The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. FINDINGS: In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7-8·8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40·4 billion (0·5%, 95% UI 0·5-0·5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24·6% (UI 24·0-25·1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54·8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13·7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12·3 billion was newly committed and $1·4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3·1 billion (22·4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2·4 billion (17·9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714·4 million (7·7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34·3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. INTERPRETATION: Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Stanaway, J. D., Afshin, A., Gakidou, E., Lim, S. S., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32225-6 · Cited by 4,943
Self-citationHow will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?
Anderson, R. M., Heesterbeek, H., Klinkenberg, D., & Hollingsworth, T. D. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30567-5 · Cited by 3,648
Gakidou, E., Afshin, A., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32366-8 · Cited by 2,406
Self-citationImpact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilisation of healthcare services: a systematic review
Moynihan, R. N., Sanders, S., Michaleff, Z. A., Scott, A. M., Clark, J. M., To, E. J., Jones, M., Kitchener, E., Fox, M. A., Johansson, M., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045343 · Cited by 1,444
Sachs, J. D. (2001) · World Health Organization eBooks · Cited by 800
Estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty
Sumner, A., Hoy, C., & Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2020) · WIDER Working Paper · doi:10.35188/unu-wider/2020/800-9 · Cited by 783
Lozano, R., Fullman, N., Mumford, J. E., Knight, M., Barthelemy, C. M., Abbafati, C., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdollahi, M., Abedi, A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30750-9 · Cited by 719
Self-citationModeling COVID-19 scenarios for the United States
IHME COVID-19 Forecasting Team, Reiner, R. C., Barber, R. M., Collins, J. K., Zheng, P., Adolph, C., Albright, J., Antony, C. M., Aravkin, A. Y., Bachmeier, S. D., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1132-9 · Cited by 556
Self-citationMcKee, M., & Stückler, D. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0863-y · Cited by 546
Self-citationChang, A. Y., Cowling, K., Micah, A. E., Chapin, A., Chen, C. S., Ikilezi, G., Sadat, N., Tsakalos, G., Wu, J., Younker, T., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30841-4 · Cited by 520
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842
The epidemiological characteristic and trends of burns globally
Yakupu, A., Zhang, J., Dong, W., Song, F., Dong, J., & Lu, S. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13887-2 · Cited by 277
Micah, A. E., Bhangdia, K., Cogswell, I. E., Lasher, D., Lidral-Porter, B., Maddison, E. R., Nguyen, T. N. N., Patel, N., Pedroza, P., Solorio, J., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00007-4 · Cited by 222
Self-citationHafeez, A., Dangel, W. J., Ostroff, S. M., Kiani, A., Glenn, S., Abbas, J., Afzal, M. S., Afzal, S., Ahmad, S., Ahmed, A., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00497-1 · Cited by 195
Self-citationThe burden of skin and subcutaneous diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019
Yakupu, A., Aimaier, R., Yuan, B., Chen, B., Cheng, J., Zhao, Y., Peng, Y., Dong, J., & Lu, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1145513 · Cited by 178
Self-citationWeng, Q., Chen, Q., Jiang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Doherty, M., Xie, J., Liu, K., Li, J., Yang, T., et al. (2024) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard-2023-225324 · Cited by 141
Chen, N., Fong, D., & Wong, J. Y. H. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50674 · Cited by 98
The impacts of donor transitions on health systems in middle-income countries: a scoping review
Huffstetler, H. E., Bandara, S., Bharali, I., McDade, K. K., Mao, W., Guo, F. B., Zhang, J., Rivière, J., Becker, L., Mohamadi, M., et al. (2022) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czac063 · Cited by 83
Skirbekk, V., Dieleman, J. L., Stonawski, M. J., Fejkiel, K., Tyrovolas, S., & Chang, A. Y. (2022) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(22)00075-7 · Cited by 85
Self-citationKinge, J. M., Dieleman, J. L., Karlstad, Ø., Knudsen, A. K., Klitkou, S. T., Hay, S. I., Vos, T., Murray, C. J. L., & Vollset, S. E. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-02896-6 · Cited by 70
Self-citationAmouzou, A., Barros, A. J. D., Requejo, J. H., Fayé, C., Akseer, N., Bendavid, E., Blumenberg, C., Borghi, J., Baz, S. E., Federspiel, F., et al. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00151-5 · Cited by 66
Self-citationThe pulmonary rehabilitation effect on long covid‐19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Martínez‐Pozas, O., Oliva, E. M., Rolando, L. M., Quesada, J. A., Corbellini, C., & Romero, E. A. S. (2024) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.2077 · Cited by 64
Hadipour, A., Delavari, S., & Bayati, M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20251 · Cited by 63
Self-citationMoro, M. F., Calamandrei, G., Poli, R., Mattei, V. E. D., Perra, A., Kurotschka, P. K., Restrepo, A., Romano, F., Torre, G. L., Preti, E., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.867080 · Cited by 52
Saeidnia, H. R., Kozak, M., Ausloos, M., Herţeliu, C., Mohammadzadeh, Z., Ghorbi, A., Karajizadeh, M., & Hassanzadeh, M. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/39718 · Cited by 50
Self-citationApeagyei, A. E., Lidral-Porter, B., Patel, N., Solorio, J., Tsakalos, G., Wang, Y., Warriner, W., Wolde, A. A., Zhao, Y., Dieleman, J. L., et al. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003433 · Cited by 50
Self-citationGlobal diversity of policy, coverage, and demand of COVID-19 vaccines: a descriptive study
Chen, Z., Zheng, W., Wu, Q., Chen, X., Peng, C., Tian, Y., Sun, R., Dong, J., Wang, M., Zhou, X., et al. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02333-0 · Cited by 52
Pulmonary Rehabilitation in SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Post-Acute Patients
Reinert, G., Müller, D., Wagner, P., Martínez‐Pozas, O., Cuenca‐Zaldívar, J. N., Fernández‐Carnero, J., Romero, E. A. S., & Corbellini, C. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12123032 · Cited by 49
Medical diagnostic value of digital PCR (dPCR): A systematic review
Nazir, S. (2023) · Biomedical Engineering Advances · doi:10.1016/j.bea.2023.100092 · Cited by 48
Early childhood development strategy for the world’s children with disabilities
Olusanya, B. O., Wright, S. M., Smythe, T., Khetani, M. A., Angarita, M. M., Gulati, S., Brinkman, S. A., Almasri, N. A., Figueiredo, M., Giúdici, L. B., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1390107 · Cited by 45
Self-citationPopulation ageing and sustainability of healthcare financing in China
Wu, W., Long, S., Cerda, A. A., Garcia, L. Y., & Jakovljevic, M. (2023) · Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation · doi:10.1186/s12962-023-00505-0 · Cited by 42
“Wang and Zhang [19] proposed that the growth rate of THE must be coordinated with the pace of national economic development [18].”
BackgroundWoldegeorgis, B. Z., Zekarias, Z., Adema, B. G., Obsa, M. S., & Kerbo, A. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1087086 · Cited by 39
Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a new tsunami requiring a universal case definition
Lledó, G. M., Sellarés, J., Brotons, C., Sans-Corrales, M., Antón, J. D., Blanco, J., Bassat, Q., Sarukhan, A., Miró, J. M., de Sanjosé, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.015 · Cited by 42
Cuenca‐Zaldívar, J. N., Acevedo, Á. M., Fernández‐Carnero, J., Romero, E. A. S., Villafañe, J. H., & Carballar, C. B. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11071084 · Cited by 38
Self-citationChen, N., Fong, D., & Wong, J. Y. H. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.4116 · Cited by 36
Patiño, A. M., Chen, J., DeVos, E., Lee, J. A., Anderson, K., Banks, M., Herard, K., Kharel, R., Kivlehan, S. M., & Arbelaez, C. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open · doi:10.1002/emp2.12681 · Cited by 34
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the care and outcomes of people with NAFLD-related cirrhosis
Rivera‐Esteban, J., Manzano-Núñez, R., Broquetas, T., Serra-Matamala, I., Bassegoda, O., Soriano-Varela, A., Espín, G., Castillo‐Iturra, J., Bañares, J., Carrión, J. A., et al. (2022) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100574 · Cited by 33
Rolando, L. M., Villafañe, J. H., García, S. C., Argüello, A. S., Rosa, M. V., & Romero, E. A. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912396 · Cited by 33
Self-citationZhang, H., Hashim, S., Huang, D., & Zhang, B. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.18111 · Cited by 31
Guan, S., Zheng, J., Feng, X., Zhang, S.-X., Xu, S.-Z., Wang, P., Cai, H.-Y., & Pan, H. (2025) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ard.2025.08.002 · Cited by 27
Woldegeorgis, B. Z., Diro, C. W., Yohannes, B., Kerbo, A. A., & Asgedom, Y. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1064859 · Cited by 27
Global Burden of Psoriasis from 1990 to 2021 and Potential Factors: A Systematic Analysis
Wei, J., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, Z., Dai, X., Gelfand, J. M., Bachelez, H., Chen, X., Xiao, Y., & Shen, M. (2025) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2025.08.038 · Cited by 26
Self-citationZhang, R., Liu, Y., Dong, L., Li, H., Li, Y., Zhou, W., Wu, H., Wang, Y. X., & Wei, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.735335 · Cited by 25
Romero, E. A. S., Pérez, J. L. A., Vinuesa-Suárez, I., Corbellini, C., & Villafañe, J. H. (2022) · SAGE Open Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1177/2050313x221112507 · Cited by 22
Self-citationAssessing consumers’ valuation for Front-of-Package ‘Health’ labeling under FDA guidelines
Liu, J., Kassas, B., Lai, J., Fang, D., & Nayga, R. M. (2025) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102804 · Cited by 20
Global Dialysis Perspective: Ethiopia
Mengistu, Y. T., & Ejigu, A. M. (2022) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0006902021 · Cited by 20
NeJhaddadgar, N., Toghroli, R., Lebni, J. Y., Melca, I. A., & Ziapour, A. (2022) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221100348 · Cited by 20
Self-citationInequity in the global distribution of monkeypox vaccines
Palone, M. R. T., Doshi, N. A., & Pedersini, P. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i19.4498 · Cited by 19
Perceptions of healthcare finance and system quality among Nigerian healthcare workers
Josiah, B. O., Enebeli, E. C., Duncan, B. A., Anukam, L. U., Akingbade, O., Ncube, F., Josiah, C. C., Alimele, K. E., Otoboyor, N. L., Josiah, O. G., et al. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003881 · Cited by 22
Romero, E. A. S., García-Barredo-Restegui, T., Rolando, L. M., Villafañe, J. H., Galán-Fraguas, A., Jurado-Molina, R., Cuenca‐Zaldívar, J. N., Soto-Goñi, X., & Martínez‐Lozano, P. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041583 · Cited by 18
Self-citationEmerging public health challenges during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Malawi: A review
Chiumia, I. K., Mosiwa, B. A., Nkhonjera, J., Kazanga, B., Mukondiwa, A., Twalibu, A., Phuka, J. C., & Lucero‐Prisno, D. E. (2022) · Public Health Challenges · doi:10.1002/puh2.40 · Cited by 18
Pham, P., Witold Pedrycz, C., & Vo, B. (2022) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117514 · Cited by 18
Self-citationJohnson, E. K., Wojtesta, M. A., Crosby, S. W., Duber, H. C., Jun, E., Lescinsky, H., Nguyen, P., Sahu, M., Thomson, A. M., Tsakalos, G., et al. (2022) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01834 · Cited by 18
Self-citationHidden within a pandemic: how is international funding supporting mental health during COVID-19?
Gribble, R. S. F., Durham, J. R., & Roy, S. F. (2022) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2022.19 · Cited by 17
Fiore, E., Corbellini, C., Acucella, L., Gargano, S., Romero, E. A. S., Cotella, D., & Villafañe, J. H. (2022) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v44i0.90361 · Cited by 17
Self-citationJackson-Morris, A. M., Mutungi, G. N., Maree, E., Waqanivalu, T., Marten, R., & Nugent, R. A. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008275 · Cited by 16
Madu, E. C., & Mezue, K. N. (2023) · BMC Global and Public Health · doi:10.1186/s44263-023-00016-3 · Cited by 14
The Impact of Pandemic-Driven Care Redesign on Hospital Efficiency
Jakovljević, M., Timofeyev, Y., & Zhuravleva, T. (2024) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s465167 · Cited by 14
Xie, S., Du, S., Huang, Y., Luo, Y., Chen, Y., Zheng, Z., Yuan, B., Xu, M., & Zhou, S. (2025) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2024-017818 · Cited by 14
NeJhaddadgar, N., Pirani, N., Heydarian, N., Azar, A. E. F., Yazdi, F., Toghroli, R., Chaboksavar, F., Oghli, S. S., Kianipour, N., Zokaei, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036221129370 · Cited by 13
Self-citationJosiah, B. O., Enebeli, E. C., Duncan, B. A., Adejumo, P. O., Josiah, C. C., Anukam, L. U., Shittu, M. B., Ncube, F., Alimele, K. E., Emmanuel, M., et al. (2025) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0004615 · Cited by 13
COVAX – Time to reconsider the strategy and its target
Bell, D., Brown, G. W., Oyibo, W. A., Ouédraogo, S., Tacheva, B., Barbaud, E., Kalk, A., Ridde, V., & Paul, É. (2023) · Health Policy OPEN · doi:10.1016/j.hpopen.2023.100096 · Cited by 14
Osabohien, R. A., Jaaffar, A. H., Akpa, A. F., & Jakovljević, M. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02767-2 · Cited by 17
Diving boldly into COVID‐19 contaminated wastewater: Eyes at nanotechnology‐assisted solutions
Al-Hazmi, H. E., Kot‐Wasik, A., Shokrani, A., Majtacz, J. B., Vatanpour, V., Munir, M. T., Habibzadeh, S., Hejna, A., Hassanpour, M., Mohammadi, A., et al. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Discovery · doi:10.1002/ctd2.195 · Cited by 12
Self-citationIn with the good, out with the bad – Investment standards for external funding of health?
Fryatt, R., & Blecher, M. (2023) · Health Policy OPEN · doi:10.1016/j.hpopen.2023.100104 · Cited by 12
Chen, N., Fong, D., & Wong, J. Y. H. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16404 · Cited by 11
Qi, P., Huang, M., & Zhu, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1191354 · Cited by 11
Wang, Z., Liang, Z., Dong, X., Gao, L., Zhou, S., Yin, H. Y., Jin, Y., & Zheng, Z. (2024) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-024-01023-1 · Cited by 10
The long-term impact of COVID-19 on development assistance for health is still uncertain
Ogbuoji, O., Mao, W., & Aryeetey, G. C. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01448-3 · Cited by 10
Rahman, F. F., & Haris, F. (2022) · Bali Medical Journal · doi:10.15562/bmj.v11i3.3758 · Cited by 9
Inequitable Financial Protection in Health for Indigenous Populations: the Mexican Case
Servan-Mori, E. E., Meneses-Navarro, S., Garcia‐Diaz, R., Flamand, L., Gómez‐Dantés, O., & Lozano, R. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01770-8 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMcDougal, L., Dehingia, N., Cheung, W. W., Dixit, A., & Raj, A. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101606 · Cited by 9
Xia, L., Liu, Y., & Tian, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.991298 · Cited by 8
RetractedMolaro, M., Revill, P. A., Chalkley, M., Mohan, S., Mangal, T. D., Colbourn, T., Collins, J. H., Graham, M. M., Graham, W., Janoušková, E., et al. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004488 · Cited by 7
Liu, J., Kassas, B., & Lai, J. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics · doi:10.1017/aae.2024.22 · Cited by 7
Mushasha, R., & Bcheraoui, C. E. (2023) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-023-00942-9 · Cited by 7
Kuschel, K., Carrasco, R., Idrovo-Aguirre, B. J., Durán, C., & Contreras‐Reyes, J. E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11162259 · Cited by 7
Screening the Potential Biomarkers of COVID-19-Related Thrombosis Through Bioinformatics Analysis
Qi, P., Huang, M., & Li, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.889348 · Cited by 6
Drake, T., Chi, Y.-L., Morton, A., & Pitt, C. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.131230.1 · Cited by 6
Reclaiming justice for energy-vulnerable populations: Evidence from the city of los angeles
Xie, D., Cai, S., & Gui, X. (2024) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2024.101317 · Cited by 6
Özen, F., Kaynar, A. H., Korkut, A. K., Açıkel, M. E. T., Kaynar, A. M., & Kaynar, A. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0314986 · Cited by 8
Sundewall, J., Båge, K., Ekström, A. M., Puranen, B., Litorp, H., Uthman, O. A., & Kågesten, A. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008520 · Cited by 6
Addressing post-COVID-19 musculoskeletal symptoms through telemedicine: A study protocol
Romero, E. A. S., Fernández‐Carnero, J., Pérez, J. L. A., Rolando, L. M., & Villafañe, J. H. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.122843.1 · Cited by 6
Self-citationXiao, P., Li, C. K., Wu, J., & Dai, J. (2024) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.29943 · Cited by 5
Advancing functional and systemic integration of HIV prevention into public health systems
Topp, S. M., Otiso, L., Kawalazira, G., Allinder, S. M., Kagashe, M. J., Langat, A., Kumwenda, G., Thonyiwa, V., Phiri, C., Yekeye, R., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(25)00397-3 · Cited by 5
Villafañe, J. H. (2022) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc12050146 · Cited by 5
Self-citationZeng, M., & Niu, L. (2023) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.13.04123 · Cited by 5
Pyone, T., & Swaminathan, S. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781032699028-30 · Cited by 5
Kentikelenis, A., & Seabrooke, L. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197828656.001.0001 · Cited by 5
Addressing post-COVID-19 musculoskeletal symptoms through telemedicine: A study protocol
Romero, E. A. S., Fernández‐Carnero, J., Pérez, J. L. A., Rolando, L. M., & Villafañe, J. H. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.122843.2 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMulticomponent Exercise Program to Avoid Productivity Loss Due to COVID-19
Artiles-Sánchez, J., Fernández‐Carnero, J., Romero, E. A. S., Cuenca‐Zaldívar, J. N., Martínez‐Lozano, P., Oliva, E. M., Pérez, J. L. A., & Villafañe, J. H. (2024) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/tgr.0000000000000439 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMalaria, HIV and TB in Tanzania: Epidemiology, Disease Control Challenges and Interventions
Avis, W. (2022) · doi:10.19088/k4d.2022.036 · Cited by 5
Medical expenses and its determinants in female patients with urological disorder
Park, S., Ji, S., Lee, H., Choi, H., Choi, M., Lee, M., & Jakovljević, M. (2024) · Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation · doi:10.1186/s12962-024-00556-x · Cited by 4
Li, T., Qi, R., Zhou, Y.-H., Luo, Y., Wang, S., Chen, B., & Xu, B. (2022) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2022.181 · Cited by 4
Torres-Toledano, M., Granados-García, V., López-Tapia, J. D. J., Miguel-Tiburcio, E. T., Flóres, Y. N., Aracena-Genao, B., & Ramírez‐Palacios, P. (2023) · Gaceta Médica de México · doi:10.24875/gmm.23000012 · Cited by 4
Morishita, F., Elsayed, H., Islam, T., Rahevar, K., Oh, K. H., Yanagawa, M., Floyd, K., & Baena, I. G. (2023) · Western Pacific surveillance response journal · doi:10.5365/wpsar.2023.14.3.976 · Cited by 4
Li, C., & Chen, H. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041015 · Cited by 4
Accurate targeting in social assistance programs in Southern Madagascar
Raholiarimanana, F., & Ishida, A. (2024) · International Journal of Development Issues · doi:10.1108/ijdi-04-2024-0101 · Cited by 3
Marcillo-Delgado, J. C., de Castillo, Z. Y. G., Alvarez-Garcia, A., & Carrillo, À. G. (2024) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.105120 · Cited by 3
Shi, J., Feng, Y., Wang, M., Maimaitiming, M., Jin, Y., Ren, M., & Zheng, Z. (2024) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.14.04250 · Cited by 3
Villafañe, J. H. (2025) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc15020021 · Cited by 3
Self-citationTracking development assistance for mental health: time for better data
Iemmi, V. (2022) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czac108 · Cited by 3
A Quantitative Framework to Identify and Prioritize Opportunities in Biomedical Product Innovation
Gressler, L. E., Crowley, K., Berliner, E., Leroy, H., Krofah, E., Eloff, B. C., Marinac‐Dabic, D., & Vythilingam, M. (2023) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.0894 · Cited by 3
Romero, E. A. S., Fernández‐Carnero, J., Pérez, J. L. A., Rolando, L. M., & Villafañe, J. H. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.122843.3 · Cited by 3
Self-citationTracking development assistance for health from India to low- and middle-income countries, 2009–2020
Moitra, M., Patel, N., Cogswell, I. E., Chanana, D. I., Maddison, E. R., Simpson, K. E., Stutzman, H. N., Zhao, Y., Tsakalos, G., Dieleman, J. L., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277799 · Cited by 2
Self-citationIodice, F., Cuffaro, L., Romoli, M., Bianchini, E., Sparaco, M., Arighi, A., Cerami, C., Salemme, S., Reale, G., Orologio, I., et al. (2025) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-025-08428-9 · Cited by 2
Global and high-income regional burden and healthcare costs of musculoskeletal diseases, 1990-2023
Yao, Y., Liu, G., Vithran, D. T. A., Xiao, W., & Li, Y. (2026) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ard.2026.05.001 · Cited by 2
Wakabayashi, M., Hachiya, M., Fujita, N., Komada, K., Obara, H., Nozaki, I., Okawa, S., Saito, E., Katsuma, Y., & Iso, H. (2023) · Global Health & Medicine · doi:10.35772/ghm.2023.01049 · Cited by 2
van Kelle, E., Spronk, S. I., Kibira, D., & Aantjes, C. (2023) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3749 · Cited by 2
Mohammadkhah, F., Chaboksavar, F., Alhani, F., Mahmoudian, A., Ziapour, A., Sigaroudi, A. E., & Alipour, Z. J. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18584 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Micah, A. E., Cogswell, I. E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A. C., Maddison, E. R., McCracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K. E., Stutzman, H. N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L. E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R. R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K. H., Abhilash, E. S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M. R. M., Adhikari, T. B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M. B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C. J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F. M., Alanzi, T. M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R. K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C. L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Antony, C. M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D. D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A. T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Azhar, G. S., Babalola, T. K., Bahrami, M. A., Baig, A. A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Bärnighausen, T. W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A. E., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N. L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N. J. K., Breusov, A. V., Briko, N. I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E. J., Cámera, L. A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., Catalá-López, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S. K., Chattu, V. K., Chen, S., Cicero, A. F. G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D. V., De Neve, J.-W., de Sá-Junior, A. R., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T. Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S. D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P. A., Gad, M. M., Garcia-Gordillo, M., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S. A., Glăvan, I.-R., Glushkova, E. V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M. R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R. K., Hasaballah, A. I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M. H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M. I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S. J., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T. M., Hwang, B.-F., Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Isola, G., Jahani, M. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M. D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S. K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S. B., Jha, R. P., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jürisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S. E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G. R., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S. L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Le, L. K. D., Lee, S. W. H., Lee, Y. Y., Lim, S. S., Lobo, S. W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M. M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A. L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M. A., Marrugo Arnedo, C. A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S. Z., Maude, R. J., McKee, M., Medina-Solís, C. E., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mesregah, M. K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T. R., Mini, G., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T. A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M. A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S. M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M. K., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A. J., Naimzada, M. D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A. A., Narayana, A. I., Nascimento, B. R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B. P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T. H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J. J., Nwatah, V. E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F. A. O., Olagunju, A. T., Olakunde, B. O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J. O., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E.-C., Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D. M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M. J., Prada, S. I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. H. U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A. M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C. R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R. C., Renzaho, A. M. N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M. A., Ripon, R. K., Saad, A. M., Sahraian, M. A., Sahu, M., Salama, J. S., Salehi, S., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J. V., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M. A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P. H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M. G., Shuja, K. H., Singh, J. A., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E. E., Stefan, S. C., Szerencsés, V., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B. W., Tefera, Y. G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E. A., Valdez, P. R., Vasankari, T. J., Villafañe, J. H., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G. T., Vu, L. G., Wamai, R. G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M. A., Wubishet, B. L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yiğit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B. W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z.-J., Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y. M. H., Hay, S. I., Murray, C. J. L., & Dieleman, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Micah, Angela E
- ORCID
- Maddison, Emilie R
- Nomura, Shuhei
- Zhao, Yingxi
- Abbafati, Cristiana
- Abdelmasseh, Michael
- Abedi, Aidin
- Abegaz, Kedir Hussein
- Abolhassani, Hassan
- Abrigo, Michael R M
- Adhikari, Tara Ballav
- Afzal, Saira
- Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
- Ahmed, Haroon
- Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
- Ajami, Marjan
- Aji, Budi
- Akalu, Yonas
- Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet
- Alam, Khurshid
- Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi, Turki M
- Alemayehu, Yosef
- Alhassan, Robert Kaba
- Alinia, Cyrus
- Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
- Almustanyir, Sami Almustanyir
- Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J
- Amu, Hubert
- Ancuceanu, Robert
- Andrei, Tudorel
- Angell, Blake
- Antonio, Carl Abelardo T
- Aqeel, Muhammad
- Arabloo, Jalal
- Aripov, Timur
- Arrigo, Alessandro
- Ashraf, Tahira
- Atnafu, Desta Debalkie
- Ausloos, Marcel
- Awan, Asma Tahir
- Ayano, Getinet
- Ayanore, Martin Amogre
- Azari, Samad
- Azhar, Gulrez Shah
- Babalola, Tesleem Kayode
- Bahrami, Mohammad Amin
- Baig, Atif Amin
- Banach, Maciej
- Barati, Nastaran
- Bärnighausen, Till Winfried
- Barrow, Amadou
- Basu, Sanjay
- Bayati, Mohsen
- Benzian, Habib
- Berman, Adam E
- Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhardwaj, Nikha
- Bhardwaj, Pankaj
- Bhaskar, Sonu
- Bibi, Sadia
- Bijani, Ali
- Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi
- Braithwaite, Dejana
- Breitborde, Nicholas J K
- Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich
- Busse, Reinhard
- Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero
- Callander, Emily Joy
- Cámera, Luis Alberto
- Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A
- Catalá-López, Ferrán
- Charan, Jaykaran
- Chatterjee, Souranshu
- Chattu, Soosanna Kumary
- Chattu, Vijay Kumar
- Chen, Simiao
- Cicero, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe
- Dadras, Omid
- Dahlawi, Saad M A
- Dai, Xiaochen
- Dalal, Koustuv
- Dandona, Lalit
- Dandona, Rakhi
- Dhamnetiya, Deepak
- Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda
- Doshmangir, Leila
- Dube, John
- Eskandarieh, Sharareh
- Farzadfar, Farshad
- Fischer, Florian
- Foigt, Nataliya A
- Freitas, Alberto
- Friedman, Sara D
- Fukumoto, Takeshi
- Fullman, Nancy
- Gad, Mohamed M
- Garg, Tushar
- Ghafourifard, Mansour
- Ghashghaee, Ahmad
- Gholamian, Asadollah
- Gholamrezanezhad, Ali
- Ghozali, Ghozali
- Gilani, Syed Amir
- Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna
- Goharinezhad, Salime
- Golechha, Mahaveer
- Goli, Srinivas
- Guha, Avirup
- Gupta, Veer Bala
- Gupta, Vivek Kumar
- Haakenstad, Annie
- Haider, Mohammad Rifat
- Hailu, Alemayehu
- Hamidi, Samer
- Hanif, Asif
- Harapan, Harapan
- Hartono, Risky Kusuma
- Hasaballah, Ahmed I
- Hayat, Khezar
- Hegazy, Mohamed I
- Heidari, Golnaz
- Hendrie, Delia
- Heredia-Pi, Ileana
- Hezam, Kamal
- Holla, Ramesh
- Hossain, Sheikh Jamal
- Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
- Hostiuc, Sorin
- Huda, Tanvir M
- Hwang, Bing-Fang
- Iavicoli, Ivo
- Idrisov, Bulat
- Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
- Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi
- Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
- Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah
- Isola, Gaetano
- Jahanmehr, Nader
- Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar
- Javaheri, Tahereh
- Jayapal, Sathish Kumar
- Jayawardena, Ranil
- Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad
- Jha, Ravi Prakash
- Jürisson, Mikk
- Kaambwa, Billingsley
- Kalhor, Rohollah
- Kanchan, Tanuj
- Kandel, Himal
- Karimi, Salah Eddin
- Kassahun, Getinet
- Kayode, Gbenga A
- Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila
- Khader, Yousef Saleh
- Khajuria, Himanshu
- Khalilov, Rovshan
- Khammarnia, Mohammad
- Khan, Junaid
- Khubchandani, Jagdish
- Kim, Gyu Ri
- Kim, Yun Jin
- Kosen, Soewarta
- Koteeswaran, Rajasekaran
- Koyanagi, Ai
- Krishan, Kewal
- Kumar, G Anil
- Kusuma, Dian
- Lamnisos, Demetris
- Lansingh, Van Charles
- Lasrado, Savita
- Le, Long Khanh Dao
- Lee, Shaun Wen Huey
- Lee, Yeong Yeh
- Lim, Stephen S
- Lobo, Stany W
- Lozano, Rafael
- Majeed, Azeem
- Maleki, Afshin
- Malekzadeh, Reza
- Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra
- Maude, Richard James
- McKee, Martin
- Menezes, Ritesh G
- Meretoja, Atte
- Meretoja, Tuomo J
- Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal
- Miller, Ted R
- Mini, GK
- Mirrakhimov, Erkin M
- Mohajer, Bahram
- Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman
- Mohammadi, Mokhtar
- Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah
- Mohammed, Shafiu
- Moitra, Modhurima
- Mokdad, Ali H
- Molokhia, Mariam
- Moni, Mohammad Ali
- Moradi, Yousef
- Morze, Jakub
- Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam
- Muriithi, Moses K
- Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman
- Naimzada, Mukhammad David
- Naqvi, Atta Abbas
- Nascimento, Bruno Ramos
- Naveed, Muhammad
- Nayak, Biswa Prakash
- Nazari, Javad
- Ndejjo, Rawlance
- Nguyen, Trang Huyen
- Nonvignon, Justice
- Noubiap, Jean Jacques
- Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka
- Oancea, Bogdan
- Olagunju, Andrew T
- Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun
- Olgiati, Stefano
- Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun
- Onwujekwe, Obinna E
- Otstavnov, Nikita
- Otstavnov, Stanislav S
- Owolabi, Mayowa O
- Padubidri, Jagadish Rao
- Palladino, Raffaele
- Park, Eun-Cheol
- Pawar, Shrikant
- Pereira, David M
- Perianayagam, Arokiasamy
- Pesudovs, Konrad
- Postma, Maarten J
- Prada, Sergio I
- Rabiee, Mohammad
- Rabiee, Navid
- Rahim, Fakher
- Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur
- Rahman, Mosiur
- Rahmani, Amir Masoud
- Ram, Usha
- Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
- Ranasinghe, Priyanga
- Rao, Chythra R
- Rathi, Priya
- Rawaf, David Laith
- Rawaf, Salman
- Rawal, Lal
- Rawassizadeh, Reza
- Reshmi, Bhageerathy
- Ripon, Rezaul Karim
- Saad, Anas M
- Sahraian, Mohammad Ali
- Sahu, Maitreyi
- Salama, Joseph S
- Salehi, Sana
- Samy, Abdallah M
- Sanabria, Juan
- Sanmarchi, Francesco
- Santos, João Vasco
- Santric-Milicevic, Milena M
- Sathian, Brijesh
- Savic, Miloje
- Saxena, Deepak
- Sayyah, Mehdi
- Schwendicke, Falk
- Senthilkumaran, Subramanian
- Sepanlou, Sadaf G
- Shahabi, Saeed
- Sheikh, Aziz
- Shetty, Adithi
- Shibuya, Kenji
- Shrime, Mark G
- Shuja, Kanwar Hamza
- Singh, Jasvinder A
- Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich
- Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna
- Soltani, Shahin
- Soofi, Moslem
- Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth
- Szerencsés, Viktória
- Szócska, Miklós
- Tefera, Yonas Getaye
- Thavamani, Aravind
- Tran, Bach Xuan
- Ullah, Anayat
- Ullah, Saif
- Umar, Nasir
- Undurraga, Eduardo A
- Valdez, Pascual R
- Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
- Villafañe, Jorge Hugo
- Violante, Francesco S
- Vlassov, Vasily
- Vos, Theo
- Vu, Giang Thu
- Vu, Linh Gia
- Wamai, Richard G
- Werdecker, Andrea
- Woldekidan, Mesfin Agachew
- Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse
- Xu, Gelin
- Yaya, Sanni
- Yiğit, Vahit
- Yip, Paul
- Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale
- Yonemoto, Naohiro
- Younis, Mustafa Z
- Yu, Chuanhua
- Yunusa, Ismaeel
- Zandian, Hamed
- Zhang, Zhi-Jiang
- Ziapour, Arash
- Hay, Simon I
- Murray, Christopher J L
- Dieleman, Joseph L
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-10
- Volume
- 398
- Issue
- 10308
- Pages
- 1317-1343
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC8457757
- OpenAlex
- W3199493325
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 6.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DSPACE System - Metalibrary (University of the Coast) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- City Research Online (City University London) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Open (London South Bank University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- OPUS - Open Publications of UTS Scholars (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Kocaeli Üniversitesi - AVESİS (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Publications (Mid Sweden University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Global Health Care Issues
- Social Sciences › Development › International Development and Aid
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare Systems and Reforms
- Keywords
- health, COVID-19 pandemic, health care financing, out-of-pocket health expenditure, private health expenditure, public health emergencies, low-income countries, per capita health expenditure, development aid, health system resilience, health infrastructure, health system preparedness
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Developing Countries, Health Expenditures, Financing, Government, Government Programs, Humans, International Agencies, International Cooperation, Global Health, Economic Development, Gross Domestic Product, Healthcare Financing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
