Cited by 740Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and DisordersChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Anxiety disorders

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Penninx, Brenda WJH, Pine, Daniel S, Holmes, Emily A, Reif, Andreas·2021·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00359-7PMC PMC9248771

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Abstract

Anxiety disorders form the most common group of mental disorders and generally start before or in early adulthood. Core features include excessive fear and anxiety or avoidance of perceived threats that are persistent and impairing. Anxiety disorders involve dysfunction in brain circuits that respond to danger. Risk for anxiety disorders is influenced by genetic factors, environmental factors, and their epigenetic relations. Anxiety disorders are often comorbid with one another and with other mental disorders, especially depression, as well as with somatic disorders. Such comorbidity generally signifies more severe symptoms, greater clinical burden, and greater treatment difficulty. Reducing the large burden of disease from anxiety disorders in individuals and worldwide can be best achieved by timely, accurate disease detection and adequate treatment administration, scaling up of treatments when needed. Evidence-based psychotherapy (particularly cognitive behavioural therapy) and psychoactive medications (particularly serotonergic compounds) are both effective, facilitating patients' choices in therapeutic decisions. Although promising, no enduring preventive measures are available, and, along with frequent therapy resistance, clinical needs remain unaddressed. Ongoing research efforts tackle these problems, and future efforts should seek individualised, more effective approaches for treatment with precision medicine.

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Authors: Penninx, B. W., Pine, D. S., Holmes, E. A., & Reif, A.
Affiliations: GGZ inGeest (NL)
National Institute of Mental Health (US)
Uppsala University (SE)
Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
Corresponding author: Penninx, Brenda WJH
ORCID: Penninx, Brenda WJH
Pine, Daniel S
Holmes, Emily A
Reif, Andreas
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-03
Volume: 397
Issue: 10277
Pages: 914-927
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00359-7
PMC: PMC9248771
OpenAlex: W4211110355
Cited by: 740
References: 137
Citations by year: 2026: 162 · 2025: 192 · 2024: 196 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 13
FWCI: 15.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2021-03-06)
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002781)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: anxiety disorders, avoidance, brain circuits, genetic risk factors, environmental risk factors, epigenetics, comorbidities, depression, somatic diseases, disease burden, early detection, cognitive behavioral therapy, serotonergic medications, treatment resistance, prevention, precision medicine
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Psychotherapy, Psychotropic Drugs, Comorbidity

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