Cited by 1,092Memory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear

Fendt, M., Fanselow, M.S.·1999·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00016-0

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Abstract

After a few pairings of a threatening stimulus with a formerly neutral cue, animals and humans will experience a state of conditioned fear when only the cue is present. Conditioned fear provides a critical survival-related function in the face of threat by activating a range of protective behaviors. The present review summarizes and compares the results of different laboratories investigating the neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear, focusing primarily on the behavioral models of freezing and fear-potentiated startle in rats. On the basis of these studies, we describe the pathways mediating and modulating fear. We identify several key unanswered questions and discuss possible implications for the understanding of human anxiety disorders.

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Authors: Fendt, M., & Fanselow, M. S.
Affiliations: University of Tübingen (DE)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Fendt, M.
ORCID: Fendt, M.
Fanselow, M.S.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1999-05
Volume: 23
Issue: 5
Pages: 743-760
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00016-0
OpenAlex: W2042847262
Cited by: 1,092
References: 244
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 4.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: fear conditioning, freezing behavior, fear-potentiated startle, anxiety disorders, threat response
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Humans

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The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear

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