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Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses
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Tei, S., & Wu, H. Y. (2021) · History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40656-021-00392-9 · Cited by 16
Compelling Voices of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Prelicensure Nursing Students
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What the HIV Pandemic Experience Can Teach the United States About the COVID-19 Response
Strathdee, S. A., Martin, N. K., Pitpitan, E. V., Stockman, J. K., & Smith, D. M. (2020) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002520 · Cited by 17
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Ferreira, C. A. A., & Pena, F. G. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Development · doi:10.34117/bjdv6n5-254 · Cited by 15
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Neuropsychiatric Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synthetic Review from a Global Perspective
Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Zaki, N. F. W., Qasim, M., Morsy, N. E., Manzar, M. D., BaHammam, A. S., Arabia, S. T. P. O. T. N. P. F. S. A. T. A. I. I. T. K. O. S., Jahrami, H., Ministry of Health, M., Ramasubramanian, C., et al. (2022) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2022.21783 · Cited by 16
Stigmatising and Racialising COVID-19: Asian People’s Experience in New Zealand
Liu, L. S., Jia, X., Zhu, A., Ran, G. J., Siegert, R. J., French, N. P., & Johnston, D. M. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01448-7 · Cited by 15
Navigating COVID‐19 and racial trauma as a Black student at predominantly White institutions
Francois, S., Blakey, J. M., Stevenson, R., Walker, T., & Davis, C. (2023) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12668 · Cited by 20
“…within every aspect of the COVID ‐ 19 disease life span (i.e., exposure infection rates, severity of the illness, access to care, hospitalizations, quality of healthcare, and death) resulting from structural and systemic racism (Devakumar et al., 2020; Lopez et al., 2021; Stuijfzand et al., 2020).”
Leading with inclusion during the COVID-19 pandemic
Warrior, L., Kim, C. Y., Burdick, D., Ackerman, D. J., Bartolini, L., Cagniart, K., Dangayach, N. S., Dawson, E. T., Orjuela, K., Perue, G. L. G., et al. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010641 · Cited by 14
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Comparing injuries from e-scooters, e-bikes, and bicycles in the United States
Younes, H. (2025) · Journal of Cycling and Micromobility Research · doi:10.1016/j.jcmr.2025.100061 · Cited by 15
Jayasekara, R. U., Siriwardana, C., Amaratunga, D., & Haigh, R. (2022) · Progress in Disaster Science · doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2022.100228 · Cited by 14
Bin, X., Qu, K., Wang, Y., Chen, L., Xiong, Y., Wen, J. F., Wei, H.-B., Bing, T., Dan, C.-Y., & Zhu, J.-Q. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1267764 · Cited by 16
“These psychological effects are thought to be related to fear of infection, helplessness after being quarantined, unemployment due to the blockade, market supply interruption due to the transportation blockade, negative media coverage, and social discrimination due to COVID-19 infection (9–11).”
Heterogeneous impacts of and vulnerabilities to the COVID-19 pandemic
Li, M., Dai, S., Shi, Y., Qin, K., Brownson, R. C., Kestens, Y., Luo, M., Liu, S., Su, J., Liu, G. G., et al. (2025) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-024-02039-z · Cited by 14
“In the US, for instance, people of color (e.g., African and Latin Americans) are over-represented in those sectors, thus magnifying the risk for those in already vulnerable socioeconomic groups (Devakumar et al. 2020).”
Beyond Coronativism: The Need For Agape
van Uden, A., & van Houtum, H. (2020) · Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie · doi:10.1111/tesg.12438 · Cited by 14
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“sensationalism and discriminatory labeling has resulted in fear toward and violence against Chinese and other Asian identifying persons; creating an additional barrier for HSB: expectation of discrimination because of race or ethnicity [10-12].”
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“With xenophobic and racist behaviors often rooted in fear, ignorance and a lack of awareness, and fueled by misinformation (1, 30, 31), schools and governments have the responsibility to communicate accurately and effectively with students and the public to mitigate”
BackgroundA voz da comunidade no enfrentamento da Covid-19: proposições para redução das iniquidades em saúde
dos Santos, H. L. P. C., Maciel, F. B. M., Martins, P. C., dos Santos, A. M., & Prado, N. M. D. B. L. (2021) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/0103-1104202113015 · Cited by 14
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“Prior studies claimed that even those African Americans who possess high income and outstanding health insurance coverage still frequently received inferior care due to implicit bias among healthcare providers [29].”
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COVID-19 and Asian American college students: Discrimination, fear, and mental health
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Exploring Canadian perceptions and experiences of stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Summers, O. S., Medcalf, R., Hubbard, K., & McCarroll, C. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.940836 · Cited by 13
“It is worth highlighting that racist incidences were likely related to the context in which data were collected (March and April 2020) as negative feelings and discrimination against Chinese people (and those who were thought to be Chinese) were increasing across the world at this time (42).”
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COVID-19 related discrimination in Japan
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“As Devakumar et al[25] noted in his commentary on racism and discrimination in response to COVID-19, fear could be a key factor for discrimination.”
BackgroundHenna Budhwani, P., Maragh‐Bass, A. C., Tolley, E. E., Comello, M. L. G., Stoner, M. C. D., Larsen, M. A., Brambilla, D. J., Muessig, K. E., Pettifor, A. E., Bond, C. L., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/41240 · Cited by 13
Policy responses to COVID-19 in Sri Lanka and the consideration of Indigenous Peoples
Galappaththi, E. K., Perera, C. D., Dharmasiri, I. P., Ford, J. D., Kodithuwakku, S. S., Chicmana-Zapata, V., Zavaleta-Cortijo, C., Pickering, K., van Bavel, B., Hyams, K., et al. (2023) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2023.03.008 · Cited by 13
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Gossip about Coronavirus: Infection status and norm adherence shape social responses
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“During the pandemic, we have seen examples of this, for instance, the increased racism, antagonism, and exclusion of minorities (Budhwani & Sun, 2020; Devakumar et al., 2020; Nature, 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Vaccination Passports: Are They a Threat to Equality?
Voigt, K. (2022) · Public Health Ethics · doi:10.1093/phe/phac006 · Cited by 13
“First, vaccine passports could facilitate discrimination because—as we know from other policies, including measures to curb COVID-19—enforcement and policing disproportionately focus on members of marginalized groups (Devakumar et al., 2020; Fisher, 2021).”
On Analyzing Antisocial Behaviors Amid COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
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“However, the COVID19 pandemic has developed to be more than a bio-crisis as global news has reported a sharp rise in xenophobia and discrimination in both online and offline communities [9,1].”
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“Ab (COI) 0.08 0.09 0.80 10.90 19.10 #23 PCR (Ct) 23a Positive (27) Positive (31) Positive (30) Positive (34) Negative Positive (39) Positive (38) NA Ab (COI) 0.13 0.39 0.37 0.41 #24 PCR (Ct) 32a Positive (22) Positive (27) Positive (35) Positive (35) Negative NA Ab (COI) 1.17 1.59 3.06 4.50 4.93 4.87 #25 PCR (Ct) 19a…”
InfluentialReported User-Generated Online Hate Speech: The ‘Ecosystem’, Frames, and Ideologies
Šori, I., & Vehovar, V. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11080375 · Cited by 13
“…the consumption of digital media increased together with discriminatory re ‐ sponses to fear, which disproportionately affect marginalized groups (e.g., Devakumar et al. 2020; Karpova et al. 2022) and stimulate false or unproven assertions, such as conspir ‐ acy theories (Bruder and Kunert 2020;…”
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“[1-19] Social determinants, including structural inequalities and discrimination, are known to account for the disproportionate health risks and differential health outcomes experienced in ACB populations.”
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Diversity, equity and inclusion: organizational strategies during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic
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Pandemic and prejudice: Results from a national survey experiment
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“COVID-19 is manifesting in a world that is gendered [14], ableist [15] and racialised [16, 17], and it behooves each of us to ensure our individual and organisational responses work to oppose discrimination.”
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“As in other research, cross-cultural differences have been identified in the coping strategies used by each group [47].”
BackgroundMethodFear of COVID-19 and death anxiety: Polish adaptations of scales
Chodkiewicz, J., & Gola, M. K. (2021) · Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii · doi:10.5114/ppn.2021.108471 · Cited by 12
“It is accompanied by unfavorable social phenomena, such as stigmatization and discrimination against the sick, being at risk of infection or inhabiting the regions in which the disease occurs, as well as a sense of loss and harm [5].”
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Against a nation state of emergency: how climate emergency politics can undermine climate justice
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“As States consolidated and created new powers, already-marginalised communities were disproportionately victimised by the emergency powers of the pandemic response 22,23,106 .”
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Effect of clinician information sessions on diagnostic testing for Chagas disease
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Healthcare access for migrant children in England during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Self-citationOzNomads: a case study examining the challenges of COVID-19 for a community of lifestyle travellers
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“In times of pandemic, anxiety and fear related to infection can lead to acts of discrimination and xenophobia (Devakumar et al., 2020; Usher et al., 2020).”
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“…COVID-related policies and measures were not only unhelpful to marginalized groups of women in a way that was an accident or an oversight in a time of crisis, but intentionally discriminatory in a way that preyed upon nationalistic fears about safety in a time of crisis (Devakumar et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe political representation of minoritized groups in times of crisis: Covid-19 and beyond
Walter, S., & Glas, S. (2024) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2024.2362318 · Cited by 11
“…an equaliser, given its ability to a ff ect anyone, Covid-19 policy responses have disproportionately a ff ected people of colour and migrants – people who are over-represented in lower socioeconomic groups, have limited health-care access, or work in precarious jobs ” (Devakumar et al. 2020, 1194).”
Nursing and Social Justice—A Scoping Review
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The Moderating Role of Caregiving on Fear of COVID-19 and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms
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Building a Bioarchaeology of Pandemic, Epidemic, and Syndemic Diseases
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Epidemiología de las pandemias
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“The official announcements made by the WHO and announcements from each country’s respective government were the most accurate indices for tracking the spread of SARS-CoV-2.”
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The Socioeconomic Impact of COVID-19 in Urban Informal SettlementsPreprint
Gil, D., Domínguez, P., Undurraga, E. A., & Valenzuela, E. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.16.21249935 · Cited by 10
“The situation of the most vulnerable populations is maybe even worse than we found in our study, as there is increasing evidence of xenophobia, racism, and stigma against the poor and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic [59-62].”
COVID-19 in an inequitable world: the last, the lost and the least
Ik, M. T. K. (2021) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihab057 · Cited by 10
COVID‐19 and Mental Health: A “Pandemic Within a Pandemic”
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See Change: Overcoming Anti-Black Racism in Health Systems
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“Evolving analysis of COVID-19, for instance, demonstrates the level of inquiry and urgency required to deter the most severe population outcomes (35).”
MethodHostileNet: Multilabel Hostile Post Detection in Hindi
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“A hostile post is often published to disseminate misinfor-mation, hatred, and mislead the general public [1].”
BackgroundHealth workers as Hate Crimes Targets during COVID-19 outbreak in the Americas
Orellana, C. I. (2020) · Revista de Salud Pública · doi:10.15446/rsap.v22n2.86766 · Cited by 9
“, migrants) and has triggered racist and discriminatory tendencies toward specific groups, such Chinese people (or people with Asian traits) and older people, as they are considered special sources of contagion (15).”
BackgroundDisaster, Displacement and International Law: Legal Protections in the Context of a Changing Climate
Cullen, M. (2020) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.v8i4.3311 · Cited by 11
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“Although the entire global population is susceptible to COVID-19, minority groups are especially vulnerable, both to becoming infected by the virus and to experiencing its negative psychological and economic consequences [3,4].”
BackgroundEthical Challenges Associated with Pathogen and Host Genetics in Infectious Disease
Milne, R., & Patch, C. (2022) · The New Bioethics · doi:10.1080/20502877.2022.2109697 · Cited by 9
Mega-COV: A Billion-Scale Dataset of 100+ Languages for COVID-19Preprint
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“Devakumar et al. (2020) raises the concern that discrimination towards ethnic minority groups like colored people and immigrants could lead to a higher risk of infection for these groups due to their limited access to medical resources and the lack of social protection.”
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Collective Discussion: Movement and Carceral Spatiality in the Pandemic
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International solidarity: medical school collaborations during the COVID‐19 pandemic
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Black and minority mental health in the UK: Challenges and solutions
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“These events, as well as the subsequent campaign around the world on Black Lives Matter, have once again highlighted a number of differences across racial and ethnic divides (Devakumar et al., 2020; E: Covid-19 understandi, 2020).”
BackgroundOnline Xenophobic Behavior Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Lee, R. K.-W., & Li, Z. (2020) · Digital Government Research and Practice · doi:10.1145/3428091 · Cited by 8
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“diabetes mellitus, heart disease and obesity which could increase their risk of a poor outcome from infectious diseases [46].”
BackgroundVulnerabilidade da população negra brasileira frente à evolução da pandemia por COVID-19
Ferreira, R. B. S., & de Camargo, C. L. (2021) · Revista CUIDARTE · doi:10.15649/cuidarte.1322 · Cited by 8
Equality Bodies: advancing towards more responsive designs?
Lahuerta, S. B. (2021) · International Journal of Law in Context · doi:10.1017/s1744552321000240 · Cited by 8
“…movement has brought systemic racism to the attention of the public worldwide and the COVID-19 pandemic is hitting ethnic minorities hard (Devakumar et al. , 2020), EBs can matter more than ever as part of wider public efforts to address racial and ethnic-origin discrimination if they…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Devakumar, D., Shannon, G., Bhopal, S. S., & Abubakar, I.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Devakumar, Delan
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 395
- Issue
- 10231
- Pages
- 1194
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC7146645
- OpenAlex
- W3013435976
- Cited by
- 570
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 155 · 2020: 132
- FWCI
- 158.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2022-01-003)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Social Sciences › Law › Migration, Racism, and Human Rights
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, racism, discrimination, xenophobia, fear, racialized communities, marginalised groups, public health response
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Racism, Social Discrimination
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