Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER) primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial
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Background Tenofovir alafenamide shows high antiviral efficacy and improved renal and bone safety compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate when used for HIV treatment. Here, we report primary results from a blinded phase 3 study evaluating the efficacy and safety of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide versus emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV prevention.Methods This study is an ongoing, randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial done at 94 community, public health, and hospital-associated clinics located in regions of Europe and North America, where there is a high incidence of HIV or prevalence of people living with HIV, or both. We enrolled adult cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women who have sex with men, both with a high risk of acquiring HIV on the basis of their self-reported sexual behaviour in the past 12 weeks or their recent history (within 24 weeks of enrolment) of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. Participants with current or previous use of PrEP with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were not excluded. We used a computer-generated random allocation sequence to randomly assign (1:1) participants to receive either emtricitabine (200 mg) and tenofovir alafenamide (25 mg) tablets daily, with matched placebo tablets (emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide group), or emtricitabine (200 mg) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300 mg) tablets daily, with matched placebo tablets (emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group). As such, all participants were given two tablets. The trial sponsor, investigators, participants, and the study staff who provided the study drugs, assessed the outcomes, and collected the data were masked to group assignment. The primary efficacy outcome was incident HIV infection, which was assessed when all participants had completed 48 weeks of follow-up and half of all participants had completed 96 weeks of follow-up. This full analysis set included all randomly assigned participants who had received at least one dose of the assigned study drug and had at least one post-baseline HIV test. Non-inferiority of emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide to emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was established if the upper bound of the 95·003% CI of the HIV incidence rate ratio (IRR) was less than the prespecified non-inferiority margin of 1·62. We prespecified six secondary bone mineral density and renal biomarker safety endpoints to evaluate using the safety analysis set. This analysis set included all randomly assigned participants who had received at least one dose of the assigned study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02842086, and is no longer recruiting.Findings Between Sept 13, 2016, and June 30, 2017, 5387 (92%) of 5857 participants were randomly assigned and received emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide (n=2694) or emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (n=2693). At the time of the primary efficacy analysis (ie, when all participants had completed 48 weeks and 50% had completed 96 weeks) emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide was non-inferior to emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV prevention, as the upper limit of the 95% CI of the IRR, was less than the prespecified non-inferiority margin of 1·62 (IRR 0·47 [95% CI 0·19-1·15]). After 8756 person-years of follow-up, 22 participants were diagnosed with HIV, seven participants in the emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide group (0·16 infections per 100 person-years [95% CI 0·06-0·33]), and 15 participants in the emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (0·34 infections per 100 person-years [0·19-0·56]). Both regimens were well tolerated, with a low number of participants reporting adverse events that led to discontinuation of the study drug (36 [1%] of 2694 participants in the emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide group vs 49 [2%] of 2693 participants in the emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group). Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide was superior to emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in all six prespecified bone mineral density and renal biomarker safety endpoints.Interpretation Daily emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide shows non-inferior efficacy to daily emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV prevention, and the number of adverse events for both regimens was low. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide had more favourable effects on bone mineral density and biomarkers of renal safety than emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.Funding Gilead Sciences.
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The successful development and widespread adoption of HIV prophylactics has been considered a public health triumph, drastically reducing the spread of HIV and dramatically improving quality of life.
“The successful development and widespread adoption of these prophylactics has been considered a public health triumph, drastically reducing the spread of HIV, and dramatically improving quality of life (Mayer et al., 2020).”
From The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies (2022) · cites this paper as Mayer et al., 2020
The Introduction (page not provided) says PrEP is highly effective at preventing HIV acquisition and that increasing population-level uptake is associated with declining HIV incidence. It does not describe prophylactics as a public health triumph, establish widespread adoption, or report dramatic improvements in quality of life. The claim also states a stronger causal and population-wide effect than the passage's qualified association. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndividuals at high risk of contracting HIV routinely take prophylactic tenofovir with emtricitabine formulations by daily oral administration that prevent and treat HIV infection.
“For example, individuals at high-risk of contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) routinely take the prophylactic tenofovir with emtricitabine formulations (daily oral administration) that prevent (and treat) HIV infection.”
From The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies (2022) · cites this paper as Mayer et al., 2020
Prophylactic compound approaches have been shown to improve health outcomes in healthy populations that are at risk.
“This paradigm has since evolved, as prophylactic compound approaches have been shown to improve health outcomes in healthy populations which are at risk.”
From The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies (2022) · cites this paper as Mayer et al., 2020
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Fitch, C., Haberer, J. E., Serrano, P. A., Muñoz, A., French, A. L., & Hosek, S. (2022) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-022-03656-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sewell, J., Fakoya, I., Lampe, F. C., Howarth, A., Phillips, A. N., Burns, F. M., Rodger, A. J., & Cambiano, V. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276209 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Keddem, S., Agha, A. Z., Morawej, S., Buck, A., Cronholm, P. F., Sonalkar, S., & Kearney, M. D. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/43596 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
McManus, K. A., Fuller, B., Killelea, A., Strumpf, A. M., Powers, S. D., & McQuade, E. T. R. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.42781 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Belgian 2024 guidance on the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis
Praet, J. T. V., Henrard, S., Kenyon, C. R., Libois, A., Meuwissen, A., Sauvage, A.-S., Vincent, A., Vanhamel, J., Scheerder, G., & Belgian Research on AIDS and HIV Consortium (BREACH) (2024) · Acta Clinica Belgica · doi:10.1080/17843286.2024.2356337 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Complex PrEP: the factors requiring consultant-led review of PrEP users
Tittle, V., Dalton, R., Nugent, D., Girometti, N., Whitlock, G. G., McOwan, A., & McCormack, S. (2022) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2021-055277 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
To, E. E. (2022) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.122.000856 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bruxvoort, K. J., Portugal, C., Munis, M. A., Pak, K. J., & Hechter, R. C. (2023) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-023-03983-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nieuwenburg, S. A., Sprenger, R. J., Schim van der Loeff, M. F., & de Vries, H. J. C. (2022) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2020-054887 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Structural Issues Associated with Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use in Men Who Have Sex with Men
Fitch, C., Foley, J. D., Klevens, M. R., Najarro, J., Batchelder, A., Mayer, K. H., & O’Cleirigh, C. M. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-021-09986-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV: effective and underused
Hempel, A. K., Biondi, M. J., Baril, J.-G., & Tan, D. H. S. (2022) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.220645 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pico-Espinosa, O. J., Hull, M., MacPherson, P. A., Grace, D., Gaspar, M., Lachowsky, N. J., Mohammed, S. S., Demers, J., Kilduff, M., Truong, R., et al. (2022) · AIDS Research and Therapy · doi:10.1186/s12981-022-00473-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bunting, S. R., Feinstein, B. A., Bertram, C. M., Hazra, A., Sheth, N. K., & Garber, S. S. (2023) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2023.02.019 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Thurman, A. R., Ouattara, L. A., Yousefieh, N., Anderson, P. L., Bushman, L. R., Fang, X., Hanif, H., Clark, M. R., Singh, O., & Doncel, G. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1130101 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGuire, C., Atieno, M. A., Hoke, T., Jeckonia, P., K'Orimba, K., Lorenzetti, L., Ngure, K., Niyibeshaho, M. M., Njuguna, N., Torjesen, K., et al. (2024) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-024-00704-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mayer, K. H., Molina, J.-M., Thompson, M. A., Anderson, P. L., Mounzer, K. C., De Wet, J. J., DeJesus, E., Jessen, H., Grant, R. M., Ruane, P. J., Wong, P., Ebrahimi, R., Zhong, L., Mathias, A., Callebaut, C., Collins, S. E., Das, M., McCallister, S., Brainard, D. M., Brinson, C., Clarke, A., Coll, P., Post, F. A., & Hare, C. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Philadelphia Fight (US)
- Orlando Immunology Center (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Ruane Medical (US)
- Gilead Sciences (United States) (US)
- National Health Service (GB)
- IrsiCaixa (ES)
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Das, Moupali
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 396
- Issue
- 10246
- Pages
- 239-254
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC9665936
- OpenAlex
- W3045256412
- Cited by
- 428
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 13
- FWCI
- 8.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Gilead Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, HIV prevention, non-inferiority, men who have sex with men, transgender women, renal safety, bone safety, antiviral efficacy, sexually transmitted infections
- MeSH terms
- Emtricitabine, Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination, Sexual and Gender Minorities, Adenine, Adult, Double-Blind Method, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, North America, Placebos, Safety, HIV-1, HIV Infections, Prevalence, Treatment Outcome, Homosexuality, Male, Anti-HIV Agents, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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