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Schizophrenia as the price that Homo sapiens pays for language: a resolution of the central paradox in the origin of the species
Abstract
The central paradox of schizophrenia is that the condition, apparently genetic in origin, persists in spite of a substantial fecundity disadvantage. The hypothesis is proposed that the predisposition to schizophrenia is a component of Homo sapiens-specific variation associated with the capacity for language. A genetic change (the 'speciation event', predicted to be related to the Xq21.3 to Yp chromosomal transposition that separates Homo sapiens from the great apes) allowed the hemispheres to develop with a 'cerebral torque', reflected particularly in association cortex, from right frontal to left occipital. Variations in the dimension of lateralization are associated with differences in the rate at which verbal and non-verbal ability develops. The nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia can be understood as a failure to establish dominance for a key component - the phonological sequence - of language in one hemisphere, with consequent disruption of the mechanism of 'indexicality' that allows the speaker to distinguish his thoughts from the speech output that he generates and the speech input that he receives and decodes from others.
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“Notably, it was proposed that the higher cognitive capacities in humans were acquired at the cost of increased susceptibility to mental disease17–19.”
From Distinct selective forces and Neanderthal introgression shaped genetic diversity at genes involved in neurodevelopmental disorders (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
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“We take an evolutionary view of the origins of psychosis— that schizophrenia and language have a common origin in the genetic event 100 000 to 150 000 years ago that gave rise to Homo sapiens as a species (Crow, 1995, 1997b, 2000).”
BackgroundSchizophrenia and the structure of language: The linguist's view
Covington, M. A., He, C., Brown‐Johnson, C. G., Naçi, L., McClain, J. T., Fjordbak, B. S., Semple, J. M., & Brown, J. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016 · Cited by 372
“Cutting (1985, p. 254) cites a number of studies showing that not only the production but also the comprehension of intonation contours (as an expression of emotion) is impaired. Other studies of aprosody are reviewed by Rieber and Vetter (1994, pp. 174–177) and Alpert et al. (1989). Classic work on the acoustics of e…”
BackgroundFrom madness to genius: The Openness/Intellect trait domain as a paradoxical simplex
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“In contrast, schizophrenia has been associated with reduced left hemisphere dominance for language (Crow, 2000), as have apophenia and divergent thinking (Mohr et al.”
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“However, two exceptions are those put forward by Crow (1990, 2000, 2008) and Meehl (1962, 1990, 2004).”
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“Some structural imaging studies have found asymmetrical reductions in brain volume but these have not been replicated [12].”
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“Crow (2000) has proposed that nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to a disintegration of language processes that is uniquely human and emerges in the context of speciation.”
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“individualistic approach to disease causation, and a belief that place played little or no role in causation (Jablensky et al. 1992; Crow, 2000).”
BackgroundWhite Matter Development in Adolescence: Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Meta-Analytic Results
Peters, B. D., Szeszko, P. R., Raduà, J., Ikuta, T., Gruner, P., DeRosse, P., Zhang, J., Giorgio, A., Qiu, D., Tapert, S. F., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs054 · Cited by 214
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“Research suggests that language acquisition played an important role in shaping the brain, helping humans to think abstractly and be more creative, but it also made humans vulnerable to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (17).”
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“Overall, a lifetime presence of psychosis appears to be a key contributor to cognitive dysfunction, independent of affective symptoms, and some have suggested that psychotic disorders should be conceptualized as being on a continuum rather than as a group of categorically distinct illnesses.(70,71) This pattern of res…”
ResultBakhshi, K., & Chance, S. A. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.028 · Cited by 128
Structural and metabolic changes in language areas linked to formal thought disorder.
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Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human
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Self-citationSpecific linguistic and pragmatic deficits in Italian patients with schizophrenia
Tavano, A., Sponda, S., Fabbro, F., Perlini, C., Rambaldelli, G., Ferro, A., Cerruti, S., Tansella, M., & Brambilla, P. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.008 · Cited by 119
“This strongly argues for the specificity of the syntactic diversity impairment (Crow, 2000a,b).”
InfluentialAnomalies in language as a biomarker for schizophrenia
de Boer, J. N., Brederoo, S., Voppel, A., & Sommer, I. E. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000595 · Cited by 117
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“It has been suggested that changes in the human brain that enable our unique cognitive abilities are “Achilles’ heels” that also contribute to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders (Crow, 2000).”
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“Crow TJ: The ‘big bang’ theory of the origin of psychosis and the faculty of language.”
BackgroundInfluentialOcklenburg, S., Westerhausen, R., Hirnstein, M., & Hugdahl, K. (2013) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617712001476 · Cited by 110
“lt has been proposed that reduced left-hemispheric language lateralization constitutes a trait marker for schizophrenia (Angrilli et al., 2009; Crow, 2000; Oertel et al., 2010) and the present study yield further support for this assumption by showing a significant relation between schizophrenia and reduced language l…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNeighbourhood variation in the incidence of psychotic disorders in Southeast London
Kirkbride, J. B., Fearon, P., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., Morgan, K. D., Murray, R. M., & Jones, P. B. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0193-0 · Cited by 110
“This position has been strengthened by a particular, and probably erroneous interpretation of the World Health Organization’s ten-country study [10] as showing equal occurrence of schizophrenia worldwide [5].”
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van Dongen, J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32135 · Cited by 110
Peet, M. (2003) · Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2003.08.020 · Cited by 103
“It also implies that the genes have some survival value, and it has been postulated that they may be linked to essential human characteristics such as language [21] and creativity [22].”
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Schizophrenia as Failure of Left Hemispheric Dominance for the Phonological Component of Language
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“According to this concept, Crow [14,15] concluded that the core deficit is”
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“Interestingly, it has been hypothesized that schizophrenia might have been a costly byproduct of language acquisition during the course of human evolution (80).”
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Narr, K. L., Bilder, R. M., Eileen Luders, A., Thompson, P. M., Woods, R. P., Robinson, D. G., Szeszko, P. R., Dimtcheva, T., Gurbani, M. N., & Toga, A. W. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.052 · Cited by 97
“…been posited that disturbances in lateralization constitute a genetic and evolutionary basis for the disease, which is hypothesized to have developed in concert with hemispheric specialization for language via a gene influencing the direction and magnitude of cerebral dominance (Crow, 1997, 2000).”
Schizophrenia: The new etiological synthesis
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Myths and plain truths about schizophrenia epidemiology – the NAPE lecture 2004
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“For example, Crow (8) has stated; The evidence points to the singular conclusion that, contrary to almost any other common condition, the incidence of schizophrenia is independent of the environment and a characteristic of human populations.”
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Thalamus size and outcome in schizophrenia
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“The way in which language, genes, the brain and schizophrenia relate to each other is a very intriguing question (Crow, 2000) and needs further investigation.”
BackgroundThe evolution of autistic-like and schizotypal traits: a sexual selection hypothesis
Giudice, M. D. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00041 · Cited by 86
“Some researchers proposed that psychosis is a side effect of pleiotropic genes involved in the human capacity for language and/or culture (e.g., Horrobin, 1998; Crow, 2000), while others have emphasized the maladaptive role of fitness-reducing mutations (Keller and Miller, 2006).”
Regional contraction of brain surface area involves three large-scale networks in schizophrenia
Palaniyappan, L. K., Mallikarjun, P. K., Joseph, V., White, T. P., & Liddle, P. F. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.020 · Cited by 81
White matter development in the early stages of psychosis
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“These data suggest that WM development across adolescence is involved in the development of higher-order cognitive functions that are critical to adaptive human behavior, which may be key to the early disease process in schizophrenia (Bilder et al., 2000; Crow, 2000).”
Morphology of the paracingulate sulcus and executive cognition in schizophrenia
Fornito, A., Yücel, M., Wood, S. J., Proffitt, T., McGorry, P. D., Velakoulis, D., & Pantelis, C. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.034 · Cited by 77
“, 2004) may reflect a breakdown in normal brain–behaviour relationships in schizophrenia that is associated with language function (Crow, 2000).”
BackgroundSchizophrenia as one extreme of a sexually selected fitness indicator
Shaner, A. L., Miller, G. F., & Mintz, J. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.014 · Cited by 75
“…advantages such as resistance to infection (Erlenmeyer-Kimling, 1968), healthy suspiciousness (Jarvik and Deckard, 1977), increased fertility (Huxley et al., 1964), superior language skills (Crow, 1995, 2000), or other abilities that foster group splitting and migration (Stevens and Price, 2000).”
The cortical microstructural basis of lateralized cognition: a review
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“The implied association between leftward structural asymmetry and functional lateralization led some authors to suggest that cerebral asymmetry is a defining feature of the human brain (Corballis, 1991; Crow, 2000).”
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“While healthy controls showed a robust N400 effect to critical words (e.g. 'medal' in the example above) within final sentences that were completely unrelated and intermediately related (vs. highly related) with their preceding two-sentence contexts, patients Building coherence”
BackgroundEffects of sex chromosome aneuploidies on brain development: Evidence from neuroimaging studies
Lenroot, R., Lee, N., & Giedd, J. N. (2009) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.86 · Cited by 67
“Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia have been associated with both language impairment and decreased hemispheric asymmetry [Crow, 2000].”
BackgroundSpalletta, G., Tomaiuolo, F., Marino, V., Bonaviri, G., Trequattrini, A., & Caltagirone, C. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00010-0 · Cited by 67
Brain volume, asymmetry and intellectual impairment in relation to sex in early-onset schizophrenia
Collinson, S. L., Mackay, C. E., James, A. C., Quested, D. J., Phillips, T., Roberts, N., & Crow, T. J. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.183.2.114 · Cited by 64
Self-citationA voxel based morphometry study investigating brain structural changes in first episode psychosis
Watson, D. R., Anderson, J. M. E., Bai, F., Barrett, S., McGinnity, T. M., Mulholland, C. C., Rushe, T., & Cooper, S. J. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.034 · Cited by 65
Hemispheric asymmetry, modular variability and age-related changes in the human entorhinal cortex
Šimić, G., Bexheti, S., Kelović, Z., Kos, M., Grbić, K., Hof, P. R., & Kostović, I. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.040 · Cited by 66
“It has been indeed proposed that schizophrenia may e a disorder of the mechanisms that control the developent of cerebral asymmetry (Crow, 2000).”
BackgroundSchizotypy and the shift from dextrality: a study of handedness in a large non-clinical sample
Shaw, J., CLARIDGE, G. S., & Clark, K. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00167-5 · Cited by 61
The comprehension of idiomatic expressions in schizophrenic patients
Schettino, A., Lauro, L. J. R., Crippa, F., Anselmetti, S., Cavallaro, R., & Papagno, C. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.030 · Cited by 59
Crow, T. J. (2004) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800344000192 · Cited by 59
Self-citationEvolutionary Perspectives on Schizophrenia
Polimeni, J. O., & Reiss, J. P. (2003) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370304800107 · Cited by 62
Crow, T. J. (2009) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2009.08.005 · Cited by 58
Self-citationPsychometric schizotypy modulates levodopa effects on lateralized lexical decision performance
Möhr, C., Krummenacher, P., Landis, T., Sándor, P. S., Fathi, M., & Brugger, P. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.08.006 · Cited by 58
Religion and psychosis: A common evolutionary trajectory?
Dein, S., & Littlewood, R. (2011) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461511402723 · Cited by 56
“Crow (2000), arguing that the evolution of schizophrenia and language are intimately related, suggests a possible lack of cerebral asymmetry observed in schizophrenia along with its characteristic alterations in language use: as language per se confers selective advantage, then schizophrenia is…”
BackgroundHemispheric asymmetry in the fusiform gyrus distinguishes Homo sapiens from chimpanzees
Chance, S. A., Sawyer, E. K., Clover, L. M., Wicinski, B. A., Hof, P. R., & Crow, T. J. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0464-8 · Cited by 56
“Some authors have suggested that cerebral asymmetry is a defining feature of the human brain central to the evolution of human cognition (e.g., Corballis 1992; Crow 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationStraube, B., Green, A., Saß, K., Kirner-Veselinovic, A., & Kircher, T. T. J. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22015 · Cited by 54
“However, in context of the left lateralized network in healthy control subjects (in the conjunction as well as the interaction analyses), this finding of bilateral activation is also in line with previous evidence about a reduced language lateralization in patients with schizophrenia [Crow, 2000; Kircher et al., 2002;…”
ResultCeccherini‐Nelli, A., & Crow, T. J. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.3.233 · Cited by 55
“…blocks of words, and Schneider’s nuclear symptoms can be conceived as disorders of the transitions from thought to speech, and from perceived speech to meaning, within a reference frame that distinguishes the self of the speaker from that of interlocutors in the outside world (Crow, 1998, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Archaeological Record Speaks: Bridging Anthropology and Linguistics
Balari, S., Benítez‐Burraco, A., Camps, M., Martínez, V. M. L., Lorenzo, G., & Uriagereka, J. (2011) · International Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.4061/2011/382679 · Cited by 56
“…International Journal of Evolutionary Biology Volume 2011, Article ID 382679, 17 pages doi:10.4061/2011/382679 Research Article The Archaeological Record Speaks: Bridging Anthropology and Linguistics Sergio Balari,1 Antonio Benı́tez-Burraco,2 Marta Camps,3 Vı́ctor M. Longa,4 Guillermo Lorenzo,5…”
BackgroundInfluentialCrow, T. J., Close, J. P., Dagnall, A., & Priddle, T. H. (2009) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13576500802574984 · Cited by 55
“One of us (Crow, 1995 , 1997 , 2000 ) has argued that the genetic variation relating to psychosis arose in the transition from a prior hominid to Homo sapiens and relates to cerebral asymmetry or the “torque”, arguably the feature that is characteristic of the human brain.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMiyata, J., Sasamoto, A., Koelkebeck, K., Hirao, K., Ueda, K., Kawada, R., Fujimoto, S., Tanaka, Y. Z., Kubota, M., Fukuyama, H., et al. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21326 · Cited by 52
“Abnormality of such cerebral asymmetry has long been hypothesized in schizophrenia [Crow, 2000], and reduced or inverted cerebral asymmetries of gray matter in schizophrenia have been revealed in recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies [Bilder et al., 1994; Hirayasu et al., 2000; Kawasaki…”
BackgroundL’hypothèse neurodéveloppementale dans la schizophrénie
Gourion, D., Gourévitch, R., Provost, J.-B. L., Olié, J., Lôo, H., & Krebs, M. (2004) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/s0013-7006(04)95421-8 · Cited by 52
Crow, T. J., Chance, S. A., Priddle, T. H., Raduà, J., & James, A. C. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.043 · Cited by 55
“The origins of psychosis thus considered are related to the origin of man as a species (Crow, 1997, 2000), and the evolution of language (Crow, 1998a, 2010; DeLisi, 2001).”
Self-citationRatnanather, J. T., Poynton, C. B., Pisano, D. V., Crocker, B., Postell, E., Cebron, S., Ceyhan, E., Honeycutt, N. A., Mahon, P. B., & Barta, P. E. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.014 · Cited by 51
“The biological mechanism for lateralization is unknown (Crow, 2000; Seldon, 2006; Palaniyappan et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCrow, T. J. (2009) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13576500902734900 · Cited by 50
“It has been argued that such events play a role in speciation that relates it to sexual selection (Crow, 2000a , 2000b ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAbdolmaleky, H. M., Gower, A. C., Wong, C. K., Cox, J. W., Zhang, X., Thiagalingam, A., Shafa, R., Sivaraman, V., Zhou, J., & Thiagalingam, S. (2018) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32691 · Cited by 50
“It has been proposed that a compromised left brain's logical dominance [or right brain in left-handed individuals] is linked to the lack of insight on wishes, fears, and perceptual distortions, leading to delusional thinking and hallucination in SCZ (Crow, 2000).”
BackgroundFleck, J. I., Green, D. L., Stevenson, J. L., PAYNE, L., Bowden, E. M., JUNGBEEMAN, M., & Kounios, J. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.024 · Cited by 50
“Crow (2000) has suggested that the breakdown in typical patterns of hemispheric organization, especially evident in the domain of language, is a key factor in the onset of schizophrenia.”
BackgroundEvidence of language-related left hypofrontality in Major Depression: An EEG Beta band study
Spironelli, C., Maffei, A., Romeo, Z., Piazzon, G., Padovan, G. B., Magnolfi, G., Pasini, I., Homen, F. G., Concari, G., & Angrilli, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65168-w · Cited by 50
Spironelli, C., Angrilli, A., & Stegagno, L. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0824 · Cited by 49
Palaniyappan, L. K., Crow, T. J., Hough, M., Voets, N., Liddle, P. F., James, S., Winmill, L., & James, A. C. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.03.028 · Cited by 48
“…to predisposition to schizophrenia (Purcell et al., 2009) the approach through neuroimaging suggests that the brain changes in psychosis reflect variation in late and discrete aspects of development, perhaps particularly relating to the species-specific capacity for language (Crow, 2000, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBhojraj, T. S., Francis, A., Rajarethinam, R., Eack, S. M., Kulkarni, S., Prasad, K. M. R., Montrose, D. M., Dworakowski, D., Diwadkar, V. A., & Keshavan, M. S. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.033 · Cited by 47
“Schizophrenia is a devastating mental illness involving alterations of language (Crow, 1997b, 2000a, 2004) such as verbal fluency deficits (Goldberg et al., 1998; Riley et al., 2000).”
InfluentialThe XY gene hypothesis of psychosis: Origins and current status
Crow, T. J. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32202 · Cited by 47
“For each species an engram that encodes the species-defining function (a unique combination of X and Y chromosomes) is passed, with its associated variation, between generations as an epigenetic imprint [Crow, 2000, 2004b, 2008, 2012].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLateralization of hand skill in bipolar affective disorder
Savitz, J. B., van der Merwe, L., Solms, M., & Ramesar, R. (2006) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00299.x · Cited by 47
“Keywords: Bipolar disorder, COMT, Handedness, Hemispheric dominance, Lateralization Received 23 October 2006, revised 16 December 2006 and accepted for publication 17 December 2006 Flor-Henry (1969, 1979) originally hypothesized that psychotic disorders may be caused by atypical brain lateralization, a theme expanded…”
BackgroundInfluentialDissecting the neurobiology of linguistic disorganisation and impoverishment in schizophrenia
Palaniyappan, L. K. (2021) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.015 · Cited by 53
Y chromosome haplogroups in autistic subjects
Jamain, S., Quach, H., Quintana‐Murci, L., Betancur, C., Philippe, A., Gillberg, C., Sponheim, E., Skjeldal, O. H., Fellous, M., Leboyer, M., et al. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000968 · Cited by 46
Anxiolytic properties of the antipsychotic alkaloid alstonine
Costa-Campos, L., Dassoler, S. C., Rigo, A. P., Iwu, M. M., & Elisabetsky, E. (2004) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2003.12.002 · Cited by 46
Delta EEG Band as a Marker of Left Hypofrontality for Language in Schizophrenia Patients
Spironelli, C., Angrilli, A., Calogero, A., & Stegagno, L. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp145 · Cited by 45
Evolutionary Perspectives on Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Psychiatric Disorders
Keller, M. C. (2018) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084854 · Cited by 48
“People with congenital insensitivity to pain, a rare condition in which the person cannot feel physical pain, often die early through untreated infections, burns, and wounds and find it very difficult to avoid the types of activities that cause such harm (Danziger & Willer 2009).”
BackgroundGenomic trade-offs: are autism and schizophrenia the steep price of the human brain?
Sikela, J. M., & Quick, V. B. S. (2018) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-017-1865-9 · Cited by 44
Distinctively human: cerebral lateralisation and language in Homo sapiens
Chance, S. A., & Crow, T. J. (2007) · Cited by 43
Self-citationRomeo, Z., & Spironelli, C. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103241 · Cited by 41
“This process is the basis of human’s ability to perceive themselves as something different from the surrounding environment, allowing people to be aware of themselves, and finally to distinguish the image of “self” from “not oneself” (Damasio, 2003; Devue et al., 2007; Kircher et al., 2001).”
Francis, A., Mothi, S. S., Mathew, I. T., Tandon, N., Clementz, B. A., Pearlson, G. D., Sweeney, J. A., Tamminga, C. A., & Keshavan, M. S. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.026 · Cited by 40
“splenium and genu) have been specifically implicated (19,20).”
BackgroundGender Differences in Reading in School-Aged Children: An Early ERP Study
Spironelli, C., Penolazzi, B., & Angrilli, A. (2010) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.480913 · Cited by 40
“Other important implications of gender linguistic differences comes from psychiatry, for example, from Crow’s theory of schizophrenia as a consequence of the lack of linguistic dominance (Crow, 2000).”
BackgroundChakrabarty, M., Sarkar, S., Chatterjee, A., Ghosal, M. K., Guha, P., & Deogaonkar, M. S. (2014) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2014.01.002 · Cited by 39
Schizophrenia and Human Self-Domestication: An Evolutionary Linguistics Approach
Benítez‐Burraco, A., Pietro, L. D., Barba, M., & Lattanzi, W. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000468506 · Cited by 38
“Language deficits are a hallmark of SZ, which has been defined as “the price that Homo sapiens pays for language” [Crow, 2000].”
BackgroundAltered volume and lateralization of language-related regions in first-episode schizophrenia
Sheng, J., Zhu, Y., Lu, Z., Liu, N., Huang, N., Zhang, Z., Tan, L., Li, C., & Yu, X. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.021 · Cited by 39
“…be considered as a failure to establish dominance for the phonological sequence of language in one hemisphere, resulting in disruption of the speaker to distinguish his thoughts from the speech output that he generates and the speech input that he receives and decodes from others (Crow, 2000).”
Reading deficits in schizophrenia and their relationship to developmental dyslexia: A review
Whitford, V., O’Driscoll, G. A., & Titone, D. A. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.049 · Cited by 42
“The differences in brain activation were minimal, however, when controls and schizophrenia patients performed semantic categorization and word recognition tasks, suggesting that phonological processing specifically elicited the between-group differences in lateralization (see also Crow, 1997, 2000).”
The genetic determinants of language network dysconnectivity in drug-naïve early stage schizophrenia
Du, J., Palaniyappan, L. K., Liu, Z., Cheng, W., Gong, W., Zhu, M., Wang, J., Zhang, J., & Feng, J. (2021) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-021-00141-8 · Cited by 42
Priddle, T. H., & Crow, T. J. (2013) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12042 · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Crow, T.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Crow, T
- Venue
- Brain Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 118-129
- ISSN
- 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2082220470
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, origin of language, human, speciation events, hemispheric lateralization, association cortex, hemispheric dominance, indexicality, great apes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Language, Schizophrenia, Hominidae
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