The DOI matches its Crossref record; 264 of the 264 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear
Abstract
After a few pairings of a threatening stimulus with a formerly neutral cue, animals and humans will experience a state of conditioned fear when only the cue is present. Conditioned fear provides a critical survival-related function in the face of threat by activating a range of protective behaviors. The present review summarizes and compares the results of different laboratories investigating the neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear, focusing primarily on the behavioral models of freezing and fear-potentiated startle in rats. On the basis of these studies, we describe the pathways mediating and modulating fear. We identify several key unanswered questions and discuss possible implications for the understanding of human anxiety disorders.
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“The amygdala plays a key role in defensive behaviour and switching between defensive modes in rodents [39–42].”
From Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
Citations
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Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483 · Cited by 3,147
The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320
“LeDoux et al. 1983; 1985; 1990; for reviews see Fanselow & Poulous 2005; Fendt & Fanselow 1999; LeDoux 2007; Öhman 2009; and “fear potentiated startle”: Davis 1992; Hitchcock & Davis 1986; 1987; see Davis et al. 2008; Fendt & Fanselow 1999).”
A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making
Rangel, A., Camerer, C., & Montague, P. R. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2357 · Cited by 2,184
Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex
Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J., & Everitt, B. J. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00007-6 · Cited by 2,129
Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction
Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01138 · Cited by 1,836
Metadata
- Authors
- Fendt, M., & Fanselow, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fendt, M.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 743-760
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042847262
- Cited by
- 1,092
- References
- 244
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- fear conditioning, freezing behavior, fear-potentiated startle, anxiety disorders, threat response
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Humans
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