside of the study following randomization and therefore was excluded from the analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenMid-treatment (session 5) data were used for the post-assessment for the one participant who discontinued treatment following session 7.
“Mid-treatment (session 5) data were used for the post-assessment for the one participant who discontinued treatment following session 7.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThe mediator and outcome variable were time lagged to conduct a more rigorous test of mediation in which the mediator temporally precedes the outcome.
“The mediator and outcome variable were time lagged (Aderka, Foa, Applebaum, Shafran, & Gilboa-Schechtman, 2011; Bomyea et al., 2015) in order to conduct a more rigorous test of mediation in which the mediator temporally precedes the outcome (Kazdin, 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe Social Connectedness Scale-Revised displays high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity.
“The SCS-R displays high internal consistency, test-retest reliability (examined over a 1-month period), and convergent validity (Lee et al., 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lee et al., 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataNo evidence of influential outlying data was found.
“We screened for outliers within the multilevel modeling framework using the R package influence.ME (Nieuwenhuis, Pelzer, & Grotenhuis, 2012) and found no evidence of influential outlying data (all Cook’s distance < 1; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Nieuwenhuis, Pelzer, & Grotenhuis, 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningA lower level mediation approach was used because of the longitudinal nature of the data.
“A lower level mediation approach was used because of the longitudinal nature of the data—that is, the predictor variable (time) and mediators (affect) were Level 1 variables measured repeatedly throughout treatment (Bauer, Preacher, & Gil, 2006; Kenny, Korchmaros, & Bolger, 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningTreatment regimens such as AMP may offer a different pathway or possibly added benefit for enhancing social connectedness.
“Treatment regimens such as AMP, which explicitly target the upregulation of positive emotions through a wide variety of techniques (see also Craske et al., 2019; Dunn et al., 2019) may offer a different pathway or possibly added benefit for enhancing social connectedness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Craske et al., 2019 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Dunn et al., 2019 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Current empirically supported treatments for anxiety and depression predominately aim to decrease negative affect.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAMP decreases negative affect to a magnitude comparable to increases in positive affect.
“it was previously shown to decrease negative affect to a magnitude comparable to increases in positive affect (Taylor, Lyubomirsky et al., 2017)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Taylor, Lyubomirsky et al., 2017
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn existing treatments for anxiety and depression, improvement in positive affect tends to be modest and does not always match changes in negative affect or symptoms, nor return to normative levels, on average.
“improvement in positive affect tends to be modest and does not always match changes in negative affect or symptoms, nor return to normative levels, on average (Dunn et al., 2020; Kring et al., 2007; Sewart et al., 2019; Strege et al., 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe control group was a no intervention (waitlist) group that only completed measures at pre- and post-treatment.
“The effect of the AMP regimen was evaluated in a small sample and compared to a no intervention (waitlist) group that only completed measures at pre- and post-treatment (cf. repeated measures throughout treatment), which introduces several caveats.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDiscordance between positive affective experience and behavior relates to increased likelihood of developing depression and diminished well-being over time, in part by disrupting social connectedness.
“discordance between positive affective experience vs. behavior relates to increased likelihood of developing depression and diminished well-being over time, in part by disrupting social connectedness (Mauss et al., 2011; although for a discussion on important cultural differences see Su, Lee, & Oishee, 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mauss et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAMP fidelity and adherence were not formally assessed.
“although therapists followed a structured manual and were monitored closely during weekly supervision, AMP fidelity and adherence were not formally assessed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAll measures were self-reported.
“Further, all measures were self-reported, and perceived social connectedness does not capture the full complexity of an individual’s social functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe multilevel models tested herein separately evaluated main effects mediational pathways, as well as the interaction of PA and NA in predicting social connectedness.
“Second, the multilevel models tested herein separately evaluated main effects mediational pathways, as well as the interaction of PA and NA in predicting social connectedness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe small sample increases the likelihood of baseline group differences (in this case, engagement in prior psychosocial treatment), the influence of which cannot be adequately determined.
“It also increases the likelihood of baseline group differences (in this case, engagement in prior psychosocial treatment), the influence of which cannot be adequately determined.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe current study is the first, to the authors' knowledge, to examine the temporal process of change in affect and social connectedness throughout treatment.
“The current study contributes to this wider body of research and is the first, to our knowledge, to examine the temporal process of change in affect and social connectedness throughout treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe chosen sample may not be representative of the target population and may produce outcomes that over- or underestimate the true treatment effect.
“First, the chosen sample may not be representative of the target population and may produce outcomes that over- or underestimate the true treatment effect.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSubjective measures of social functioning (e.g., loneliness) correlate with behavioral measures (e.g., social network size, frequency of engaging in social activities), but these indices are not fully redundant.
“Although subjective measures of social functioning (e.g., loneliness) correlate with behavioral measures (e.g., social network size, frequency of engaging in social activities), these indices are not fully redundant (Saris et al., 2017)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Saris et al., 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe perception that we are connected to others is a basic human need that is linked to mental and physical well-being.
“The perception that we are connected to others is a basic human need that is linked to mental and physical well-being (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010, 2015; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
The paper relies on this without support.
The four waitlist participants who subsequently enrolled in the AMP protocol are comparable to the sixteen participants initially randomized to AMP, so they can be combined for within-treatment analyses.
“This analysis focused on all participants who initiated the AMP protocol (n=20), including those initially randomized to the AMP group (n=16), as well as those from the WL group who subsequently enrolled in the AMP protocol (n=4).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The waitlist control condition adequately controls for natural recovery and non-specific effects, so that between-group differences can be attributed to AMP.
“Data originated from a randomized controlled trial comparing the AMP protocol to a WL control condition (see Taylor, Lyubomirsky et al., 2017, for additional details regarding the study procedures).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Current empirically supported treatments for anxiety and depression predominately aim to decrease negative affect.
“Current empirically supported treatments for anxiety and depression predominately aim to decrease negative affect.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Initial evidence in those seeking treatment for anxiety or depression revealed large increases in positive affect and social connectedness following 10 sessions of AMP compared to waitlist.
“Initial evidence in those seeking treatment for anxiety or depression revealed large increases in positive affect(37) and social connectedness(45) following 10-sessions of AMP compared to waitlist, with session-by-session improvements in connectedness”
Session-by-session improvements in connectedness were accounted for by increases in positive affect, beyond reductions in negative affect.
“with session-by-session improvements in connectedness accounted for by increases in positive affect, beyond reductions in negative affect.(45)”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(26) = 1.52reported p = .14 · recomputed p = .141
“t(26) = 1.52, p = .14”
- ConsistentF(1, 24) = 0reported p = 1 · recomputed p = 1.000
“F(1, 24) = .00, p = 1.0”
- ConsistentF(1, 25) = 7.49reported p = .011 · recomputed p = .011
“F(1, 25) = 7.49, p = .011”
- ConsistentF(1.657, 23.194) = 15.49reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1.657, 23.194) = 15.49, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Abstract overstates the unique effect of negative affect
MajorThe abstract says decreases in negative affect uniquely predicted subsequent increases in connectedness. In the model that accounts for positive affect, however, the negative-affect predictor was only marginally significant (p = .058), and its indirect effect was not significant.
“Within the AMP group, increases in PA and decreases in NA both uniquely predicted subsequent increases in connectedness throughout treatment.”
“Change in NA was a marginally significant predictor of changes in connectedness over the course of treatment when accounting for concurrent changes in PA and time (B = −28, p = .058, path b2, Table 2, Model 4). The indirect effect (ab) of time on connectedness through decreases in NA was no longer significant when accounting for change in PA”
Negative-affect coefficient is inconsistent with its indirect effect
MinorThe reported B = −28 is inconsistent with the reported indirect effect of .4676. The earlier negative-affect results imply a time-to-negative-affect coefficient of about −1.67 (.5511 ÷ −.33); multiplied by −28, that would give an indirect effect of about 46.76, whereas a coefficient of −.28 would give .4676.
“Change in NA was a marginally significant predictor of changes in connectedness over the course of treatment when accounting for concurrent changes in PA and time (B = −28, p = .058, path b2, Table 2, Model 4).”
“The indirect effect (ab) of time on connectedness through decreases in NA was no longer significant when accounting for change in PA (ab = .4676; 95% CI [−.01614, 1.02119].”
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INTERVENÇÃO EM PSICOLOGIA POSITIVA NO CONTEXTO PANDÊMICO NA CIDADE DE JOÃO PESSOA
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Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento: um olhar sobre a humanidade
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A LITERATURA INFANTIL PRODUZINDO SABERES EM CIÊNCIAS: RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA
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CIRCUITO MONTE MOCHUARA: PROPOSTA DE PLANEJAMENTO NA REGIÃO RURBANA DE CARIACICA
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Positive Psychology Model of Mental Function and Behavior
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Conexión Social: Un Análisis Bibliométrico
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Blomberg, M., Zech, H., Kluge, M., Böhmert, N., Platte, H., & Brockmeyer, T. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/69033
Social well-being moderates behavioral therapy response for generalized anxiety disorder
Armstrong, J., Baughman, N. R., Wilhelm, R. A., El-Shafie, D., Berg, H. E., Yeh, H., Akeman, E., Martell, C. R., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Craske, M. G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2025.100160
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Karakasidou, E., Raftopoulou, G., Papadimitriou, A., Chotzoglou, K., & Koundourou, C. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7050189
- Authors
- Taylor, C. T., Pearlstein, S. L., Kakaria, S., Lyubomirsky, S., & Stein, M. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Corresponding author
- Taylor, Charles T.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2020-04-19
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 788-800
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC7357961
- OpenAlex
- W3017191344
- Semantic Scholar
- 3369351d00fe6ea4a54efedd97d1cd754f0d415d
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 11.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, San Diego, National Institute of Health Clinical and Translational Science Awards Program (UL1TR001442)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R61MH113769)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- social connectedness, anxiety, depression, positive affect, negative affect, change processes, treatment response, social disconnection, positive emotions
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