Cited by 570Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealthcare Systems and ChallengesMigration, Racism, and Human Rights

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Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses

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Devakumar, Delan, Shannon, Geordan, Bhopal, Sunil S, Abubakar, Ibrahim·2020·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30792-3PMC PMC7146645

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Liu, S. H., Liu, B., Li, Y., & Norbury, A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.20116921 · Cited by 4
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“In summary, the pandemic has not only caused a global public health crisis; it has also increased and accentuated longstanding structural social inequalities and ethnic/racial discrimination (Devakumar et al. 2020b).”
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“…that have documented the rise of a mixture of xenophobia, national-ism, stigmatization, and racism against minority groups during the Covid-19 emergency across the world (Clissold et al., 2020; Devakumar et al., 2020; Elias et al., 2021; Haokip, 2021; Rytter, 2023; Tan and Umamaheswar, 2022).”
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Shah, G. H., Rochani, H. D., Telfair, J., Ayangunna, E., & Skuraton, G. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000001351 · Cited by 6
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“Although calls for the prevention of social stigma have gained attention, few quantitative studies on stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic have been done other than in the sphere of race and ethnicity (Devakumar et al., 2020; He et al., 2020).”
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COVID-19-induced social exclusion and quality of life among Chinese adolescents in the context of family education: the mediating role of perceived control
Duan, W., Kong, Y., Chen, Z., & Mu, W. (2022) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2022.2099529 · Cited by 8
“Groups labelled as a high risk of COVID-19 infection or identified to be related to high-risk groups may be socially excluded (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
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Economic issue and technological resilience of pre- and post-COVID-19
Abdelkafi, I., Romdhane, Y. B., & Mefteh, H. (2022) · Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research · doi:10.1108/agjsr-06-2022-0084 · Cited by 6
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“Firstly, this group is often a target of discrimination which usually intensifies in times of emergencies, such as when facing new pathogens (Adja et al., 2020; Devakumar et al., 2020).”
COVID-19 pandemic experiences of students from BAME and White ethnic groups pursuing higher education in the UK: A qualitative comparative exploration
Hitch, G., & Zaman, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1078479 · Cited by 8
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Höfler, C. M., & Klessmann, M. (2021) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783845295305-345 · Cited by 6
“Gleichzeitig bzw. bereits vor den Grenzschließungen kam es vermehrt zu rassistischen Angriffen auf als ‚chinesisch‘ kategorisierte Personen, unabhängig von ihrer tatsächlichen Staatsbürgerschaft (vgl. Devakumar et al. 2020).”
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Using Complexity to Calibrate Legal Response to Covid-19
Malcai, O., & Shur‐Ofry, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2021.650943 · Cited by 6
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“Black Americans are more likely to live in densely-populated neighborhoods where social distancing is difficult, if not impossible (Devakumar et al. 2020; Egede and Walker 2020), and where COVID-19 testing rates are lower (Shah, Sachdeva, and Dodiuk-Gad 2020).”
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Distribución de la COVID-19 y tuberculosis en la Región Metropolitana de Chile: diferentes enfermedades, similares desigualdades
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What we need is a sustainable politics of life
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“More generally, it influenced our way of dealing with strangers (Devakumar et al., 2020; Esaiasson et al., 2020; Gambetta & Morisi, 2020), and our attitudes towards institutions (Esaiasson et al., 2020; Schraff, 2020; Sibley et al., 2020).”
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Refuting Spurious COVID-19 Treatment Claims Reduces Demand and Misinformation SharingPreprint
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“Devakumar et al. (2020) argue that health protection relies not only on a well-functioning system, but also on social inclusion, justice and solidarity.”
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“32”
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“The pandemic has also magni ﬁ ed disparities in health and access to healthcare that particularly impact communities of color (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
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“…concern about the ways that governments in Italy, the USA, and elsewhere, ‘. . . misappropriated the COVID-19 crisis to reinforce racial discrimination, doubling down, for example, on border policies and conflating public health restrictions with anti immigrant rhetoric’ (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethod
Constructivist Retelling of the Epic of Gilgamesh: Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Zhu, P., & Zheng, Y. (2020) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2020.1786867 · Cited by 5
“…egotism, arrogance, and grandiosity; prevalent distrust of science and basic facts; and failure to acknowledge limitation or accept help (e.g., Devakumar et al., 2020) For example, the coronavirus has fueled various kinds of xenophobic responses in the U.S. (Chen et al., 2020), such as…”
Background
Better once it's over, worse now: Prospective moral behaviors after the coronavirus epidemic and cyberchondria
Maftei, A., & Holman, A. C. (2020) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi200603033m · Cited by 5
“Discriminatory pronouncements have been documented in Romania, Bulgaria, or Slovakia, targeting Roma populations (Matcahe & Bhabha, 2020), while anti-Asian hate seems to be spreading both online and offline (Devakumar et al., 2020; Macguire, 2020).”
Background
COVID-19 pandemic and safety of taxi services: Looking beyond primary care
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“For example, access to education, housing, and environmental stress all impact quality health care, comorbid medical conditions, ability to obtain personal protective equipment, and capability to quarantine in a safe space.(6) The synergistic effects of the pandemic in conjunction with the political, economic, and soc…”
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Reviewing fair subject selection considerations for the unique case of post sequelae COVID-19 translational studies
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“The stigma may be exacerbated in Black and Latinx populations already disproportionately affected by COVID-19 or among individuals of Asian descent who have faced discrimination due to the origins of the initial outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China [72].”
Background
“Just a virus” or politicized virus? Global media reporting of China on COVID-19
Fan, X., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Chinese Sociological Review · doi:10.1080/21620555.2022.2116308 · Cited by 5
“The coronavirus pandemic has raised substantial concerns about discrimination against specific countries and ethnic groups (Devakumar et al. 2020; He et al. 2020; Lin et al. 2022; Ma and Zhan 2022; Wu, Qian, and Wilkes 2021).”
Background
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“The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has devastated entire communities, especially those already suffering from healthcare disparities due to structural racism in healthcare systems [1].”
Background
Immigrant and Racialized Populations’ Cumulative Exposure to Discrimination and Associations with Long-Term Conditions During COVID-19: A Nationwide Large-Scale Study in Canada
Lin, S. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-02074-1 · Cited by 5
“Analyses of these categories were consistent with the notion that perceived discrimination represents important psychosocial stressors [47] and the biological consequences of exposure to toxic stress [10].”
Infectious Inequalities
Han, Q., & Curtis, D. R. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003261667 · Cited by 4
Generational gaps in attitudes toward migrants: Hong Kong and Shanghai in comparison
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Fraser, T., Davidson, J. W., & Crooke, A. H. D. (2023) · The world of music/The world of music · doi:10.59998/2023-12-1-1314 · Cited by 4
“Social cohesion, community resilience, and intercultural understanding came to the fore as social connection and resilience were tested, and intercultural empathy was sadly lacking both locally (Fang et al. 2020) and globally (Devakumar et al. 2020).”
Background
Modernising European Legal Education (MELE)
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Social inequalities in self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazilian adults: PNAD COVID-19
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Blame positioning in Covid-19 response: Refugees and asylees as victims
Peprah, P. (2021) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102010 · Cited by 4
“Acts of blaming and discrimination are occurring within historical, social and political contexts as refugees and asylees have been and continued to be blamed, discriminated and stigmatized falsely for spreading the virus [3].”
Coronavirus Exacerbates Xenophobia: Deconstructing Otherness In The Twitter
Zamri, N. A. K. (2021) · The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/epsbs.2021.06.02.43 · Cited by 4
Peacebuilding Online
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Zheng, L., Zheng, X., Ruan, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02832-6 · Cited by 4
“Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has changed the world profoundly and caused significant social problems, such as racism, prejudice, and xenophobia (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
Influence of Cultural Values and Integrational Acculturation Differences on the Behavioral Health Treatment of Asian American Immigrant Children in the COVID-19 Era
Wang, C., Sun, M., Lin, M., Wu, S., & Rice, T. (2023) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000001541 · Cited by 4
“In North America, Chinese populations have been disproportionately affected by the intersection of these two phenomena.(54) These and other expressions of systemic racial biases have contributed to immigrants’ distrust and avoidance of the healthcare system, likely preventing Asian children and adolescent patients fro…”
Background
How mask gap impacts discrimination and anxiety during COVID‐19: A study on overseas Chinese during the first outbreak in 2020
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“The impact on individuals and societies has been very severe, not only on health but also at the socioeconomic level, magnifying pre-existing health inequities [1, 2].”
Background
Community-Clinical Partnership: Engaging health navigators to support refugees and non-refugee immigrants amidst the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
Harris, M. A., Lupone, C. D., Asiago‐Reddy, E., Anderson, K. B., Cronkright, P., Blatt, S. D., Turbide, S., Kambhampaty, A., Sous, W., Goodman, A., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-115115/v1 · Cited by 4
Source Inference Attacks in Federated LearningPreprint
Hu, H., Salcic, Z. A., Sun, L., Dobbie, G., & Zhang, X. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.05659 · Cited by 4
“…jointly train an FL model for COVID-19 diagnosis, MIAs can only reveal who have been tested for COVID-19, but the further identiﬁcation of the source hospital where the people are from will make them more prone to discrimination, especially when the hospital is in a high risk region or country [5].”
Method
Reviewing and reconceptualising cyberbullying through a social and sustainable lens
Chan, J. (2024) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2024.2404350 · Cited by 3
“Significant social consequences have arisen due to the growth of digital technology use, including the creation of conditions of fear to propel discrimination in an already politically and socially fractured time (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
Digital Nationalism in Comparative Perspective: Trump Blaming China on Social Media in the United States and China
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“Though some of these may not traditionally fall under the scope of nationalism studies, they emerged as salient themes in our dataset and align with concerns raised in recent studies (e.g., Devakumar et al. 2020; Jaworsky and Qiaoan 2021; Lim 2021).”
Political orientation, trust and discriminatory beliefs during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Longitudinal evidence from the United Kingdom
Frackowiak, M., Russell, P. S., Rusconi, P., Fasoli, F., & Cohen‐Chen, S. (2023) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12662 · Cited by 3
Trump’s framing of Covid-19 as a war and conspiracy theories
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Chronomobility of international students under COVID-19 Australia
Dhanji, S. D., Ōhashi, J., & Song, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2023.1159600 · Cited by 3
“…students, especially ‘those looking Chinese’ (interviewees’ words), have experienced incidents of racism and discrimination during the spread of the virus (see also Biddle et al., 2020; Clark et al., 2020; Devakumar et al., 2020; Krishnan, 2020; Kassam and Hsu, 2021; Sojo and Bapuji, 2021).”
Background
Psychometric properties of the assessment of COVID‐19 attitudes and behaviors
Silverstein, M. W., Mekawi, Y., Alonzi, S. P., & Torre, A. L. (2021) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12233 · Cited by 4
“Due to the public narratives about the purported origin of COVID-19 (e.g., the “Chinese virus”), there has been an increase in the frequency of anti-Asian attacks since the start of the pandemic (Devakumar et al., 2020; Rzymski & Nowicki, 2020).”
Background
How Does COVID 19 Alter Children Life?
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“Sir said, Of all forms of inequality, injustice in health is most shocking and inhuman.[23] Even after so many years, Indians continue to face injustices based on income and health disparities.”
Background
Italy’s Health Divide
Carlotti, S. (2021) · MIGRATION LETTERS · doi:10.33182/ml.v18i5.1645 · Cited by 3
Blockchain-based E-commerce for the COVID-19 economic crisis
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“For this reason, much research has been done on various aspects of the pandemic effects on the economy [9, 12, 38], and also in Artificial intelligence, Machine learning,”
Background
“Everyone has their story”: Intergroup dialogue's potential to cultivate connection through the sharing of migration narratives
Castro, E. M., Medina, C., & Suárez‐Orozco, C. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22801 · Cited by 4
The Affordances of Videoconferencing Technology for Doing Interviews With Children Online: Methodological Explorations Based on a Critical Ethnography
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“…ethnographic study aimed to bear witness to the unique challenges that transnational Chinese families experienced during the pandemic and their resilience in the face of anti-Chinese political rhetoric and rising xenophobic discrimination and violence (Devakumar et al., 2020; Jeung et al., 2021).”
Background
Know an Emotion by the Company It Keeps: Word Embeddings from Reddit/Coronavirus
García‐Rudolph, A., David Sanchez-pinsach, B., Frey, D., Opisso, E., Cisek, K. K., & Kelleher, J. D. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13116713 · Cited by 3
One year of COVID-19 in dental health services in Norway: psychological impact, risk perceptions and vaccination status
Shabestari, M., Ansteinsson, V. E., Hovden, E., Stangvaltaite‐Mouhat, L., Mdala, I., Skudutyte‐Rysstad, R., & Uhlen-Strand, M.-M. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09981-9 · Cited by 3
Explaining Support for Border Closures During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exposure, Political Attitudes, or Pandemic Policy Feedback?
Michel, E., Manatschal, A., & Green, E. G. T. (2024) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edae036 · Cited by 3
İNFODEMİ OKURYAZARLIĞININ ÖNEMİ VE SALGIN İLETİŞİMİ YÖNETİMİNDEKİ ROLÜ ÜZERİNE ARGÜMANTATİF BİR YAKLAŞIM
Çağlayan, S., & Taşoğlu, N. P. (2024) · Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.16953/deusosbil.1523496 · Cited by 3
The impact of contextual socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of residents on COVID-19 outcomes during public health restrictions in Sydney, Australia
Guajardo, M. G. U., Moore, C., Giannopoulos, V., Liu, H., Tickle, A., Adily, P., Mukumbang, F. C., Quinn, E., Cunich, M. M., Katz, I., et al. (2025) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.anzjph.2025.100228 · Cited by 5
Perception and Attitude of the General Population on the Risk of Infection with SARS-CoV-2
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Radu, S., & Gurzu, B. (2021) · Journal of Biosciences and Medicines · doi:10.4236/jbm.2021.96001 · Cited by 3
“Even the label “suspicious COVID-19” has a major emotional impact on society [20].”
Background
Ciencias sociales, mundo y pandemia: por un futuro posible
Gutiérrez, J. M. S., & Ávila, L. P. V. (2022) · PROSPECTIVA Revista de Trabajo Social e intervención social · doi:10.25100/prts.v0i33.11098 · Cited by 3
Why we need the Office for Minority Health
Bhugra, D., & Persaud, A. (2021) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076820985795 · Cited by 3
“The current COVID-19 pandemic and tragedy of the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis and subsequent campaign around the world on Black Lives Matter have further highlighted the differences among ethnic and racial groups on a number of parameters and for a number of reasons.(3,4) There is no doubt that minority ethni…”
Background
Social Stigma of COVID-19: A Semiotic Analysis of WHO Campaign Posters
Padjadjaran, U., & Nugraha, I. S. (2021) · Soshum Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora · doi:10.31940/soshum.v11i2.2489 · Cited by 4
Becoming anti-racist for the benefit of our patients
Houtrow, A. J. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.3233/prm-200680 · Cited by 3
Republicans Discriminated Against Chinese-born Americans Throughout the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Abascal, M., Makovi, K., & Xu, Y. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/83t5n · Cited by 3
Preface: Research and Teaching in a Pandemic World
Pretorius, L., de Caux, B. C., & Macaulay, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7757-2_1 · Cited by 3
Perception of discrimination in a group of colombian general practitioners during the COVID-19 pandemic and its relation to labor and psychological factors
Monterrosa-Castro, Á. D. J., González-Sequeda, A., & Beltrán-Barrios, T. (2021) · Salud Uninorte · doi:10.14482/sun.36.1.616.2 · Cited by 2
“Edad, (X ± SD) 33,0 ± 9,3 32,7 ± 8,9 33,2 ± 9,6 0,53* Rango de Edad, n (%) [IC95] 21-30 277 (52,2) [47,9-56,4] 109 (52,6) [45,6-59,6] 168 (51,8) [46,4-57,2] 0,85** 31-40 164 (30,9) [27,1-34,9] 66 (31,9) [25,6-38,7] 98 (30,2) [25,5-35,4] 0,69** 41-50 49 (9,2) [7,0-12,0] 18 (8,7) [5,2-13,4] 31 (9,6) [6,8-13,2] 0,73** 51…”
Coping with long-COVID stigma: The role of self-compassion and self-coldness
Shani, M., & Wübbelt, K. (2025) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/20551029251349409 · Cited by 2
Cultural Minority Perceptions of Their Representations in the Media During the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Case of the Ultra-Orthodox Community in Israel
Katz, N., Rashi, T., & Friedman, E. (2025) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2025.2580487 · Cited by 2
Post-Pandemic Multidimensional Integration of Afghan Refugee Women in the U.S.
Aghaei, A., Qiao, S., Roth, B. J., Koga, P. M., & Li, X. (2025) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-025-01827-2 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, COVID-19 has intensified violence and insecurity against refugees, especially refugee women [13, 14].”
Racial Profiling and The Larger Impact of Covid-19 on Migrant Sex Workers in France
Giametta, C., Riquet-Bons, D. D., Macioti, P. G., Mai, N., Bennachie, C., Fehrenbacher, A. E., Hoefinger, H., & Musto, J. L. (2022) · International Journal of Gender Sexuality and Law · doi:10.19164/ijgsl.v2i1.1261 · Cited by 2
Contributions of Behavior Analysis to the study of the phehomenon of xenophobia: a literature review
Neto, C. E. I., Picoli, A., & Aggio, N. M. (2022) · Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento · doi:10.18761/pac1a23sd5a6 · Cited by 2
“Since the beginning of the pandemics, there are many reports of discriminations against people from China (e.g. Devakumar et al., 2020).”
Background
Politics, policies, and patient care: Rehabilitation therapists’ experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Vaughn, R. M., Bagatell, N., McGovern, H., Feinberg, R., Hendry, K., Chowdhury, R., & Cassidy, J. M. (2023) · Qualitative Research in Medicine & Healthcare · doi:10.4081/qrmh.2023.10823 · Cited by 2
Like parent, like child: how attitudes towards immigrants spill over to the political inclusion of their children
Donnaloja, V., & Vink, M. (2023) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2023.2282388 · Cited by 3
“The Chinese community is one of the largest immigrant groups in Italy and Chinese people have been the target of heightened abuse since the Covid-19 pandemic started in 2020 (Devakumar et al. 2020).”
Stigma towards Chronically Ill Patients among Healthcare Workers Caring for COVID-19 Patients during the Outbreak in Jordan
Abuhammad, S., Alzoubi, K. H., Al-Azzam, S. I., Alshogran, O. Y., Mehrass, A. A.-K. O., Amer, Z. W. B., Suliman, M. M., Ikhrewish, R. E., & Al-Rub, S. A. (2023) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1155/2023/2254275 · Cited by 2
“Similarly, our study found that stigmatizing was widespread towards chronic patients by low experience HCWs. Te fndings of this research are like the results of previous studies during the pandemic [22, 23].”
BackgroundResult
Physical Distancing for Gay Men from People Living with HIV During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Jung, M. (2024) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2024.2314031 · Cited by 2
“Notably, physical distancing has heightened vigilance toward strangers, resulting in social animosity, exclusion, and discrimination (Devakumar et al., 2020; Misra et al., 2020).”
Conquering the COVID-19 Infodemic
Richardson, A. V., & Fayne, M. W. (2024) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2024.2338374 · Cited by 2
“Did Black celebrities comfort Black news audiences in ways that the government or the medical community alone could not; especially in light of African Americans’ intimate knowledge of medical racism (Ruiz, Horowitz, and Tamir 2021; Devakumar et al. 2020; Egede and Walker 2020)?”
Racism, Nationalism and Exclusion
Elias, A. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83753-512-520241006 · Cited by 2
The use of the term Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic in The Voice and Eastern Eye newspapers, a discourse analysis of Covid news stories in the UK press
Aujla-Sidhu, G., & Briscoe-Palmer, S. (2024) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849241255029 · Cited by 2
“Studies examining the impact of Covid-19 on speci ﬁ c communities found the global press articulated a racialised and discriminatory representation of Chinese identity, after Donald Trump was quoted using ‘ China virus, ’ and ‘ Woohan virus ’ (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
Race/Ethnicity and Employment Insecurity: Impacts of COVID-19 on the US Labor Force and Beyond
Wang, Q., & Kang, W. (2024) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-024-09911-5 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, the pandemic has exposed racial disparities in COVID-19’s toll, highlighted violence against Asians, and revealed the politicization of health crises (Devakumar et al., 2020 ; Hawkins, 2020 ; Yearby & Mohapatra, 2020 ).”
Inter-relationships among individual views of COVID-19 control measures across multi-cultural contexts
Huang, J. W., Kwan, M., Kan, Z., Kieu, M., Lee, J., Schwanen, T., & Yamada, I. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117247 · Cited by 2

Authors: Devakumar, D., Shannon, G., Bhopal, S. S., & Abubakar, I.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Devakumar, Delan
ORCID: Devakumar, Delan
Shannon, Geordan
Bhopal, Sunil S
Abubakar, Ibrahim
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-04
Volume: 395
Issue: 10231
Pages: 1194
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30792-3
PMC: PMC7146645
OpenAlex: W3013435976
Cited by: 570
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 155 · 2020: 132
FWCI: 158.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2022-01-003)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
Social Sciences › Law › Migration, Racism, and Human Rights
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, racism, discrimination, xenophobia, fear, racialized communities, marginalised groups, public health response
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Racism, Social Discrimination

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