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The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear
Abstract
After a few pairings of a threatening stimulus with a formerly neutral cue, animals and humans will experience a state of conditioned fear when only the cue is present. Conditioned fear provides a critical survival-related function in the face of threat by activating a range of protective behaviors. The present review summarizes and compares the results of different laboratories investigating the neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear, focusing primarily on the behavioral models of freezing and fear-potentiated startle in rats. On the basis of these studies, we describe the pathways mediating and modulating fear. We identify several key unanswered questions and discuss possible implications for the understanding of human anxiety disorders.
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“The amygdala plays a key role in defensive behaviour and switching between defensive modes in rodents [39–42].”
From Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fendt, M., & Fanselow, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fendt, M.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 743-760
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042847262
- Cited by
- 1,092
- References
- 244
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- fear conditioning, freezing behavior, fear-potentiated startle, anxiety disorders, threat response
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Humans
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