Cited by 837Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 131 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Open access

Posner, Jonathan, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Sonuga-Barke, Edmund·2020·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)33004-1PMC PMC7880081

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), like other psychiatric disorders, represents an evolving construct that has been refined and developed over the past several decades in response to research into its clinical nature and structure. The clinical presentation and course of the disorder have been extensively characterised. Efficacious medication-based treatments are available and widely used, often alongside complementary psychosocial approaches. However, their effectiveness has been questioned because they might not address the broader clinical needs of many individuals with ADHD, especially over the longer term. Non-pharmacological approaches to treatment have proven less effective than previously thought, whereas scientific and clinical studies are starting to fundamentally challenge current conceptions of the causes of ADHD in ways that might have the potential to alter clinical approaches in the future. In view of this, we first provide an account of the diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment of ADHD from the perspective of both the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases. Second, we review the progress in our understanding of the causes and pathophysiology of ADHD on the basis of science over the past decade or so. Finally, using these discoveries, we explore some of the key challenges to both the current models and the treatment of ADHD, and the ways in which these findings can promote new perspectives.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)33004-1

Cites

131 of 131 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 · Cited by 5,346
Self-citation
Annual Research Review: A meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents
Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12381 · Cited by 3,990
Self-citation
A 14-Month Randomized Clinical Trial of Treatment Strategies for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
(1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1073 · Cited by 3,372
Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Faraone, S. V., Perlis, R. H., Doyle, A. E., Smoller, J. W., Goralnick, J. J., Holmgren, M. A., & Sklar, P. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024 · Cited by 2,357
The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies
FARAONE, S. V., BIEDERMAN, J., & MICK, E. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170500471x · Cited by 2,267
Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD – a randomized, controlled trial
Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., Gillberg, C. G., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010 · Cited by 1,949
ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis
Polanczyk, G. V., Willcutt, E. G., Salum, G. A., Kieling, C., & Rohde, L. A. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt261 · Cited by 1,822
Self-citation
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation
Shaw, P., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., Blumenthal, J., Lerch, J. P., Greenstein, D., Clasen, L., Evans, A., Giedd, J., & Rapoport, J. L. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707741104 · Cited by 1,819
Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Pliszka, S. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724 · Cited by 1,765
Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis
Simon, V., Czobor, P., Bálint, S., Mészáros, Á., & Bitter, I. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827 · Cited by 1,601

Show all 131 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Pliszka, 2007, Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 46, 894, 10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724 · DOI · Paper page
Chang, 2019, Risks and benefits of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication on behavioral and neuropsychiatric outcomes: a qualitative review of pharmacoepidemiology studies using linked prescription databases, Bio Psychiatry, 86, 335, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.009 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 837

Integrative multi-omics data from early development to identify the genes and cell types underlying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Jiao, S., Bao, L., Lu, X., Wu, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07209-0 · Cited by 2
Association between epigenetic age acceleration and psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Hong, Y. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02069-x · Cited by 2
Content of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder psychoeducation packages: scoping review
Morris, D. D., Agha, S. S., Cooper, M., & Langley, K. (2025) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2025.10121 · Cited by 2
Deep adversarial learning identifies ADHD-specific associations between apoptotic genes and white matter microstructure in frontal-striatum-cerebellum circuit
Zhao, Y., Zheng, X., Gao, X., Wang, N., Fu, Z., Tian, J., Zhang, K., Wang, P., Li, S., Zhang, J., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03493-2 · Cited by 2
A Multi-Scale Feature Refinement and Dual-Attention Enhanced Dynamic Convolutional Network for Speech-Based Depression and ADHD Assessment
Li, S., Song, S., & Naqvi, S. M. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2025.3604562 · Cited by 5
Efficacy and Safety of Jingling Oral Liquid for Children With ADHD: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Qi, Y., Luo, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, X., & Zheng, Y. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251365676 · Cited by 2
Exploring the Escalating Trends and Variances in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Prevalence: A Critical Review
Hussain, T., Neupane, P., & Khunger, V. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.92423 · Cited by 3
Rodent research of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: insights into widely used animal models
Corona, J. C. (2025) · Laboratory Animal Research · doi:10.1186/s42826-025-00255-5 · Cited by 3
Unveiling Social Media Content Related to ADHD Treatment: Machine Learning Study Using X’s Posts over 15 Years
Gómez-Prieto, A., Mercado-Rodriguez, A., Chart‐Pascual, J. P., Fernandez-Lazaro, C. I., Lara-Abelenda, F. J., Montero-Torres, M., Aymerich, C., Quintero, J., Álvarez‐Mon, M., González-Pinto, A. M., et al. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13192487 · Cited by 2
Comparative efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Liang, X., Wei, X., Huang, Y. Q., Li, J., Feng, H., Fan, J., Zhang, L., Wang, Z., Zhao, X., Pan, W., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1650154 · Cited by 4
Cortical gyrification predicts initial treatment response in adults with ADHD
Laatsch, J., Stein, F., Maier, S. J., Matthies, S., Sobanski, E., Alm, B., van Elst, L. T., Krug, A., & Philipsen, A. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03681-0 · Cited by 2
Challenges in diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in pediatric practice: A regional and global perspective
Al‐Beltagi, M., Mani, B. S., Hantash, E. M., Zahrani, A. A. A., & Toema, O. (2025) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v14.i4.111684 · Cited by 5
Effects of methylphenidate on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a study using clinical and multimodal approaches including go/no-go task and functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Shen, F., & Zhou, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1726716 · Cited by 2
Machine learning–guided feature selection and predictive model construction for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Meng, H., Li, S., Xing, X., Fu, R., Yang, L., Liu, Q., & Wang, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1724359 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Exercise Interventions on Sustained Attention for Children and Adolescents With ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zhao, M., Li, J. H., Xu, R. H., Liu, C., Li, C., Guo, J., Su, L., & Liang, X. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07187-y · Cited by 3
Neurofeedback: Applications, advancements, and future directions
Jubair, H., Islam, M. M., Sarker, A. K., Mehenaz, M., Akter, F., & Yeasmin, N. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.70259 · Cited by 2
Connecting the dots and finding the way forward: Pharmacological, neuromodulatory, and psychotherapeutic interventions for the complex treatment of adult ADHD
Gonda, X., Döme, P., Balogh, L., Baradits, M., & Réthelyi, J. (2026) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2026.108997 · Cited by 3
Intrinsic functional connectivity alterations in medication-naïve children with combined and inattentive ADHD types: Evidence from cortical surface-based analysis
Chen, S., Lu, C., Xue, B., Zhou, R., Bai, X., Cheng, Y., Qian, A., Yang, C., Huang, X., & Wang, M. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121718 · Cited by 3
High-Dose Vitamin D 3 Supplementation During Pregnancy and Test-Based Cognitive Performance at Age 10 Years
Frederiksen, O. F., Jepsen, J. R. M., Brustad, N., Vinding, R., Rosenberg, J. B., Mohammadzadeh, P., Hernández‐Lorca, M., Schoos, A. M., Vahman, N., Glenthøj, B., et al. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11464 · Cited by 2
Sex- and Trimester-Specific Associations of Prenatal Co-Exposure to Organophosphate Esters and Phthalates with Preschoolers’ Trajectories of Co-Occurring ADHD and ASD Symptoms: Cord Blood Metabolomic Study in the Ma’anshan Birth Cohort
Wang, X., Tong, J., Lu, M., Luo, L., Liu, Y., Huang, Q., Lv, P., Zheng, Y., Gan, H., Geng, M., et al. (2026) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6c01402 · Cited by 2
Psychopharmacology of Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Greydanus, D. E., Rowland, D. C., Patel, D. R., & Soares, N. S. (2021) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20210914-01 · Cited by 2
Pseudo-seizure, an Atypical Presentation of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Female: A Case Report
Leow, T. Y. Q., Sadhu, R., Mayall, M., McDERMOTT, B. M., Botha, B., Yiallourides, M., & Mongia, M. (2021) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.1177/11795735211063985 · Cited by 2
NLS-3 (Levophacetoperane or (R,R) Phacetoperane): A Reverse Ester of Methylphenidate: A Literature Review
Konofal, É., Lecendreux, M., Bizot, J., Lormier, A.-T., & Figadère, B. (2023) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867330666230120161837 · Cited by 2
Características das prescrições de metilfenidato em ambulatório de neuropediatria
de Lima, C. H., Paiola, G. C., Maier, A. M. R. R., Garcia, L. F., & Massuda, E. M. (2022) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-11042022e515 · Cited by 3
Reflections on being an academic with ADHD
Rangiwai, B. W. (2023) · Te Kaharoa · doi:10.24135/tekaharoa.v16i1.419 · Cited by 3
Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder in Athletes
Leibold, C. M., Smetana, R. M., & Statuta, S. M. (2023) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2023.06.013 · Cited by 3
Evaluating the effectiveness of chess as a therapeutic tool in the comprehensive management of ADHD
Agarwal, N. K. (2023) · Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences · doi:10.22543/2392-7674.1405 · Cited by 2
Is prevention of ADHD and comorbid conditions in adolescents possible?
Vitiello, B., Davico, C., & Döpfner, M. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231211596 · Cited by 2
Exploring Diagnostic Performance of a Screening Instrument for ADHD and DSM-5 Number of Symptoms Criterion in Primary School Students From Mozambique
Daniel, H. M. C., Braz, A. I. D., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231215290 · Cited by 2
Identification of Catecholamine and Drug Target α2A-Adrenoceptor in Human Testis and Human Testicular Peritubular Cells
Harald, W., Kreitmair, N., Michaela, S., Carola, H., Schmid, N., Stepanov, Y. K., Fröhlich, T., Frank-Michael, K., Ulrich, P., Trottmann, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13154357 · Cited by 2
Influence of temperament and emotional dysregulation on depressive symptoms in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A structural equation modelling analysis
Callovini, T., Nicola, M. D., Pepe, M., Crocamo, C., Bartoli, F., Sani, G., & Carrà, G. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.019 · Cited by 2
Precision pharmacotherapy of atomoxetine in children with ADHD: how to ensure the right dose for the right person?
Guo, H., Huang, J., Wang, J., Fan, L., Li, Y., Wu, D., Liu, Q., & Chen, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1484512 · Cited by 2
Revolutionizing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with artificial intelligence
Bongurala, A. R., Save, D., & Virmani, A. (2024) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000181 · Cited by 2
Increasing specificity in ADHD genetic association studies during childhood: use of the oxytocin–vasopressin pathway in attentional processes suggests specific mechanism for endophenotypes in the 2004 Pelotas birth (Brazil) cohort
Camerini, L., Martins‐Silva, T., Rohde, L. A., Santos, I. S., Barros, F. C., Genro, J. P., Ghisleni, G., Hutz, M. H., Oliveira, I. O., Matijasevich, A., et al. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-01968-3 · Cited by 2
Standardization of decision-making skills but persistent impulsivity after chronic stimulant exposure in ADHD patients
Lobato-Camacho, F. J., Vargas, J. P., & López, J. C. (2025) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173986 · Cited by 2
Association between autoimmune disease and neurodevelopmental disorder: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Qin, J., Zhang, Y., Hu, R., Lin, M., Yu, R., Hua, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-025-01910-2 · Cited by 2
Central Med23 deficiency leads to malformation of dentate gyrus and ADHD-like behaviors in mice
Zhou, B.-Y., Li, Z.-X., Li, Y.-W., Li, J., Liu, W.-T., Liu, X.-Y., Hu, Z., Zhao, L., Chen, J., Hu, L., et al. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02088-1 · Cited by 2
Investigating the relationship between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and C-reactive protein (CRP): observational, polygenic risk score, and Mendelian randomization analyses
Luo, Y., Blakey, R., Gkatzionis, A., Stergiakouli, E., & Dardani, C. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725000480 · Cited by 3
From hyper- to hypo-: ADHD medications & sexual dysfunction.
Hale, E. W., Igoe, T. J., Bernat, O., Cohan, T., & Thompson, K. P. (2025) · Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf054 · Cited by 2
The genetic overlap and causal relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obstructive sleep apnea: a large-scale genomewide cross-trait analysis
Tong, Y., Chen, Y.-J., & Cui, G. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06899-w · Cited by 2
Integrating Genetic and Single‐Cell Genomic Data to Reveal Brain Cell‐Specific Regulation of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Risk in the Prefrontal Cortex
Gui, J., Xia, Z., Wan, K., Dong, X., & Sun, W. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70664 · Cited by 2
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Swanson, J. M., Rommelse, N. N. J., Cotton, J., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Jensen, P. S., & Castellanos, F. X. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88832-9_169 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Personalization of Pharmacological Treatments for ADHD: Why it is Advisable and Possible Options to Achieve it
Herrera-Morales, W. V., Ramı́rez-Lugo, L., Cauich-Kumul, R., Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., & Núñez-Jaramillo, L. (2022) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026622666220509155413 · Cited by 3
Comparing Treatment Outcomes in Children and Adolescents With ADHD to Other Disorders Within an Australian and Dutch Outpatient Cohort
Payne, L., Roest, S. L., Lu, Z. Q., Zendarski, N. J., Bisset, M., Sciberras, E., Stathis, S. S., Siebelink, B. M., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., Bellgrove, M. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221112941 · Cited by 2
[Application of Preschool Auditory Processing Assessment Scale in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].
Sun, Y., Zhu, H.-Q., Liu, P., Lin, H., Xiao, Z., Yu, X., Qian, J., Chi, X., & Hong, Q. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2302042 · Cited by 2
Organic food consumption during pregnancy and symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders at 8 years of age in the offspring: the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
Instanes, J. T., Solberg, B. S., Kvalvik, L. G., Klungsøyr, K., Posserud, M.-B. R., Hartman, C. A., & Haavik, J. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03685-5 · Cited by 2
Ultra-rare de novo damaging coding variants are enriched in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and identify risk genesPreprint
Olfson, E., Farhat, L. C., Liu, W., Vitulano, L. A., Zai, G. C., Lima, M. O., Parent, J. M., Polanczyk, G. V., Cappi, C., Kennedy, J. L., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.23290241 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
ADHD, Subtypes and Cognitive Performance: WISC-V as a Support Tool for Diagnostic Assessment
Lavigne-Cerván, R., Collado-Valero, J., Navarro-Soria, I., Rosales-Gómez, M., & Torrecillas-Martínez, M. (2026) · Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria · doi:10.62641/aep.v54i3.2122 · Cited by 1
Viloxazine extended-release capsules as an emerging treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents
Maletic, V., Mattingly, G. W., & Earnest, J. (2024) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2024.2327533 · Cited by 2
Stationäre psychodynamische Therapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit komplexer ADHS: Ergebnisse einer naturalistischen klinischen Studie
Cropp, C., Kuchinke, L., & Streeck-Fischer, A. (2021) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2021.70.6.520 · Cited by 1
The distribution of parent‐reported attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and subclinical autistic traits in children with and without an ADHD diagnosis
Chau, T., Tiego, J., Brown, L. E., Mellahn, O. J., Johnson, B. P., Arnatkevičiūtė, A., Fulcher, B., Matthews, N. L., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12223 · Cited by 1
Review of Clinical Considerations in the Management of Adolescents with ADHD During Ramadan
Khan, F., & Mohiuddin, S. S. (2024) · Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.2174/0122106766298494240510052101 · Cited by 1
Main focus of parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the effectiveness of early clinical screening
Li, J., Gao, K., Yang, X.-Y., & Li, Z. (2024) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v12.i19.3752 · Cited by 1
ADHS – ein praxisorientierter Überblick
Tomal, D., Mey, M. E., Mechler, K., & Hohmann, S. (2024) · KJP up2date · doi:10.1055/a-2156-2325 · Cited by 1
Non-pharmacological methods and techniques used in the therapy of children diagnosed with adhd. Study of literature
Condurache, I., Crăciun, I., Ilea, M., Rotariu, M., & Mucileanu, C. (2024) · Balneo and PRM Research Journal · doi:10.12680/balneo.2024.701 · Cited by 1
Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oral Health Problems among Children in Spain
Fernández‐Arce, L., Martínez-Pérez, J. M., García‐Villarino, M., Fernández-Álvareza, M. D. M., Martín-Payo, R., & Lana, A. (2024) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000541013 · Cited by 1
The Effect of a Group-Based Play Therapy on Executive Function, Working Memory and Self-Efficacy in Children with ADHD
Shams, A. (2024) · Physical activity in children. · doi:10.61186/pach.2024.463981.1012 · Cited by 1
Overactive PKA signaling underlies the hyperalgesia in an ADHD mouse model
Kerosi, D. O., Yin, Y., Gu, P., Liu, D., Deng, M., & Li, J. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111110 · Cited by 1
Advances in the Pathophysiology and Drug Discovery of Novel Therapeutics for Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder
Shikanai, H. (2024) · YAKUGAKU ZASSHI · doi:10.1248/yakushi.24-00126 · Cited by 1
A Review of Treatment Methods and Available Therapies for Individuals with ADHD
Gałuszka, Z., Papachristoforou, N., Michałka, D., Makar, M., Bartuś, T., Góra, Ż., Bąk, E., Głowacka, J., Kocjan, A., & Chmiel, R. (2025) · Quality in Sport · doi:10.12775/qs.2025.37.57072 · Cited by 2
Impact of online health education on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder screening results and parenting stress among school-aged children
Tan, J. Y., Wang, Y., Shen, J., Peng, B., Gong, M., Li, F., & Chen, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1522263 · Cited by 1
Associations between emotional and attentional problem characteristics and problematic internet use patterns: a prospective cohort study
Männikkö, N., Hylkilä, K., Peltonen, A., Hurtig, T. M., Ali, R., Alshakhsi, S. A. A., & Kääriäinen, M. (2025) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2025.2469668 · Cited by 2
Hyperactivity in male and female mice manifests differently following early, acute prenatal alcohol exposure and mild juvenile stress
Pietrantonio, A. F., Urian, R. A., Hardy, D. B., Allman, B. L., & Willmore, K. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1501937 · Cited by 1
Quantitative EEG Insights Into A Hundred Adult ADHD Patients: A Deep Dive Into Test of Variables of Attention ( TOVA ) Correlations and Attention Dynamics
Çiftçi, E., & Betul, Z. (2025) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70304 · Cited by 1
Temperament Profiles at Age 18 Months as Distinctive Predictors of Elevated ASD- and ADHD-Trait Scores and Their Co-Occurrence at Age 8–9: HBC Study
Tsukui, N., Nomura, Y., Newcorn, J. H., Takahashi, N., Ishikawa-Omori, Y., Nakayasu, C., Okumura, A., Iwabuchi, T., Harada, T., Rahman, M. S., et al. (2025) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01312-2 · Cited by 1
Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Children From 6 to 10 Years of Age With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—A Randomized Controlled Trial
Qian, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Y., Ji, Y., Du, F., Tang, W., Tao, Y., Chen, W., Chan, K. L. C., et al. (2025) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.70066 · Cited by 1
“Being in my Own Skin”: Exploring the Experiences of Indian Women with ADHD
Nagar, I., Gupta, K., Batra, S., & Chauhan, D. (2025) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330251355813 · Cited by 4
Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Childhood Allergy: Evidence From Mendelian Randomization
Liu, M., Zeng, Z., Song, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, M., Wei, G., Wu, S., & Kou, L. (2025) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.70135 · Cited by 1
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder drug search trends: a Scandinavian perspective
Zoltek, M., & Ågren, R. (2025) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2025.20 · Cited by 1
Efficacy and Safety of Rosa canina L. and a Traditional Polyherbal Formulation Syrup in Children and Adolescents With Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Factorial Randomized Double‐Blind Placebo‐Controlled Clinical Trial
Golsorkhi, H., Montazerlotfelahi, H., Abniki, E., Vafaee‐Shahi, M., Kamalinejad, M., Qorbani, M., Bahrami, M., & Dadmehr, M. (2025) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.70061 · Cited by 1
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Gu, M., Gu, J., Wang, S., Shi, Y., & Liu, H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8504-2_8 · Cited by 2
Comparative Evaluation of Behavioral Tests Efficiency in Learning of Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats
Kurzina, N. P., Belskaya, A. D., Gromova, A. A., Gainetdinov, R. R., & Volnova, A. B. (2025) · Cell and Tissue Biology · doi:10.1134/s1990519x25600504 · Cited by 1
Enhancing the comprehensive management strategies for attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in pediatric patients with concurrent sleep–disordered breathing: Integrating effective therapeutic approaches
Chen, F., Khorshidsavar, A., Chen, W., & Mohtaram, S. (2025) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2025.103241 · Cited by 1
tDCS and neurofeedback in ADHD treatment
Bernadotte, A., & Zinchenko, O. O. (2025) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2025.1444283 · Cited by 1
Sulcal Depth and Genetic Susceptibility Influence Initial Treatment Response in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Laatsch, J., David, F. S., Stein, F., Maj, C., Forstner, A. J., Maier, S. J., Matthies, S., Sobanski, E., Alm, B., van Elst, L. T., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.09.012 · Cited by 1
Neurocognitive and behavioral characteristics of ADHD with cognitive disengagement syndrome and specific learning disorder
Halaç, E., Ermiş, Ç., Gundogan, N., Süt, E., Turan, S., Tunçtürk, M., & Akay, A. P. (2025) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2025.2565430 · Cited by 1
Air Pollution and Neurodevelopment
Zeng, H.-X., Zeng, X., & Dong, G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99302-2_5 · Cited by 1
Associations of Legacy and Emerging Halogenated Flame Retardant Exposures with Childhood Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Related Traits and Brain Functional Connectivity in a Canadian Birth Cohort
Zhang, Y., Gao, F., Gagnon, A., Fan, Y., Martinez, G., Gillet, V., Michael, A., Zhu, J., Posner, J., Bellenger, J., et al. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c08031 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Maternal ADHD symptom severity and mother-child dyadic synchrony: an experimental study
Yaniv‐Rosenfeld, A., Agmon, S., Maoz, H., & Gvirtz, H. Z. (2025) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2025.2572576 · Cited by 1
Exploring the levels of homocysteine and its relationship with cognitive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Wang, H., Liu, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, J., & Yang, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1662441 · Cited by 1
Developmental Disturbances of Teeth in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cross-sectional Study
Shan, S., Swaminathan, K., Vivek, K., & Haridoss, S. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-3326 · Cited by 2
Modulation of reward positivity and blink rate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during and following transcranial direct current stimulation
Vöckel, J., Pokorny, L., Rossberg, R., Geist, N., Kühnel, A., Kroemer, N. B., Seernani, D. P., Klein, C., & Bender, S. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03720-w · Cited by 2
Long-term outcomes associated with adolescent ADHD symptomatology: birth cohort study
Foulds, J., Boden, J. M., Kerr, J. A., Douglas, K. M., Pettie, M. A., Young, J. T., Taylor, M. R., Donovan, K., & Porter, R. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.10475 · Cited by 1
Neuroprotective effects of Yizhi decoction via inhibition of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in the prefrontal cortex of rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Hu, J., Wang, Y., Ma, J., Wang, B.-H., Xu, J., Pan, Y.-L., Xuan, X., & Chen, J. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.120988 · Cited by 1
Association between dietary n-6/n-3 ratio and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among American children and adolescents: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Wang, L., Wang, Y., & Li, L. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02818-w · Cited by 1
Unlocking exercise compliance in children with ADHD: A comprehensive analysis of influencing factors
Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Li, J., Tian, X., Xiao, L., Diao, H., Xu, X., Jin, Y., & Wu, H. (2025) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105202 · Cited by 2
Exploring the Impact of Multimodal Training on Sensory, Motor and Cognitive Function Among Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A FOCUS Protocol of Randomised Controlled Trial
Sharma, N., & Chahal, A. (2026) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531251401389 · Cited by 1
The effect of play and creative arts therapy on the emotional wellbeing and behaviour of a boy with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a case study
Chronaki, G., & Persiano, S. (2026) · International Journal of Play · doi:10.1080/21594937.2025.2611566 · Cited by 1
Repeated Oral Methylphenidate Administration Evokes Changes in Brain Plasticity Proteins in Juvenile Wistar Kyoto Rats: Evidence for Sex-Related Differences
Soares-Couto, P., Sá, S. I., Costa, V. M., Dias-Carvalho, A., Ferreira, M., Carvalho, F. D., Meisel, A., & Capela, J. P. (2026) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-026-04712-y · Cited by 1
Risk and resilience: adverse and positive childhood experiences and aggression in adults with and without ADHD
Merscher, J., Retz, W., Turner, D., Retz‐Junginger, P., & Barra, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1759667 · Cited by 1
Effects of Physical Activity on Core Symptoms, Executive Functions, and Sleep in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Three-level Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Dai, X., Shen, H., Guan, Y., & Bao, J. (2026) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-026-00282-w · Cited by 1
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder assessment through objective measures: POV glasses and machine learning approach
Kayış, H., Gedizlioğlu, Ç., Mumcu, E., Selen, A. T. H., Tahıllıoğlu, A., & Doğan, N. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1785988 · Cited by 1
Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of natural products and traditional Chinese medicine formulas in ADHD: a review of preclinical evidence
Deng, H., Li, B., Mu, Y., Xia, W., & Weng, N. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1766222 · Cited by 1
Stimulant Usage in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Is Associated With Decreased Rates of Arthrofibrosis and Postoperative Complications Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Sasaki, J., Mrazik, S., Hand, C., Cutler, K., Koltenyuk, V., Fuller, S. I., & Macfarlane, A. (2026) · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-25-01520 · Cited by 1
Sex-specific effects of chronic caffeine on impulsive choice and serotonergic markers in an ADHD rat model
Almeida, A. S., Marques, D. M., MARTINS, B. C. B., Masschmann, H., Alves, C. B., de Lara, M. V. S., & Porciúncula, L. O. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-026-07050-7 · Cited by 1
HPA axis candidate gene polymorphisms and DNA methylation in ADHD: An integrative review of genetic, epigenetic, and stress-biology mechanisms
Li, Y., Li, F., Wei, Q., Li, Q., Gu, B., Liu, X., & Qianlong, Z. (2026) · Gene Reports · doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2026.102516 · Cited by 2
Effects of the ECogFun‑VR program on executive functioning in children and adolescents with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial
Pérez-Rodríguez, S., Gutiérrez-Ramírez, C., Vidal-Ramírez, C., Ortíz‐Rubio, A., Garach-Gómez, A., Triviño-Juárez, J. M., Arrabal-Fernández, L., Medina-Martínez, I., & Ayuso, D. M. R. (2026) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2026.105302 · Cited by 1
Modelling the Neurobiology of ADHD Using Human iPSC Systems: A Multimodal Platform for Mechanistic Discovery
Namipashaki, A., Yu, H., Bellgrove, M. A., & Hawi, Z. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15100931 · Cited by 1
Genetic investigation of the association between maternal dietary patterns and offspring ADHD
Aagaard, K., Pedersen, C. T., Horner, D., Eliasen, A., Brustad, N., Vinding, R., Talaei, M., Shaheen, S. O., Rosenberg, J. B., Stokholm, J., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03645-w · Cited by 1
Prevalence of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Among Preschool Children of Migrants and Refugees in High-Income Western Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Rahaman, K. S., Mills, C., Berhe, R., John, J. R., Subramanium, M., Ekanayake, K., Eapen, V., & Arora, A. (2026) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-026-00571-z · Cited by 1

Authors: Posner, J., Polanczyk, G. V., & Sonuga-Barke, E.
Affiliations: New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
King's College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Posner, Jonathan
ORCID: Posner, Jonathan
Polanczyk, Guilherme V
Sonuga-Barke, Edmund
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-02
Volume: 395
Issue: 10222
Pages: 450-462
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)33004-1
PMC: PMC7880081
OpenAlex: W4211094461
Cited by: 835
References: 131
Citations by year: 2026: 119 · 2025: 176 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 26
FWCI: 15.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (UH3OD023328)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH101172, R01MH121070)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD diagnosis, DSM-5, ICD-11, pharmacotherapy, psychosocial interventions, non-pharmacological treatment, pathophysiology, ADHD etiology, treatment effectiveness
MeSH terms: Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks