Cited by 570Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealthcare Systems and ChallengesMigration, Racism, and Human Rights

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Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses

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Devakumar, Delan, Shannon, Geordan, Bhopal, Sunil S, Abubakar, Ibrahim·2020·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30792-3PMC PMC7146645

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“…hospitals jointly train a COVID-19 diagnosis model, MIAs can only tell who has had a COVID-19 test, but the further identiﬁcation of the source hospital of the people could make them more prone to discrimination, especially when the hospital is located in a high-risk region or country [20].”
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Africa’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of the nature of the virus, impacts and implications for preparedness
Badu, K., Thorn, J., Goonoo, N., Dukhi, N., Fagbamigbe, A. F., Kulohoma, B. W., Oyebola, K. M., Abdelsalam, S. I., Doorsamy, W., Awe, O., et al. (2020) · AAS Open Research · doi:10.12688/aasopenres.13060.1 · Cited by 44
Association between racial discrimination and delayed or forgone care amid the COVID-19 pandemic
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“, 2021), racial/ethnic minorities have also been the target of discriminatory responses and the victims of an escalated number of hate crimes during the pandemic (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
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Psychological wellness of internal medicine hospitalists during the COVID-19 pandemic
Dugani, S. B., Geyer, H. L., Maniaci, M. J., Fischer, K. M., Croghan, I. T., & Burton, M. C. (2020) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.1080/21548331.2020.1832792 · Cited by 41
The neuroscience of intergroup threat and violence
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Asian Australians’ Experiences of Online Racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Discrimination and Stress Among Asian Refugee Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Bhutanese and Burmese Refugees in the USA
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Considerations of Racism and Data Equity Among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, And Pacific Islanders in the Context of COVID-19
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“One important consideration is race relations and racism [1, 2].”
Background
COVID-19: information access, trust and adherence to health advice among migrants in Norway
Madar, A. A., Benavente, P., Czapka, E. A., Herrero‐Arias, R., Haj-Younes, J., Hasha, W., Deeb, G., Møen, K. A., Ortiz-Barreda, G. M., & Díaz, E. (2022) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00764-4 · Cited by 37
“nifying pre-existing health inequities [1, 2].”
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Gupta, R., Rathore, B., Srivastava, A., & Biswas, B. N. (2022) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2022.108207 · Cited by 38
“Therefore, adequate awareness among people is needed, which can change their behaviour against recovered patients and avoid social discrimination (Devakumar et al., 2020; He et al., 2020).”
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Background
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Rovetta, A., & Castaldo, L. (2021) · JMIRx Med · doi:10.2196/32233 · Cited by 34
“Alongside this, the use of racist monikers was due both to the naive attempt to contextualize the virus in the geographical scenario and the politicization of COVID-19 [75].”
Background
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“1 Other individuals have been less benevolent: Some have even gone as far as engaging in racist attacks on members of ethnic groups who have been blamed for spreading the disease (Devakumar et al., 2020; Lu and Sheng, 2021).”
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“[23] Devakumar D, shannon g, bhopal ss, et al.”
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“reported to be among the factors that can deter people from accessing healthcare services (Budhwani & Sun, 2020; Devakumar et al., 2020; Habersaat et al., 2020).”
Background
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“Other works have focused on detecting racism and hate speech (Devakumar et al., 2020; Schild et al., 2020; Shimizu, 2020; Lyu et al., 2020) and emotional response (Kleinberg et al., 2020).”
Background
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“These disparities are the outcome of centuries of structural and systemic oppression (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
Background
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“…which are claims about secret plots by the powerful actors behind major social and political events or scientific conclusions, can have social and political consequences, such as the rejection of mainstream medicine and scientific consensus (Douglas et al., 2017, 2019; Goreis & Voracek, 2019).”
Background
Impact of infectious disease epidemics on xenophobia: A systematic review
Silva, T. M., Cade, M. V., Figueiras, A., Roque, F., Herdeiro, M. T., & Devakumar, D. (2022) · Journal of Migration and Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100085 · Cited by 34
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“And there is no dismissing its likely cause of horrendous incidents of antiAsian violence in the United States that has continued into 2021 (Chung & Li, 2020; Devakumar et al., 2020; Gover et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2021; Somvichian-Clausen, 2021).”
Background
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Schiller, B., Tönsing, D., Kleinert, T., BOHM, R. M., & Heinrichs, M. (2021) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00139165211036991 · Cited by 29
“While increased discrimination against Asian individuals has been reported (Devakumar et al., 2020), our data do not show a general increase in discrimination against the asylum-seeking outgroup in Germany.”
BackgroundResult
Misinformation, Fears and Adherence to Preventive Measures during the Early Phase of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Poland
Nowak, B. M., Miedziarek, C., Pełczyński, S., & Rzymski, P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212266 · Cited by 30
“The latter opinion might have been reflected in the increased incidence of ethical discrimination, social stigma, and Sinophobia [67].”
Background
Glutathione-depletion reinforced enzyme catalytic activity for photothermal assisted bacterial killing by hollow mesoporous CuO
Shi, H., Ban, C., Dai, C., Cheng-wang, L., Zhou, X., Xia, R., Qian, J., & Cao, M. (2022) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d2tb01621d · Cited by 28
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Calia, C., Reid, C. L., Guerra, C., Oshodi, A.-G. T., Marley, C., Amos, A., Barrera, P., & Grant, L. (2020) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2020.1800469 · Cited by 27
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“The spread of COVID-19 has also triggered racism, xenophobia, and discrimination (e.g., Devakumar et al., 2020; Van Bavel et al., 2020), presenting a challenge to globalization.”
Background
Stigmatization, Discrimination, Racism, Injustice, and Inequalities in the COVID-19 Era
da Silva, J. A. T. (2020) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2020.87 · Cited by 26
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Background
Impact of COVID‐19 inequalities on children: An intersectional analysis
Lemkow–Tovías, G., Lemkow, L., Cash‐Gibson, L., Teixidó‐Compañó, E., & Benach, J. (2022) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.13557 · Cited by 29
“Racism, as a result of power dynamics using the socio-political construct of race, can generate health inequalities amongst racialised communities (Devakumar et al., 2020; Tsai, 2021).”
Background
Examining racism and firearm-related risks among Asian Americans in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic
Wu, T., Hsieh, H., Chow, C. M., Yang, X., Resnicow, K., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2022) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101800 · Cited by 25
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Prevalence of depression and anxiety among school-going adolescents in Indian Kashmir valley during COVID-19 pandemic
Jeelani, A., Dkhar, S., Quansar, R., & Khan, S. M. S. (2022) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-022-00185-1 · Cited by 22
Racism and health care: Experiences of Latinx immigrant women in NYC during COVID-19
Damle, M., Wurtz, H. M., & Samari, G. (2022) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100094 · Cited by 27
“…are apparent for both immigrant men and women, there is a relevant gender dimension with immigrant women often deemed more vulnerable because of the increased likelihood of being in socially disadvantaged situations, such as poverty, with little social and economic protection (Dias et al., 2010).”
Impact of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Crisis on Migrants on the Move in Southern Africa: Implications for Policy and Practice
Mushomi, J., Palattiyil, G., Bukuluki, P., Sidhva, D., Myburgh, N., Nair, H., Mulekya-Bwambale, F., Tamuzi, J. L., & Nyasulu, P. S. (2022) · Health Systems & Reform · doi:10.1080/23288604.2021.2019571 · Cited by 25
“Outbreaks of certain diseases have been racialized, leading to xenophobia and fear.(23) In addition, many irregular migrants are found in the informal sectors and may be reluctant to seek health services for fear of being victimized by government officials.”
Background
They Are People Too: The Ethics of Curation and Use of Human Skeletal Remains for Teaching and Research
Schug, G. R., Halcrow, S. E., & de la Cova, C. (2025) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70013 · Cited by 31
How Are Forcibly Displaced People Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak? Evidence From Brazil
Martuscelli, P. N. (2021) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642211000402 · Cited by 24
Access to Health Care by Migrants with Precarious Status During a Health Crisis: Some Insights from Portugal
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Racism and nationalism during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic
Elias, A., Ben, J., Mansouri, F., & Paradies, Y. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003206521-6 · Cited by 24
Racial and Ethnic Inequalities, Health Disparities and Racism in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic Populism in the EU: Unveiling Anti-Migrant Attitudes, Precarious Living Conditions and Barriers to Integration in Greece
Fouskas, T., Koulierakis, G., Mine, F.-M., Theofilopoulos, A., Konstantopoulou, S., Ortega-de-Mora, F., Georgiadis, D., & Pantazi, G. (2022) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc12060189 · Cited by 24
Psychological resilience, fragility and the health workforce: lessons on pandemic preparedness from Liberia and Sierra Leone
Dean, L., Cooper, J. L., Wurie, H. R., Kollie, K., Raven, J., Tolhurst, R., MacGregor, H., Hawkins, K., Theobald, S., & Mansaray, B. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002873 · Cited by 23
Healthcare and social needs of international migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America: analysis of the Chilean case
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“In this context, migrants and their families are often part of marginalised and vulnerable groups in societies and the challenges described in the emerging literature on COVID-19 and migration are multiple, including aspects related to the closure of borders (5), migratory status (6,7), informal or precarious employme…”
Background
Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health and future orientation among young adult asylum seekers in Italy: A mixed-methods study
Ceccon, C., & Moscardino, U. M. M. (2022) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615221098306 · Cited by 26
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Understanding explanatory mechanisms for racial and ethnic differences in mental health stigma: the role of vertical individualism and right-wing authoritarianism
DeLuca, J. S., Hwang, J., Stepinski, L., & Yanos, P. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2020.1836556 · Cited by 20
“…understand the function of VI and RWA for minorities outside of the United States, but these implications likely extend to other areas of the world, particularly in the current times of increased global crisis and racism (e.g., Benson & Lewis, 2019; Devakumar et al., 2020; Matache & Bhabha, 2020).”
Background
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Racial discrimination in health care: An “us” problem
Baptiste, D., Josiah, N., Alexander, K. A., Commodore-Mensah, Y. Y., Wilson, P., Jacques, K. A., & Jackson, D. W. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15449 · Cited by 20
Viral time capsule: a global photo-elicitation study of child and adolescent mental health professionals during COVID-19
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COVID-19 Outbreaks in Settings With Precarious Housing Conditions in Germany: Challenges and Lessons Learned
Zimmermann, R., Sarma, N., Thieme-Thörel, D., Alpers, K., Artelt, T., Azouagh, K., Bremer, V., Broistedt, P., Eckmanns, T., Feltgen, N., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.708694 · Cited by 20
“Populations that are deemed “marginalized” have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and coercive public health measures (16, 24, 34).”
Background
Preparing for Future Pandemics: Challenges for Healthcare Leadership
Abuhammad, S. (2022) · Journal of Healthcare Leadership · doi:10.2147/jhl.s363650 · Cited by 21
“ing channels can quickly disseminate erroneous or harmful information, but they can quickly disseminate critical news and suggestions.(27) Public opinion is largely shaped by the work of writers and the publications they publish.”
Background
Role of mental health professionals in dealing with the stigma attached to COVID‐19
Prasad, S. K., Karahda, A., Singh, P., & Gupta, R. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100298 · Cited by 19
The “Labeled” Side of COVID-19 in India: Psychosocial Perspectives on Islamophobia During the Pandemic
Ahuja, K. K., & Banerjee, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.604949 · Cited by 23
“Certain religious minorities might feel cornered in general, that gets amplified by crisis, which can be mitigated by promoting their social inclusion and integration (56).”
Background
Stigmatization of Chinese and Asian-looking people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany
Koller, J. E., Villinger, K., Lages, N. C., Brünecke, I., Debbeler, J. M., Engel, K. D., Grieble, S., Homann, P. C., Kaufmann, R., Koppe, K. M., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11270-1 · Cited by 20
Systemic Challenges in Internship Training for Health-Service Psychology: A Call to Action From Trainee Stakeholders
Palitsky, R., Kaplan, D. M., Brodt, M., Anderson, M., Athey, A. J., Coffino, J. A., Egbert, A. H., Hallowell, E. S., Han, G. T., Hartmann, M.-A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211072232 · Cited by 22
“In addition to the economic and health risks associated with COVID-19, discrimination against people of Asian descent increased in the context of the pandemic (Devakumar et al., 2020), which added risks to wellbeing and safety.”
Background
Improving Access to COVID-19 Vaccines: An Analysis of TRIPS Waiver Discourse among WTO Members, Civil Society Organizations, and Pharmaceutical Industry Stakeholders.
Köhler, J. C., Wong, A. S. Y., & Tailor, L. S. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 20
#FeministAntibodies: Asian American Media in the Time of Coronavirus
Kuo, R., Zhang, A., Shaw, V., & Wang, C. (2020) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305120978364 · Cited by 20
“For example, people of color are infected and dying at faster rates during the pandemic, have less access to health care resources, and experience greater job instability (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
Background
Tracing app technology: an ethical review in the COVID-19 era and directions for post-COVID-19
Afroogh, S., Esmalian, A., Mostafavi, A., Akbari, A., Rasoulkhani, K., Esmaeili, S., & Hajiramezanali, E. (2022) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09659-6 · Cited by 19
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de Carvalho, A. R., de Souza, L. R., Gonçalves, S. L., & de Almeida, E. R. F. (2021) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00071721 · Cited by 19
A Predictive Study Between Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19 With Psychological Behavior Response: The Mediation Role of Perceived Stress
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Propagandization of Relative Gratification: How Chinese State Media Portray the International Pandemic
Fu, K. (2023) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2023.2207492 · Cited by 19
“These racist instances (Devakumar et al., 2020) provoked the Chinese public’s outcry and the state propaganda widely portrayed them as international prejudice amid China’s efforts to contain COVID-19 and offer generous assistance to neighboring countries (Yang, 2022).”
Background
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Pang, E. M., Sey, R., Beritto, T. V. D., Lee, H. C., & Powell, C. (2021) · NeoReviews · doi:10.1542/neo.22-1-e1 · Cited by 19
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The Representation of Roma in the Romanian Media During COVID-19: Performing Control Through Discursive-Performative Repertoires
Chiruta, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.663874 · Cited by 18
Perceived Discrimination as a Threat to the Mental Health of Chinese International Students in Australia
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“All items were carefully generated or developed according to existing research literature focusing on mental health (Barlow, 1991; American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Downs et al., 2013; Lee, 2020).”
Method
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The COVID-19 from Neurological Overview
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Evolution of intersectional perceived discrimination and internalized stigma during COVID-19 lockdown among the general population in Spain
Ugidos, C., López-Gómez, A., Castellanos, M. Á., Galdós, J. S., González‐Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., & Muñoz, M. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020975802 · Cited by 19
“Although several scientific articles have drawn attention to the possible increase of stigma and discrimination due to COVID-19 (Asmundson & Taylor, 2020; Devakumar et al., 2020; Logie & Turan, 2020; Singh & Subedi, 2020; Teixeira da Silva, 2020; Zhai & Du, 2020), only one study has been published that assesses the im…”
BackgroundInfluential
Stigma and discrimination tendencies towards COVID-19 survivors: Evidence from a nationwide population-based survey in Ghana
Osei, E., Amu, H., Appiah, P. K., Amponsah, S. B., Danso, E., Oppong, S., Lotse, C. W., Owusu, B. E., Azure, S. A., Eliasu, Y., et al. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000307 · Cited by 18
“The outbreak has since created fear and panic among the populace, which has led to an increase in acts of stigma, discrimination, and xenophobia towards people associated with the disease [2, 3].”
Background
Tropicality and the Choc en Retour of Covid-19 and Climate Change
Clayton, D. W. (2021) · eTropic electronic journal of studies in the tropics · doi:10.25120/etropic.20.1.2021.3787 · Cited by 18
Understanding Fijian residents' opposition to tourism post-pandemic
Woosnam, K. M., Sharma, S., Stylidis, D., & Singh, G. (2023) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101162 · Cited by 17
‘Who is telling the truth?’ Migrants’ experiences with COVID-19 related information in Norway: a qualitative study
Czapka, E. A., Herrero‐Arias, R., Haj-Younes, J., Hasha, W., Madar, A. A., Møen, K. A., Ortiz-Barreda, G. M., & Díaz, E. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948221135237 · Cited by 17
“[31] Devakumar D, Shannon G, Bhopal S, et al.”
Background
Navigating multiple pandemics: A critical analysis of the impact of COVID-19 policy responses on gender-based violence services
Mantler, T., Wathen, C. N., Burd, C., MacGregor, J. C. D., McLean, I., & Veenendaal, J. (2022) · Critical Social Policy · doi:10.1177/02610183221088461 · Cited by 17
“…and opioid-related overdose pandemics are longstanding, with mounting evidence that they worsened at an accelerated rate during the COVID-19 pandemic (Crooks et al., 2021; Devakumar et al., 2020; Gomes et al., 2021; Norton and Kerr, 2020; United Nations, 2021; World Health Organization, 2021a).”
Background
Ciencias Sociales y COVID-19: retos, vicisitudes y oportunidades para la investigación
Luna-Nemecio, J. (2020) · doi:10.35766/jf20231 · Cited by 16
A study on COVID-19-related stigmatization, quality of professional life and professional identity in a sample of HCWs in Italy.
Caricati, L., D'Agostino, G., Sollami, A., & Bonetti, C. (2022) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v93is2.12613 · Cited by 21
“Soc Issues Policy Rev 2014;8(1):103-130.”
Background
Anti-Asian American Discrimination and COVID-19
Sims, G. M., Kia‐Keating, M., Sanchez, A. X., Beylin, N. R., Evans, M. C., & Tran, M. (2022) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1027/2157-3891/a000048 · Cited by 16
The evolvement of trust in response to the COVID-19 pandemic among migrants in Norway
Herrero‐Arias, R., Ortiz-Barreda, G. M., Czapka, E. A., & Díaz, E. (2022) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01747-9 · Cited by 16
“This is consistent with research showing that pandemics reinforce racism and xenophobia (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
Result

Authors: Devakumar, D., Shannon, G., Bhopal, S. S., & Abubakar, I.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Devakumar, Delan
ORCID: Devakumar, Delan
Shannon, Geordan
Bhopal, Sunil S
Abubakar, Ibrahim
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-04
Volume: 395
Issue: 10231
Pages: 1194
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30792-3
PMC: PMC7146645
OpenAlex: W3013435976
Cited by: 570
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 155 · 2020: 132
FWCI: 158.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2022-01-003)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
Social Sciences › Law › Migration, Racism, and Human Rights
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, racism, discrimination, xenophobia, fear, racialized communities, marginalised groups, public health response
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Racism, Social Discrimination

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