The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Prevalence of Age-related Maculopathy in the Rotterdam Study
Open accessAbstract
Purpose To determine the prevalence of age-related maculopathy in an elderly population in The Netherlands.Methods Fundus photographs of 6251 participants of the Rotterdam Study, a single-center prospective follow-up study in persons 55 to 98 years of age, were reviewed for the presence of drusen, pigmentary abnormalities, and atrophic or neovascular age-related macular degeneration.Results The prevalence of at least one drusen of 63 microns or larger increased from 40.8% in persons 55 to 64 years of age to 52.6% in those 85 years of age or older. Similarly, the prevalence of the following abnormalities increased significantly in these age categories: drusen of 125 microns or larger from 4.8% to 17.5%, retinal pigment epithelial hypopigmentations from 3.5% to 9.0%, and increased retinal pigment from 3.7% to 15.3%. Atrophic or neovascular age-related macular degeneration was present in 1.7% of the total population. Atrophic age-related macular degeneration increased from 0.1% in persons 55 to 64 years of age to 3.7% in those 85 years of age or older. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration increased from 0.1% to 7.4% in these age groups. No sex differences were observed for these lesions.Conclusions The prevalence of atrophic or neovascular age-related macular degeneration is 1.7%. In those 55 years of age or older, the prevalence increases strongly with age and it is similar in men and women. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration was twice as common as atrophic age-related macular degeneration. These findings suggest that age-related maculopathy may be less common in this European population than in similar populations in the United States.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Neovascular AMD accounts for over 90% of severe central vision loss among patients with AMD (116, 154, 161).”
From Unraveling a Multifactorial Late-Onset Disease: From Genetic Susceptibility to Disease Mechanisms for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as [154]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Practical Statistics for Medical Research.
Walter, S., & Altman, D. G. (1992) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532320 · Cited by 11,666
Practical Statistics for Medical Research
Altman, D. G. (1990) · doi:10.1201/9780429258589 · Cited by 10,668
Prevalence of age-related maculopathy
Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., & Linton, K. L. P. (1992) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31871-8 · Cited by 1,845
Klein, R., Klein, R., Moss, S. E., & Linton, K. L. P. (1992) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(92)32011-1 · Cited by 1,382
Leibowitz, H. M., Krueger, D. E., Maunder, L. R., Milton, R. C., KINI, M. M., Kahn, H. A., Nickerson, R. J., Pool, J., Colton, T., Ganley, J. P., et al. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 1,250
The Wisconsin Age-related Maculopathy Grading System
Klein, R., Davis, M. D., Magli, Y. L., Segał, P., Klein, R., & Hubbard, L. D. (1991) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(91)32186-9 · Cited by 1,188
Determinants of disease and disability in the elderly: The Rotterdam elderly study
Albert Hofman, D., Grobbee, D. E., de Jong, P. T. V. M., & Ouweland, F. A. V. D. (1991) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00145007 · Cited by 1,120
Self-citationThe Grading and Prevalence of Macular Degeneration in Chesapeake Bay Watermen
Bressler, N. M. (1989) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010869032 · Cited by 251
Age‐related macular degeneration. Macular changes, prevalence and sex ratio
Vinding, T. (1989) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1989.tb04392.x · Cited by 90
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Leibowitz, 1980, The Framingham Eye Study monograph, Surv Ophthalmol, 24, 335
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 811
Age-related macular disease : studies on incidence, risk factors, and prognosis
van Leeuwen, R. (2003) · Cited by 1
Epidemiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Early in the 21st Century
Wang, J. J., Mitchell, P., & Klein, R. (2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-186-4_2 · Cited by 1
Solomon, S. D., & Bressler, S. B. (2012) · touchREVIEWS in Ophthalmology · doi:10.17925/usor.2007.03.00.57 · Cited by 1
Intravitreal aflibercept: its role in treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Cundy, O., Shah, M., & Downes, S. M. (2018) · Expert Review of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/17469899.2018.1468250 · Cited by 1
Segmentation and Visualization of Drusen and Geographic Atrophy in SD-OCT Images
Chen, Q., Niu, S., de Sisternes, L., Leng, T., & Rubin, D. L. (2019) · Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1825-2_11 · Cited by 1
Nagaratnam, N., Nagaratnam, K., & Cheuk, G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33434-9_95 · Cited by 1
Monje-Fernández, L., Pinazo, R. G., Coma, M. C., López, J. D., Coco, R. M., & Marco, R. D. (2023) · Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología · doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2023.03.002 · Cited by 1
Ocular Diseases on Naru Island, Japan: a Seven-year Survey
林田, 裕., & Kitaoka, T. (2003) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 1
Die altersabhängige Makuladegeneration — eine Übersicht
Steinberg, J., Uibel, S., Berndt, T., Müller, D., Quarcoo, D., & Groneberg, D. A. (2011) · Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie · doi:10.1007/bf03345002 · Cited by 1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Vision Impairment
Wright, C. B., & Ambati, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23246-1_16 · Cited by 1
Choroidal Imaging in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
de Carlo, T. E., & Baumal, C. R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805313-3.00006-5 · Cited by 1
Yaşa bağlı makular dejenerasyonu olan hastaların beslenme durumlarının değerlendirilmesi
ÖZGÜR, M., & Uçar, A. (2018) · Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.22312/sdusbed.368758 · Cited by 1
Bang, S. K., Kim, E. S., Kim, J. W., Shin, J. P., Lee, J. E., Yu, H. G., Huh, K., & Yu, S. (2018) · Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society · doi:10.3341/jkos.2018.59.12.1152 · Cited by 1
Age-related macular degeneration
Al‐Taie, R., Nolan, J. M., & Neelam, K. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-8816-1.50031-8 · Cited by 1
Toms, D., Al-Ani, A., Sunba, S., Tong, Q. Y. (., Workentine, M. L., & Ungrin, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00534 · Cited by 1
Fung, T. H. M., & Amoaku, W. M. K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43063-4_10 · Cited by 1
Toward a Higher Fidelity Model of AMD
Raisler, B. J., Nozaki, M., Baffi, J., Hauswirth, W. W., & Ambati, J. (2007) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74904-4_21 · Cited by 1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration I: Types and Future Directions
Binder, S., & Falkner-Radler, C. I. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-507-7_12 · Cited by 1
Fraser‐Bell, S., & Varma, R. (2003) · International Ophthalmology Clinics · doi:10.1097/00004397-200304340-00009 · Cited by 1
Food-Related Concerns of Older Adults with Macular Degeneration
Crews, G. W., & Holcomb, C. A. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly · doi:10.1300/j052v21n01_02 · Cited by 1
Kim, C., Chung, H., & Heo, J. W. (2007) · Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society · doi:10.3341/jkos.2007.48.10.1354 · Cited by 1
Simultaneous presentation of choroidal melanoma in mother and daughter
Hadden, P. W. (2003) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.87.6.793 · Cited by 1
Reading performance with stand magnifiers in age-related macular degeration
Cheong, A. M. Y. (2003) · Cited by 1
Pharmacotherapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Rusu, I., Jung, J. J., Mrejen, S., Gallego‐Pinazo, R., & Freund, K. B. (2014) · doi:10.2217/fmeb2013.13.272 · Cited by 1
Big DNA as a tool to dissect an age-related macular degeneration-associated haplotypePreprint
Laurent, J. M., Fu, X., German, S. V., Maurano, M. T., Zhang, K., & Boeke, J. D. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/461251 · Cited by 1
The 1995 low vision literature: a bibliography
Goodrich, G. L. (1999) · Visual Impairment Research · doi:10.1076/vimr.1.1.59.4447 · Cited by 1
Klaver, C. C. W., van Leeuwen, R., Vingerling, J. R., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05681-3_1 · Cited by 1
Self-citation(2008) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01186.x · Cited by 1
Zerbib, J., Seddon, J. M., Richard, F., Reynolds, R., Leveziel, N., Benlian, P., Borel, P., Feingold, J., Münnich, A., Soubrane, G., et al. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007341
Sun, D. K. (2015) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
External Beam Radiation Therapy for Age Related Macular Degeneration: Two-Year Results
Sagerman, R. H., & Gorty, S. (2001) · Medical radiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56439-0_13
Low-Dose Radiotherapy for Macular Degeneration
Sagerman, R. H., & Gorty, S. (2001) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000061290
Camacho-Cordero, L. M., Chávez-Villa, K., & Lemus-Carmona., A. (2013) · Revista Mexicana de Oftalmología
Longville, B. A. C. (2009) · Murdoch University Research Portal
Age-related maculopathy: A genetic and epidemiological approach
Willemse-Assink, J. J. M. (2000) · EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
External Beam Radiotherapy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration — an Ineffective Treatment Approach?
Staar, S., Krott, R., Köcher, M., Mueller, R., & Heimann, K. (2001) · Medical radiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56439-0_16
Kumar, K., Barguja, P., V., S. G. S. R. R., & Kubrey, S. S. (2013) · Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences · doi:10.14260/jemds/1490
Linkage Analysis of Qualitative Traits
Li, M., & Abecasis, G. R. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69264-5_3
Diabetes and other risk factors in patients with age-related macular degeneration
Mocanu, V., Dégı̀, R., Facskó, A., Vizvári, E., Horhat, R., Timar, R. Z., & Șerban, V. (2013) · Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.2478/rjdnmd-2013-0036
Cardascia, N., Furino, C., Ferrara, A., Boscia, F., & Alessio, G. (2009) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2009.05.001
Retinorhexis in macular translocation
Jonas, J. B. (2000) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.84.10.1203g
Hamon, F., & Goeminne, P. (2001) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1076/soph.16.4.223.10301
FUNDAL FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHIC LESION IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Suhendro, G. (2004) · Folia Medica Indonesiana
Fujimoto, N. (2003) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.87.6.794
Apte, R. S. (2003) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.87.6.795-a
Count and size of macular drusen correlated with the parafoveal annular reflex
Vossmerbaeumer, U. (2004) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2004.043752
Interferon alfa therapy for age-related macular degeneration
Reddy, U. U., & Kryzstolik, M. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005138
Retinal oximetry and age-related macular degeneration
Geirsdóttir, Á. (2015) · Skemman
Gib, R. (2013) · Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden)
Prevalência das doenças coriorretinas na população com 55 ou mais anos de idade
Capelo, P. E. P. P. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Sertoz, A. D., Ateş, O., Keleş, S., Koçer, İ., Kulaçoğlu, D. N., & Baykal, O. (2008) · PubMed Central
Age-related macular degeneration in Hong Kong Chinese — angiographic features and outcomes
Wu, P. K. W., Fu, R. C., & Chan, C. W. N. (2000) · Hong Kong Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.12809/hkjo-v4n1-135
Omega-3 and Macular Pigment Accumulation
Delyfer, M., Buaud, B., Korobelnik, J., Rougier, M., Vaysse, C., Combe, N., & Delcourt, C. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-401717-7.00026-5
ABC TRANSPORTERS AND HUMAN EYE DISEASE
Allikmets, R. L. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012352551-2/50029-9
Lackamp, O. J. M. (2011) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-8364-1_23
Epidemiology and Aetiopathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Landrum, J. T., & Nolan, J. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15556-8
The Intraocular Delivery of Neuroprotective Factors to the Retina Using Encapsulated Cell Technology
McGovern, C., Mateus, S., Tente, W., Dold, M., Bishop, A., Tao, W., & Sherman, S. (2004) · BioProcessing Journal · doi:10.12665/j36.mcgovern
Spencer, K. L. (2007) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central)
PREVALENCE OF BLINDNESS DUE TO POSTE RIOR SEGMENT DISORDERS: A RURAL POPULATION BASED STUDY
Deo, R., & Singh, S. (2015) · Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare · doi:10.18410/jebmh/2015/665
Beleho, D., Nyouma, E., & Ellong, A. (2017) · HEALTH SCIENCES AND DISEASE · doi:10.5281/hsd.v18i2
Nagaratnam, N., Nagaratnam, K., & Cheuk, G. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32700-6_95-1
Low-level night-time light therapy for age-related macular degeneration
Robinson, D. G. (2017) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Dégénérescence maculaire lié à l'âge
Ambresin, A., & Mantel, I. (2016) · Forum Médical Suisse ‒ Swiss Medical Forum · doi:10.4414/fms.2016.02723
Therapy and mechanism of Mendelian eye diseases
Tsai, Y.-T. (2018) · doi:10.7916/d8k37bhv
Walchuk, C. (2017) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Kader, M. A. E. (2017) · JOJ Ophthalmology · doi:10.19080/jojo.2017.03.555625
Eton, E. A., Wubben, T. J., Besirli, C. G., & Wang, S. Y. (2020) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.1080/02713683.2020.1849731
Schäfer, K. (2012) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-1505
Dias, A. S., Burnier, J. V., Bergeron, S., Youhnovska, E. N., Marcotte, E., Belfort, R. N., & Burnier, M. N. (2024) · The Pan-American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/pajo.pajo_49_23
Vingerling, H. (2006) · Bijblijven · doi:10.1007/bf03059929
Profil épidémiologique et clinique de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge en milieu camerounais
Koki, G., Nomo, A., Takam, C. G., Biangoup, P. N., Epée, E., Roth, P. A. N., & Bella, A. (2022) · Journal Français d Ophtalmologie · doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2021.12.011
Choi, Y., Kim, S., Choi, S. K., Lee, J. J., Lee, S. M., Kwon, H. J., Park, S. W., Lee, J. E., & Byon, I. S. (2022) · Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society · doi:10.3341/jkos.2022.63.2.166
Association of sex hormone with age related macular degeneration
Maurya, R. P. (2022) · Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.18231/j.ijceo.2022.001
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts
(2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7295-3908-1.10003-x
Monje-Fernández, L., Dolz‐Marco, R., Andreu-Fenoll, M., Fornés, V., & Gallego‐Pinazo, R. (2018) · Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.oftale.2018.02.007
Klaver, C. C. W., Vingerling, J. R., Hofman, A., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-11126-0_1
Self-citationLackamp, O. J. M. (2007) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-6530-2_27
Study of Risk Factors Associated with Age Related Macular Degeneration in North Indian Population
Gupta, S., Mittal, D. S., Mittal, D. C., & Gupta, A. (2022) · Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences · doi:10.36347/sjams.2022.v10i09.001
Epidemiology and Aetiopathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Sivaprasad, S., & Hykin, P. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15556-4
Лихванцева, В. Г., Gevorgyan, A. S., Kapkova, S. G., & Nekrasova, E. Y. (2022) · Ophthalmology in Russia · doi:10.18008/1816-5095-2022-3-647-657
ASM Sci. J., Vol. 3, No. 1, 2009
Liki, H. (2009) · ASM Science Journal · doi:10.32802/asmscj.2009.vol3no1
Mejía‐Salgado, G., Cifuentes‐González, C., Barraquer-López, D., Pineda-Sierra, J. S., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, C. A., Galindo, P. S., Reyes, D. L. C., & de‐la‐Torre, A. (2024) · Ophthalmic Epidemiology · doi:10.1080/09286586.2024.2338820
Jaiswal, S., Raut, P., Kamble, M., & Gadegone, A. (2021) · Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University · doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_200_20
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ СТРОМАЛЬНЫХ/СТВОЛОВЫХ КЛЕТОК ПРИ ВОЗРАСТНОЙ МАКУЛЯРНОЙ ДЕГЕНЕРАЦИИ (ОБЗОР)
А.М., Х., Ashurov, O. M., Я.О., А., & А.Ж., Ж. (2024) · Advanced Ophthalmology · doi:10.57231/j.ao.2024.8.2.023
Development and Validation of the Asian AMD Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Scale
Ismayilova, I., Korol, A. R., & Aldasheva, N. (2024) · Salud Ciencia y Tecnología · doi:10.56294/saludcyt2025544
Development and Validation of the Asian AMD Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Scale
Ismayilova, I., Korol, A. R., & Aldasheva, N. (2024) · Salud Ciencia y Tecnología · doi:10.56294/saludcyt2025537
Fung, T. H. M., & Amoaku, W. M. K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97401-4_10
Singerman, L. J., Gugiu, C., Tschosik, E., Doll, H., Singerman, B., & Gentile, B. (2025) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000004625
Karlsson, M. (2015) · Linköping University Electronic Press eBooks · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-111558
Molecular Genetics of Age-related Macular Degeneration
Seitsonen, S. (2008) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Barreto, P., Farinha, C., Coimbra, R., Cachulo, M. L., Melo, J. B., Lechanteur, Y. T. E., Hoyng, C. B., Cunha-Vaz, J. G., & Silva, R. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23949678
Barreto, P., Farinha, C., Coimbra, R., Cachulo, M. L., Melo, J. B., Lechanteur, Y. T. E., Hoyng, C. B., Cunha-Vaz, J. G., & Silva, R. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23949672
Metadata
- Authors
- Vingerling, J. R., Dielemans, I., Hofman, A., Grobbee, D. E., Hijmering, M., Kramer, C. F. L., & de Jong, P. T. V. M.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Venue
- Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-02
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 205-210
- ISSN
- 0161-6420 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2165062842
- Cited by
- 815
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 21.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Keywords
- age-related maculopathy, age-related macular degeneration, drusen, retinal pigment epithelium, retinal pigment, atrophic macular degeneration, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, prevalence, older adults, sex differences, age-related changes
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Fundus Oculi, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Photography, Prospective Studies, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Retinal Drusen, Retinal Neovascularization, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review