The IRF-2 DNA binding domain facilitates the activation of the class II transactivator (CIITA) type IV promoter by IRF-1
Abstract
IFN-gamma induced transcription of class II transactivator (CIITA), a major regulator of MHC class II gene expression, is directed by the CIITA type IV promoter. The IFN-gamma activation of the CIITA type IV promoter is mediated by STAT1 and IRF-1, which bind to the GAS and IRF-E of the promoter, respectively. We and others have determined that IRF-2, another member of the IRF family, also activates the CIITA type IV promoter, by binding to the IRF-E. Also, IRF-2 cooperates with IRF-1 to activate the promoter. DNA binding analyses determined that IRF-1 and IRF-2 can co-occupy the IRF-E of the CIITA type IV promoter. To further understand the mechanism of IRF-1 and IRF-2 cooperativity in the activation of CIITA type IV promoter, we characterized the binding of IRF-1 and IRF-2 to the CIITA IRF-E and mapped the domains of IRF-2 required for the cooperative transactivation. Off-rate experiments revealed that the IRF-2/IRF-E complex was more stable than the IRF-1/IRF-E complex and that the affinity of IRF-1 for the IRF-E was increased when IRF-1 co-occupied the IRF-E with IRF-2. Deletion analysis of functional domains of IRF-2 revealed that a previously described latent activation domain of IRF-2 was essential for IRF-2 transactivation and participated in cooperative activation of the CIITA promoter by IRF-1 and IRF-2. However, the DNA binding domain of IRF-2 was sufficient for cooperativity with IRF-1 in the activation of the CIITA type IV promoter. DNA binding assay demonstrated that, like the full-length IRF-2, the IRF-2 DNA binding domain could co-occupy the CIITA IRF-E with IRF-1.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous studies found IRF2 activates transcription of some genes involved in the innate immune response.
“Previous studies found IRF2 activates transcription of some genes involved in the innate immune response (23, 44 -46).”
Cites
Xie, Q. W., Whisnant, R., & Nathan, C. F. (1993) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.177.6.1779 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Harada, H., Fujita, T., Miyamoto, M., Kimura, Y., Maruyama, M., Furia, A., Miyata, T., & Taniguchi, T. (1989) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90107-4 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Regulation of MHC Class II Expression by Interferon-γ Mediated by the Transactivator Gene CIITA
Steimle, V., Siegrist, C.-A., Mottet, A., Lisowska-Grospierre, B., & Mach, B. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8016643 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Matsuyama, T., Kimura, T., Kitagawa, M., Pfeffer, K., Kawakami, T., Watanabe, N., Kündig, T. M., Amakawa, R., Kishihara, K., Wakeham, A., et al. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(05)80086-8 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Mühlethaler‐Mottet, A., Otten, L., Steimle, V., & Mach, B. (1997) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/16.10.2851 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
The growing family of interferon regulatory factors
Nguyen, H., Hiscott, J., & Pitha, P. M. (1997) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1359-6101(97)00019-1 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Anti-Oncogenic and Oncogenic Potentials of Interferon Regulatory Factors-1 and -2
Harada, H., Kitagawa, M., Tanaka, N., Yamamoto, H., Harada, K., Ishihara, M., & Taniguchi, T. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8438157 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Tanaka, N., Kawakami, T., & Taniguchi, T. (1993) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.13.8.4531 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Structure of IRF-1 with bound DNA reveals determinants of interferon regulation
Escalante, C. R., Yie, J., Thanos, D., & Aggarwal, A. K. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/34224 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Harada, H., Willison, K. R., Sakakibara, J., Miyamoto, M., Fujita, T., & Taniguchi, T. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90163-9 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Fujita, T., Sakakibara, J., Sudo, Y., Miyamoto, M., Kimura, Y., & Taniguchi, T. (1988) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03213.x · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Lew, D. J., Decker, T., Strehlow, I., & Darnell, J. E., Jr. (1991) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.11.1.182 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Coordinate regulation of the human TAP1 and LMP2 genes from a shared bidirectional promoter.
Wright, K. L., White, L. C., Kelly, A., Beck, S., Trowsdale, J., & Ting, J. P. ‐. (1995) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.181.4.1459 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Fujii, Y., Shimizu, T., Kusumoto, M., Kyogoku, Y., Taniguchi, T., & Hakoshima, T. (1999) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/18.18.5028 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Watanabe, N., Sakakibara, J., Hovanessian, A. G., Taniguchi, T., & Fujita, T. (1991) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/19.16.4421 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Activation of a cell-cycle-regulated histone gene by the oncogenic transcription factor IRF-2
Vaughan, P. S., Aziz, F., van Wijnen, A. J., Wu, S., Harada, H., Taniguchi, T., Soprano, K. J., Stein, J. L., & Stein, G. S. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377362a0 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Bovolenta, C., Driggers, P. H., Marks, M. S., Medin, J. A., Politis, A. D., Vogel, S. N., Levy, D. E., Sakaguchi, K., Appella, E., & Coligan, J. E. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.11.5046 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Jesse, T. L., LaChance, R., Iademarco, M. F., & Dean, D. C. (1998) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.140.5.1265 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Sharf, R., Meraro, D., Azriel, A., Thornton, A. M., Ozato, K., Petricoin, E. F., Larner, A. C., Schaper, F., Hauser, H., & Levi, B.-Z. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.15.9785 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Regulation of LMP2 and TAP1 Genes by IRF-1 Explains the Paucity of CD8+ T Cells in IRF-1−/− Mice
White, L. C., Wright, K. L., Felix, N. J., Ruffner, H., Reis, L. F. L., Pine, R. I., & Ting, J. P. ‐. (1996) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80262-9 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Is Required for Mouse <i>Gbp</i> Gene Activation by Gamma Interferon
Briken, V., Ruffner, H., Schultz, U., Schwarz, A., Reis, L. F. L., Strehlow, I., Decker, T., & Staeheli, P. (1995) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.15.2.975 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Benech, P. D., Vigneron, M., Peretz, D., Revel, M., & Chebath, J. (1987) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.7.12.4498 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The role of interferon regulatory factors in the interferon system and cell growth control
Harada, H., Taniguchi, T., & Tanaka, N. (1998) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80017-0 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
IRF-1: the transcription factor linking the interferon response and oncogenesis
Taniguchi, T., Lamphier, M. S., & Tanaka, N. (1997) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/s0304-419x(97)00014-0 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Regulation of the interferon system and cell growth by the IRF transcription factors
Taniguchi, T., Harada, H., & Lamphier, M. S. (1995) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/bf01197763 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Chang, C., Hammer, J., Loh, J. E., Fodor, W. L., & Flavell, R. (1992) · Immunogenetics · doi:10.1007/bf00179793 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Blanar, M. A., Baldwin, A. S., Flavell, R. A., & Sharp, P. A. (1989) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03484.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Min, W., Pober, J. S., & Johnson, D. R. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.156.9.3174 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Sharf, R., Azriel, A., Lejbkowicz, F., Winograd, S. S., Ehrlich, R., & Levi, B.-Z. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.22.13063 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Yamamoto, H., Lamphier, M. S., Fujita, T., Taniguchi, T., & Harada, H. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Cell Cycle Regulation of Histone H4 Gene Transcription Requires the Oncogenic Factor IRF-2
Vaughan, P. S., van der Meijden, C. M. J., Aziz, F., Harada, H., Taniguchi, T., van Wijnen, A. J., Stein, J. L., & Stein, G. S. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.1.194 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Schaefer, B. C., Paulson, E. J., Strominger, J., & Speck, S. H. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.17.2.873 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Spink, J. M., & Evans, T. J. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.39.24417 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Interferon Regulatory Factor-2 Directs Transcription from the gp91 Promoter
Luo, W., & Skalnik, D. G. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.38.23445 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The role of NF-Y and IRF-2 in the regulation of human IL-4 gene expression.
Li-Weber, M., Davydov, I. V., Krafft-Czepa, H., & Krammer, P. H. (1994) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.153.9.4122 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms regulating induction of interleukin‐6 gene transcription by interferon‐γ
Faggioli, L., Merola, M., Hiscott, J. B., Furia, A., Monese, R., Tovey, M. G., & Palmieri, M. (1997) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.1830271140 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Xi, H., Eason, D. D., Ghosh, D., Dovhey, S. E., Wright, K. L., & Blanck, G. (1999) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202969 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationCha, Y., & Deisseroth, A. B. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37685-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Aragane, Y., Schwarz, A., Luger, T. A., Ariizumi, K., Takashima, A., & Schwarz, T. (1997) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.158.11.5393 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Impaired class II transactivator expression in mice lacking interferon regulatory factor-2
Xi, H., Goodwin, B. L., Shepherd, A. T., & Blanck, G. (2001) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204556 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationCloning of an interferon regulatory factor 2 isoform with different regulatory ability
Merediz, S. A. K. X. F. N. (2000) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/28.21.4219 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 43 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Crystal structure of ATF‐2/c‐Jun and IRF‐3 bound to the interferon‐β enhancer
Panne, D., Maniatis, T., & Harrison, S. (2004) · EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600453 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“We find that IRF-3 binds the 30 site in the standard fashion, with Arg 81 opposite the guanine (Figure 2), but it binds the 50 site 1 bp ‘out of phase’, with Arg 81 opposite the first adenine, thus preserving the canonical 2 bp intersite spacing, at the expense of the usually conserved contact of…”
HLA class II antigen-processing pathway in tumors: Molecular defects and clinical relevance
Seliger, B., Kloor, M., & Ferrone, S. (2017) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2016.1171447 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“have been found in tumors, which is associated with impaired CIITA expression and IFNg response.(53) These data demon-”
BackgroundRegulation of Lipopolysaccharide Sensitivity by IFN Regulatory Factor-2
Cuesta, N., Salkowski, C. A., Thomas, K. E., & Vogel, S. N. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5739 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Huang, W., Horvath, E., & Eklund, E. A. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m607760200 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) expression is upregulated in multiple myeloma cells by IFN-γ
Zhao, M., Flynt, F. L., Hong, M., Chen, H., Gilbert, C. A., Briley, N. T., Bolick, S. C. E., Wright, K. L., & Piskurich, J. F. (2007) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.01.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…expression of IRF-1 alone without IFN-γ treatment was sufficient to activate CIITA pIV activity, a finding similar to previous experiments performed in P19 carcinoma cells, embryonic fibroblasts and B cells (Piskurich et al., 1999; Xi et al., 1999; Xi and Blanck, 2003; Piskurich et al., 2006).”
ResultPiskurich, J. F., Gilbert, C. A., Ashley, B. D., Zhao, M., Chen, H., Wu, J., Bolick, S. C. E., & Wright, K. L. (2005) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2005.05.005 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Ectopic overexpression of IRF-1 alone without IFN-γ treatment was sufficient to activate CIITA pIV activity, a finding similar to those for experiments performed in non-hematopoetic cells including mouse P19 carcinoma cells and embryonic fibroblasts that lack IRF-1 (Piskurich et al., 1999;Xi et al., 1999;Xi and Blanck…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBacterial ligand of TLR2 signals Stat activation via induction of IRF1/2 and interferon-α production
Vähä-Mäkilä, M., Vuolteenaho, R., Rounioja, S., Henriques‐Normark, B., Hallman, M., & Ojaniemi, M. (2008) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.06.017 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sun, B., Chang, M., Chen, D., & Nie, P. (2006) · Immunogenetics · doi:10.1007/s00251-006-0129-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“IRF-2 was usually regarded as a transcriptional repressor, acting in antagonistic manners with IRF-1, but its transcriptional activating function was also found in several other genes including histone H4, VCAM-1, gp91phox, interleukin-7, and class II transactivator (Vaughan et al. 1995; Luo and Skalnik 1996; Jesse et…”
BackgroundXiaoni, G., Zhuo, C., Xuzhen, W., Dengqiang, W., & Chen, X. (2011) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2011.06.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“usually been regarded as a transcriptional repressor that acts in an antagonistic manner with IRF-1, but its transcriptional activating function was found in several other genes, including histone H4, VCAM-1, gp91phox, interleukin-7 and the class II transactivator (Luo and Skalnik, 1996; Oshima et al., 2004; Vaughan e…”
BackgroundZhan, F., Liu, H., Lai, R., Jakovlić, I., & Wang, W. (2016) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.014 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“However, Irf2 can also act as an enhancer-binding transcription factor for the proteins involved in the cell-cycle regulation (Jesse et al., 1998; Luo and Skalnik, 1996; Oshima et al., 2004; Sjostrand et al., 2013; Vaughan et al., 1995; Xi and Blanck, 2003).”
BackgroundTooze, R. M., Stephenson, S., & Doody, G. M. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4584 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“If PRDM1 is competing with IRF-1/IRF-2 to repress promoter activity in U266, then decreasing PRDM1 protein expression should lead to an increase in CIITA-pIV mRNA in the absence of IFN- stimulation.”
BackgroundInfluentialRegulation of porcine classical and nonclassical MHC class I expression
Tennant, L. M., Renard, C., Chardon, P., & Powell, P. P. (2007) · Immunogenetics · doi:10.1007/s00251-007-0206-x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chen, H., Gilbert, C. A., Hudson, J. A., Bolick, S. C. E., Wright, K. L., & Piskurich, J. F. (2006) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2006.04.026 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ambrosis, A. D., Casciano, I., Croce, M., Pagnan, G., Radic, L., Banelli, B., Vinci, A. D., Allemanni, G., Tonini, G. P., Ponzoni, M., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.22173 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
An autoimmune transcriptional circuit drives FOXP3 + regulatory T cell dysfunction
Sumida, T. S., Lincoln, M. R., He, L., Park, Y., Ota, M., Oguchi, A., Son, R., Yi, A., Stillwell, H. A., Leissa, G. A., et al. (2024) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adp1720 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Of interest, IRF1 and IRF2, but not IRF4 nor IRF8, are known to compete with evolutionally conserved PRDM1-L ( 69 , 70 ).”
BackgroundLu, X., Wang, Z., Liu, S.-B., Zhang, X.-Y., Lu, L.-F., Li, S., Chen, D., Nie, P., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01106 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In mammals, IRF1 and IRF2 can simultaneously occupy the ISRE motif of the type IV CIITA promoter, and then cooperatively induce the activation of CIITA (34, 35).”
BackgroundNuclear import of IRF11 via the importin α/β pathway is essential for its antiviral activity
Li, W., Zhao, G., Jiao, Z., Xiang, C., Liang, Y., Huang, W., Nie, P., & Huang, B. (2023) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2023.104649 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Willermain, F., Dulku, S., Gonzalez, N. S., Bléro, D., Driessens, G., Graef, C. D., Caspers, L. E., & Bruyns, C. (2006) · Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators · doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.06.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gupta, M. K., & Rath, P. C. (2014) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
New Insights into Cooperative Binding of Homeodomain Transcription Factors PREP1 and PBX1 to DNA
Zucchelli, C., Ferrari, E., Blasi, F., Musco, G., & Bruckmann, C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40665 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“However, in the absence of an X-ray crystal structure, we cannot exclude other mechanisms: for example, cooperativity may be mediated by a conformational change in the DNA or by overlapping contacts of PBX1 and PREP1 with DNA 23,34,44–46 .”
Pisapia, L., Pozzo, G. D., Barba, P., Citro, A., Harris, P. E., & Maffei, A. (2012) · Results in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.rinim.2012.09.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ctenopharyngodon idella IRF2 and ATF4 down-regulate the transcriptional level of PRKRA
Huang, K., Qi, G., Sun, Z., Liu, X., Xu, X., Wang, H., Wu, Z., Wan, Y., & Hu, C. (2017) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 signaling in the innate response against bacterial components
Liljeroos, M. (2008) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An Autoimmune Transcriptional Circuit Driving Foxp3 + Regulatory T cell DysfunctionPreprint
Sumida, T. S., Lincoln, M. R., He, L., Park, Y., Ota, M., Stillwell, H. A., Leissa, G. A., Fujio, K., Kulminski, A. M., Epstein, C. B., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518871 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yoshizawa, K., Yamamoto, Y., Takamoto, M., Tagawa, Y., Soejima, Y., Sanjo, H., & Taki, S. (2025) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxaf024 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Prakash, K., & Rath, P. C. (2010) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-010-0063-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Thus, activities of IRF-1 and IRF-2 are regulated by small domains/regions within the proteins (Palombella and Maniatis 1992; Naguyen et al. 1995; Xi and Blanck 2003; Eckert et al. 2006) and variations in short peptide motifs in highly homologous transcription factors during evolution may alter…”
BackgroundGan, X., Wang, D., Wang, X., & Chen, X. (2011) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4455-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
肺鱼干扰素调节因子 1 基因(irf-1)的克隆及其在肉鳍类中的分子进化
甘, 小., 王, 绪., 陈, 新., & 汪, 登. (2011) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb2011-56-10-746 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
factor-2 alters its N-terminal DNA-binding activity
Prakash, K., & Rath, P. C. (2010)
CLONING AND CHARACTER ANALYSES OF IRF-1 GENE OF CHILOSCYLLIUM PLAGIOSUM
Gan, X., & Chen, X. (2011) · Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1035.2011.00194
- Authors
- Xi, H., & Blanck, G.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blanck, George
- ORCID
- Blanck, George
- Venue
- Molecular Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 677-684
- ISSN
- 0161-5890 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2002111319
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Moffitt Cancer Center
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ca081497-04)
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
- National Cancer Institute (R01 CA81497-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- IRF2, IRF1, interferon-gamma, MHC class II gene expression, STAT1, DNA-binding domain, transcriptional activation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Binding Sites, DNA, DNA-Binding Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Interferon-gamma, Nuclear Proteins, Phosphoproteins, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Repressor Proteins, Transcription Factors, Trans-Activators, Mice, Knockout, Interferon Regulatory Factor-2, Interferon Regulatory Factor-1, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
