The DOI matches its Crossref record; 135 of the 137 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anxiety disorders
Open accessAbstract
Anxiety disorders form the most common group of mental disorders and generally start before or in early adulthood. Core features include excessive fear and anxiety or avoidance of perceived threats that are persistent and impairing. Anxiety disorders involve dysfunction in brain circuits that respond to danger. Risk for anxiety disorders is influenced by genetic factors, environmental factors, and their epigenetic relations. Anxiety disorders are often comorbid with one another and with other mental disorders, especially depression, as well as with somatic disorders. Such comorbidity generally signifies more severe symptoms, greater clinical burden, and greater treatment difficulty. Reducing the large burden of disease from anxiety disorders in individuals and worldwide can be best achieved by timely, accurate disease detection and adequate treatment administration, scaling up of treatments when needed. Evidence-based psychotherapy (particularly cognitive behavioural therapy) and psychoactive medications (particularly serotonergic compounds) are both effective, facilitating patients' choices in therapeutic decisions. Although promising, no enduring preventive measures are available, and, along with frequent therapy resistance, clinical needs remain unaddressed. Ongoing research efforts tackle these problems, and future efforts should seek individualised, more effective approaches for treatment with precision medicine.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In an effort to cope with the discomfort of intense anxiety and panic, individuals with anxiety disorders often rely on maladaptive coping behaviors, such as anxious avoidance, substance use, and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies [11].”
From Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Comorbidity in anxiety disorders is associated with more severe symptoms, a more chronic course, and greater functional impairment [11, 26, 28].”
From Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological research indicates that anxiety disorders have a high ratio of 1-year lifetime prevalence, suggesting a chronic recurrent course [11].”
From Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407
Depression and quality of life in older persons: A review
Sivertsen, H., Bjørkløf, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., & Helvik, A.-S. (2015) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000437299 · Cited by 14,152
Vos, T., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulkader, R. S., Abdulle, A. M., Abebo, T. A., Abera, S. F., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32154-2 · Cited by 13,220
Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Cohen Silver, R., Everall, I., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30168-1 · Cited by 5,715
Self-citationDevelopment and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): I: History, Rationale, and Description
Spitzer, R. L. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005 · Cited by 4,336
The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010
Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Olesen, J., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Faravelli, C., et al. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018 · Cited by 3,754
Anxiety, sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness
Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9 · Cited by 3,169
Robins, L. N. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003 · Cited by 2,909
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–738 of 738
de Oliveira, A. T., Molina, C. D. R., de Campos, V. A. S., Dantas, P. A. M., Galdino, L. H., Silva, Á. D. O., Carvalho, L. M., & Limongi, T. M. (2026) · Revista Multidisciplinar do Nordeste Mineiro · doi:10.66104/rjv13344
Panax ginseng in psychiatric disorders: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials
Choi, H., Choe, Y. M., Kim, J. H., Suh, G., Lee, B. C., Hwang, J., Kim, S. G., Kim, H. S., Yi, D., & Kim, J. W. (2026) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101151
He, L., Fang, Y., Luo, G., & Yu, L. (2026) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2026.103428
Nosologie und Epidemiologie psychischer Störungen
Hengartner, M. P. (2026) · Angewandte Psychologie Kompakt · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72845-1_3
Wang, P., Ma, C., Yang, Y., Zhang, G., Xu, X., Wang, J., Li, L., Xu, Y., & Zhang, N. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.109856
Adapting Psychological Assessment to War Contexts
Danylov, S., Tsymbal, B., & Solonskyi, A. (2026) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000590
Wang, C., Li, R., Wu, Y., Hong, Z., Huang, S., Ye, Y., Tang, W., Yang, X., & Gan, D. (2026) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.111177
Dopamine D2/3 receptors and functional connectivity during fear extinction: A PET-fMRI study
Roy, A. A., Vegelius, J. R., Björkstrand, J., Lubberink, M., Fredrikson, M., Åhs, F., & Frick, A. (2026) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2026.100402
Yin, W., Gao, F., Wang, H., & Zhang, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1862567
Genetic Testing in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Weng, N., Kuo, B., & Staller, K. D. (2026) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2026.07.003
Microbiome and Diseases: Gut–Brain Axis and Neurological Disorders
de Castilhos, J., & Stein‐Thoeringer, C. K. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-26410-7_18
Association between sleep paralysis and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Garrido, G., Donato, K. O., Gonzalez, J. V. P., Brito, G., Romeo, B. S., Machado, V., Lopes, L. G., & Salles, C. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44470-026-00190-9
Wei, X., He, J., Li, X., Gou, D., Dong, Q., Wang, X., & Yang, H. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.09.004
Gnech, M., Buoli, M., Fanti, F., Rotondi, G., Marceca, F., Mitzman, F., Ciamarra, F., Garelli, G., Minoli, D. G., Marco, E. A. D., et al. (2026) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm16090472
Ang, J. E., Xu, Y., Cropley, V., Zalesky, A., & Tian, Y. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03891-y
Borba, J. V., Müller, M. L., Fontana, B. D., Parker, M. O., & Rosemberg, D. B. (2026) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2026.09.021
Xiang, L., Bao, Z., Pan, Y., Lu, J., Hu, K., Zhou, Y., Guo, H., Feng, X., Huang, W., Ren, G., et al. (2026) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2026.120824
Marchiș, M., Iorga, M., Mihăianu, I.-G., & Apostol, M.-M. (2026) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci16101004
Impact of social media on the psychological well-being of adolescents and young adults in Delhi
Kumar, K., & Dhall, M. (2026) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20263621
Textor, L., Rico, M. W., Trozzolino, L., Rose, R., Bystritsky, A., Schraufnagel, T. J., Distler, M. G., & Khalsa, S. S. (2026) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2026.09.007
Akaishi, T., Nakayama, A., Okawa, H., Asano, H., Tokuoka, H., Zheng, M., Shaoxia, P., Watanabe, G., Yanagisawa, R., Ohta, R., et al. (2026) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2026.115530
Kewalramani, A., Constantine, G. M., Whitaker, B., Chehade, M., Jensen, E. T., Wright, B. L., Capucillig, P., Hopp, R., Pelz, B. J., Al‐Shaikhly, T., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2026.06.047
Moin, S., & Trivedi, N. (2026) · Journal of Mental Health Issues and Behavior · doi:10.55529/jmhib.62.1.13
Herbal adaptogens used for stress and anxiety: A narrative review
Naik, S., & Sharma, P. K. (2026) · Journal of Generic Medicines The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector · doi:10.1177/17411343261492500
Stewart, T. M., McCluskey, G., Johnson, H., Fry, D., Mcara, L., & Booth, J. N. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0359563
Personality traits and anxiety: An individual participant meta-analysis of ten studies
Stéphan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Luchetti, M., Karaköse, S., & Terracciano, A. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117518
Rescuing anxiety by targeting the neuronal-astrocytic iron signaling axis in male mice
Wang, Z., Yang, S., Tan, S., Huang, T., Yang, Q., Fu, J., Liu, Z., Li, B., Wu, Z., Min, J., et al. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-026-02921-z
Epigenetic processes in depressive and anxiety disorders
Breton, É., Booij, L., & Nemoda, Z. (2026) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19043-8.00032-3
Ahmed, L. A., & Al‐Massri, K. F. (2026) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-026-06192-1
Late-Life Anxiety and Whether We Should Worry About It
Andreescu, C., Karim, H. T., & Costa, A. P. (2026) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20260015
Weidong, Z., Bu, Y., Xiaolin, J. I., Li, J., & Hu, X. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000051098
Chen, X., Rao, W., Xiong, D., & Ji, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1872627
Sulej, Z., & Zielińska, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2026.1950244
de Araújo, J. I. F., Frota, L. S., Lopes, F. F. D. S., de Morais, S. M., Moura, L. F. W. G., Guedes, M. I. F., Araújo, M. G., de Lima, F. D. R., de Paiva, C. F., Vieira‐Neto, A. E., et al. (2026) · Pharmacological Research - Natural Products · doi:10.1016/j.prenap.2026.100910
Гаврилов, Д. И., Блынская, Е. В., Алексеев, К. В., & Дорофеев, В. Л. (2026) · Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal · doi:10.1007/s11094-026-03590-6
Vitamin D and mental health: a translational focus on substance use, mood and anxiety disorders
Pons, F., Durpoix, A., LAVERNY, G., Lalanne, L., & Darcq, E. (2026) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2026.107140
Anggarany, A. D., & Kartika, E. (2025) · Journal Pharmaceutical Care and Sciences · doi:10.33859/jpcs.v6i1.881
Metadata
- Authors
- Penninx, B. W., Pine, D. S., Holmes, E. A., & Reif, A.
- Affiliations
- GGZ inGeest (NL)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Penninx, Brenda WJH
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 397
- Issue
- 10277
- Pages
- 914-927
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC9248771
- OpenAlex
- W4211110355
- Cited by
- 740
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 162 · 2025: 192 · 2024: 196 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 13
- FWCI
- 15.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2021-03-06)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002781)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, avoidance, brain circuits, genetic risk factors, environmental risk factors, epigenetics, comorbidities, depression, somatic diseases, disease burden, early detection, cognitive behavioral therapy, serotonergic medications, treatment resistance, prevention, precision medicine
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Psychotherapy, Psychotropic Drugs, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
