Cited by 898Health disparities and outcomesCOVID-19 and Mental HealthDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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The growing problem of loneliness

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Cacioppo, John T, Cacioppo, Stephanie·2018·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30142-9PMC PMC6530780

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A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
Self-citation
A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness
Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310377394 · Cited by 1,995
Self-citation
The neuroendocrinology of social isolation
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cole, S. W. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015240 · Cited by 977
Self-citation
Toward a neurology of loneliness
Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037618 · Cited by 623
Self-citation
Myeloid differentiation architecture of leukocyte transcriptome dynamics in perceived social isolation
Cole, S. W., Capitanio, J. P., Chun, K., Arevalo, J. M. G., Ma, J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1514249112 · Cited by 310
Self-citation
Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for CVD: implications for evidence-based patient care and scientific inquiry
Holt‐Lunstad, J., & Smith, T. B. (2016) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-309242 · Cited by 282
Why Loneliness Is Hazardous to Your Health
Miller, G. L. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.331.6014.138 · Cited by 128

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“Loneliness not only increases these negative emotions and depressive symptoms, but also increases perceived stress, fear of negative evaluation, anxiety and anger, while reducing optimism and self-con ﬁ dence (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
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“Loneliness refers to the subjective feeling of inadequate social relations (16) and has become a public health problem (17).”
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“In the past, it has been defined as a complex set of feelings that include reactions to the absence of intimate and social needs (Ernst and Cacioppo, 1999), a problem for society (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018) as well as for the individual, which may have serious health consequences (Luanaigh and Lawlor, 2008; Henrikse…”
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Ferreira, M. J., Sofia, R., Carreno, D. F., Eisenbeck, N., Jongenelen, I., & Cruz, J. F. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647984 · Cited by 40
“Loneliness is considered a severe public health issue associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality even before the coronavirus crisis (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018).”
Background
Loneliness in young adulthood: Its intersecting forms and its association with psychological well-being and family characteristics in Northern Taiwan
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“Globally, an increasing number of people are choosing to live alone [24], and loneliness has been characterised as a growing problem in many countries [11], especially among older people [51].”
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Lin, W., & Chiao, C. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.07.006 · Cited by 43
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“In contrast, social disconnection and loneliness increase risk for early mortality to levels on par with well-established risk factors such as obesity and smoking (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, Baker, Harris, & Stephenson, 2015; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010).”
Background
Populism and Layers of Social Belonging: Support of Populist Parties in Europe
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Soledad no deseada, salud y desigualdades sociales a lo largo del ciclo vital
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“Soledad: no 1 1 1 1 1 Soledad: sí 5,80 (3,68-9,13)a 3,28 (2,59-4,15)a 3,45 (2,57-4,62)a 2,16 (1,56-3,00)a 3,50 (2,99-4,12)a”
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“The effects of loneliness on older adults found in the literature indicate that loneliness predicts depression and psychological distress (Ng & Lee, 2019) and premature mortality (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Valtorta & Hanratty, 2012).”
Background
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“…like aloofness, self-centeredness, rejection of companionship, and irritability, all of which can negatively affect relationship quality and, thus, loneliness (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018a; Cacioppo et al., 2010; Christiansen 1 3 et al., 2016; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2007; Hawkley et al., 2010).”
Background
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“Our ability to socialize is important for survival and health (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Matthews & Tye, 2019), and socializing is a complex process influenced by many of the traditional PFC functions such as Fig.”
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“Loneliness is a common phenomenon in modern society and is considered a global public health issue (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018).”
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Background
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“Social isolation among this population was already considered a public health crisis prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (Berg-Weger & Morley, 2020; Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018) and, given the strong associations of social isolation with mental health outcomes such as depression, anxiety and suicidal…”
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“Loneliness is a growing problem, particularly in urbanized societies [6].”
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“Loneliness is typically defined as the absence of satisfactory social relationships [39,40].”
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Background
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Background
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“Although loneliness is difficult to measure, studies indicate that approximately a third of people currently living in industrialized countries suffer from loneliness, with one in twelve being severely affected (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
Age differences in the association between loneliness and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic
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“At the outset of the pandemic, loneliness was already recognized as an epidemic in the health literature (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018; Fried et al., 2020; Jeste et al., 2020; The Lancet, 2020).”
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“In industrialized countries about one-third of people are affected by this condition, with one in severely affected, with these proportions constantly increasing (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018).”
Background
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“Despite any individual’s susceptibility to loneliness and its pervasive effects, stigmatization limits its disclosure, which may adversely affect health (J. T. Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Globally, surveys indicate an unprecedented rise in loneliness with around a third of people affected and one in twelve affected severely (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
Background
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“Loneliness is a public health concern with well-documented adverse effects on mental health (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Cacioppo et al., 2002; Christiansen et al., 2021; Eccles et al., 2020), in addition to worsened physical health (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015).”
Background
Assessment of an Epidemic Urgency: Psychometric Evidence for the UCLA Loneliness Scale
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“In Studies 2, 3, and 4, we examined the associations between loneliness and related constructs to explore the convergent and discriminant validity of our purposed short version.”
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“…as an epidemic by public health professionals, researchers, and institutions, including the 17th Surgeon General of the United State (Murthy, 2016) as research suggests that its prolonged experience affects about one third of people from industrialized countries (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
Background
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Ollier, J., Neff, S., Dworschak, C., Sejdiji, A., Santhanam, P., Keller, R., Xiao, G., Asisof, A., Rüegger, D., Bérubé, C., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.625640 · Cited by 28
“Prior to COVID-19 outbreak, loneliness was a major public health concern and had been linked to increased morbidity and mortality risks (120–122).”
Background
Chatbots as Social Companions: How People Perceive Consciousness, Human Likeness, and Social Health Benefits in Machines
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“…or who have experienced social rejection are arguably a significant and growing source of dissatisfaction and disruption in modern society, and the isolation period of the COVID pandemic exacerbated these issues (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; Holt-Lunstad & Steptoe, 2022).”
Guía ESC 2020 sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST
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Thinking too much: How young people experience rumination in the context of loneliness
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“The number of people who experience loneliness appears to be growing rapidly (King, 2018), especially in industrialized societies where approximately a third of the population is affected by loneliness (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018), giving credence to the term ‘ the loneliness epidemic ’ .”
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Chinese version of the loneliness scale for older adults
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“Loneliness and social isolation are considered public health concerns [6].”
Background
The impact of loneliness on quality of life in people with Parkinson’s disease: results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe
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“Loneliness is becoming a growing concern for public health in the aging society (1).”
BackgroundInfluential
Head versus heart: social media reveals differential language of loneliness from depression
Liu, T., Ungar, L., Curtis, B. L., Sherman, G. T., Yadeta, K., Tay, L., Eichstaedt, J. C., & Guntuku, S. C. (2022) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-022-00014-7 · Cited by 33
The impact of loneliness and social isolation during COVID-19 on cognition in older adults: a scoping review
Kassam, K., & McMillan, J. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1287391 · Cited by 28
“It has been identified as a significant public health issue (17).”
Psychometric properties and factor structure of an Ecuadorian version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in college students
Guerra, V., Paladines-Costa, B., Vaca, S., Cacho, R., Fernández‐Montalvo, J., & Ruisoto, P. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219618 · Cited by 30
Lifetime history of traumatic brain injury is associated with increased loneliness in adults: A US nationally representative study
Kumar, R. G., Ornstein, K. A., Bollens‐Lund, E., Watson, E. M., Ankuda, C. K., Kelley, A. S., & Dams-O’Connor, K. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5271 · Cited by 29
“The distress associated with loneliness has received tremendous attention from researchers and clinicians in recent years.(14) Loneliness has been documented to be associated with a range of negative consequences, including decreased longevity and poor physical, mental, and cognitive well-being.”
Background
Longitudinal associations between perceived stress and views on aging: Evidence for reciprocal relations.
Wettstein, M., Wahl, H., & Kornadt, A. E. (2021) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000632 · Cited by 29
Online songwriting reduces loneliness and postnatal depression and enhances social connectedness in women with young babies: randomised controlled trial
Perkins, R., Spiro, N., & Waddell, G. (2023) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2023.04.017 · Cited by 24
Beware the medicalisation of loneliness
McLennan, A. K., & Ulijaszek, S. J. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30577-4 · Cited by 26
Loneliness in the Daily Lives of People With Mood and Psychotic Disorders
Moran, E. K., Shapiro, M., Culbreth, A. J., Nepal, S. K., Ben‐Zeev, D., Campbell, A. T., & Barch, D. M. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae022 · Cited by 27
“Loneliness is a worldwide epidemic associated with premature mortality and psychopathology 30 including being recognized as a profound threat to physical and mental well-being in the 2023 US Surgeon General Report.”
Background
A translational neuroscience perspective on loneliness: Narrative review focusing on social interaction, illness and oxytocin
Barton, S., Zovko, A., Müller, C., Krabichler, Q., Schulze, J., Wagner, S., Grinevich, V., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., & Hurlemann, R. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105734 · Cited by 27
“Loneliness is also often stigmatized (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018) both by the lonely individuals themselves as well as their social environment.”
How people think about being alone shapes their experience of loneliness
Rodriguez, M., Schertz, K. E., & Kross, E. F. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56764-3 · Cited by 44
Close knit: using consumption communities to overcome loneliness
Sullivan, M. O., & Richardson, B. (2020) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-02-2019-0145 · Cited by 25
A Look Back and a Path Forward: Poetry's Healing Power during the Pandemic
Xiang, D. H., & Yi, A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Humanities · doi:10.1007/s10912-020-09657-z · Cited by 31
“* David Haosen Xiang dxiang@hms.harvard.edu 1 Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States 2 Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA most industrialized countries (Cacioppo and Cacioppo 2018).”
Background
Interdependence, bonding and support are associated with improved mental wellbeing following an outdoor team challenge
Cohen, E. E. A., Davis, A., & Taylor, J. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12351 · Cited by 29
“Although considerable research has examined the negative health effects of social isolation and the growing problem of loneliness (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010), studies on the opposite of loneliness , or social bonding, and on associations among joint activity,…”
A lonely planet: time to tackle loneliness as a public health issue
Ding, D., Eres, R., & Surkalim, D. L. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.o1464 · Cited by 25
Chatbot Companionship: A Mixed-Methods Study of Companion Chatbot Usage Patterns and Their Relationship to Loneliness in Active Users
Liu, A. R., Pataranutaporn, P., & Maes, P. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.21596 · Cited by 25
For Whom and What Does Cognitive Reappraisal Help? A Prospective Study
Dawel, A., Mewton, P., Gulliver, A., Farrer, L. M., Calear, A. L., Newman, E. J., & Cherbuin, N. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10407-3 · Cited by 33
Influenza-associated cardiovascular mortality in older adults in Beijing, China: a population-based time-series study
Liu, R., -, L. X., Peng, Y., Du, X., He, L., Chen, T., Li, X., Xie, G., Wu, S., Su, J., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042487 · Cited by 24
Association of Loneliness With Falls: A Study of Older US Adults Using the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project
Zeytinoglu, M., Wroblewski, K., Vokes, T., Huisingh-Scheetz, M. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Huang, E. S. (2021) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721421989217 · Cited by 30
“Loneliness also predicts poorer mental health, including greater depressive symptomatology (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018a; Courtin & Knapp, 2017).”
Background
Psychotic experiences predict subsequent loneliness among adolescents: A population-based birth cohort study
Endo, K., Yamasaki, S., Nakanishi, M., DeVylder, J., Usami, S., Morimoto, Y., Stanyon, D., Suzuki, K., Miyashita, M., Arai, M., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.031 · Cited by 24
“Although adolescent loneliness has received attention as a target of interventions (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018), there may be a risk of underestimation of background pathology, including psychotic experiences, of perceived loneliness in school settings.”
Background
Social participation, loneliness and well-being among older adults in Hong Kong: a longitudinal examination
Rochelle, T. L. (2022) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2022.2058028 · Cited by 29
Investigating adult age differences in real-life empathy, prosociality, and well-being using experience sampling
Pollerhoff, L., Stietz, J., Depow, G. J., Inzlicht, M., Kanske, P., Li, S., & Reiter, A. M. F. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06620-x · Cited by 33
“The groups were divided into (1) 18 to 24 years (n = 14), (2) 25 to 34 years (n = 57), (3) 35 to 44 years (n = 59), (4) 45 to 54 years (n = 51), (5) 55 to 64 years (n = 42), and (6) 65 years and older (n = 20).”
Social connection interventions and depression in young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Alvarez, C. V., Mirza, L., Das‐Munshi, J., & Oswald, T. K. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02722-1 · Cited by 34
“Tassia Kate Oswald tassia.oswald@kcl.ac.uk It is widely documented that loneliness is associated with an increased risk for depression [6, 7].”
Perceptions of loneliness among people accessing treatment for substance use disorders
Ingram, I., Kelly, P. J., Deane, F. P., Baker, A., & Dingle, G. A. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13120 · Cited by 30
Ageing in Developing Societies: Issues and Challenges
Kohli, N., Chawla, S. K., Banerjee, A., & Srinete, T. P. (2020) · Psychology and Developing Societies · doi:10.1177/0971333620943408 · Cited by 25
“In this modern era, loneliness is one of the rapidly increasing psycho-social health concerns (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
Background
Loneliness and social disconnectedness in the time of pandemic period among Brazilians: evidence from the ELSI COVID-19 initiative
Torres, J. L., Braga, L. D. S., Moreira, B. D. S., de Castro, C. M. S., Vaz, C. T., Andrade, A. C. D. S., de Andrade, F. B., Lima‐Costa, M. F., & Caiaffa, W. T. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1913479 · Cited by 25
“…studies Also, loneliness presents a similar mortality risk to well-established risk factors, such as smoking, and constitutes a major public health concern among older adults (Armitage & Nellums, 2020; Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Gerst-Emerson & Jayawardhana, 2015; Patel & Clark-Ginsberg, 2020).”
Background
The effect of COVID-19-related school closures on students’ well-being: Evidence from Danish nationwide panel data
Jensen, S. S., & Reimer, D. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100945 · Cited by 22
“S.S. Jensen and D. Reimer SSM - Population Health 16 (2021) 100945 (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
The impact of narcolepsy on social relationships in young adults
Davidson, R. D., Biddle, K. D., Nassan, M. M., Scammell, T. E., & Zhou, E. S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10212 · Cited by 23
“For example, loneliness is associated with a 26% increase in premature death.(8) Evidence suggests that infrequent social contact is associated with loneliness across young adulthood and into adulthood,(9) and recent findings indicate that young adulthood is a period of increased loneliness.”
Exploring the relationship between perceived loneliness and subjective cognitive decline in older individuals
Pecchinenda, A., Yankouskaya, A., Boccia, M., Piccardi, L., Guariglia, C., & Giannini, A. M. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2242291 · Cited by 27
“…social pain it engenders rely on the same mechanisms and neural substrates as physical pain and this overlay occurs because the physical pain detection system was already developed when animals evolved to respond to social exclusion (e.g. Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018; Eisenberger & Lieberman, 2004).”
Background
Consumer loneliness: A systematic review and research agenda
Huang, S., & Li, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1071341 · Cited by 26
“Prior research has related loneliness to a range of negative health outcomes (heart disease, suicide, mortality, etc.) and psychological outcomes (depression, anxiety, anger, etc.) across life spans and cultures (Heinrich and Gullone, 2006; Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018; Chen et al., 2021).”
Background
Loneliness and its association with health service utilization in people with a psychotic disorder
Badcock, J. C., Prinzio, P. D., Waterreus, A. J., Neil, A. L., & Morgan, V. A. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.059 · Cited by 22
“Previous evidence suggests that the pain of loneliness may serve an adaptive social function, prompting people to reach out and rebuild social ties (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018b).”
Background
COVID-19 and Social Isolation Endangering Psychological Health of Older Adults: Implications for Telepsychiatry
Batra, K., Morgan, A. E., & Sharma, M. (2020) · Signa Vitae · doi:10.22514/sv.2020.16.0070 · Cited by 24
“Social isolation and loneliness are among the main drivers of physical and psychosocial health outcomes among older adults [25, 26].”
Background
All the lonely people: Comparing the effects of loneliness as a social stressor to non-lonely stress on blood pressure recovery
Zawadzki, M. J., & Gavrilova, L. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.016 · Cited by 24
Support me in the good times too: Interpersonal emotion regulation, perceived social support, and loneliness among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder
Laslo‐Roth, R., George‐Levi, S., & Ben-Yaakov, L. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221113031 · Cited by 22
“Loneliness is considered to be painful and may signal a reduction in beneficial social interactions such as a lack of supportive or positive relationships (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
COVID-19 lockdowns and changes in loneliness among young people in the U.K.
Kung, C. S. J., Kunz, J., & Shields, M. A. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115692 · Cited by 28
“There is increasing concern about the high prevalence of loneliness and its potential impacts on health and well-being, with estimates suggesting that loneliness is as big a risk factor for mortality as smoking and is strongly linked to increased healthcare usage (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015…”
Background
A large sample cross-sectional study on mental health challenges among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic at-risk group for loneliness and hopelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic
Takács, J., Katona, Z. B., & Ihász, F. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.067 · Cited by 23
“The level of loneliness was also significant before the covid-19 pandemic, it has already been recognised as a major public health concern (Leigh-Hunt et al., 2017; Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2018; Jeste et al., 2020).”
Background
Wise Reasoning in an Uncertain World
Grossmann, I., & Dorfman, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20287-3_3 · Cited by 21
Feelings of fear, sadness, and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from two studies in the UK
Ypsilanti, A., Mullings, E. L., Hawkins, O., & Lazuras, L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.031 · Cited by 24

Authors: Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S.
Affiliations: University of Chicago (US)
Corresponding author: Cacioppo, John T
ORCID: Cacioppo, John T
Cacioppo, Stephanie
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-02
Volume: 391
Issue: 10119
Pages: 426
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30142-9
PMC: PMC6530780
OpenAlex: W2787145468
Cited by: 897
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 107 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 5
FWCI: 67.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R01AG033590)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: loneliness, social isolation, premature mortality, depression, irritability, self-centeredness, social contagion, socioeconomic factors
MeSH terms: Humans, Loneliness, Public Health, Social Isolation

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