Genetic Markers of Human Evolution Are Enriched in Schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
Background Why schizophrenia has accompanied humans throughout our history despite its negative effect on fitness remains an evolutionary enigma. It is proposed that schizophrenia is a by-product of the complex evolution of the human brain and a compromise for humans' language, creative thinking, and cognitive abilities.Methods We analyzed recent large genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia and a range of other human phenotypes (anthropometric measures, cardiovascular disease risk factors, immune-mediated diseases) using a statistical framework that draws on polygenic architecture and ancillary information on genetic variants. We used information from the evolutionary proxy measure called the Neanderthal selective sweep (NSS) score.Results Gene loci associated with schizophrenia are significantly (p = 7.30 × 10(-9)) more prevalent in genomic regions that are likely to have undergone recent positive selection in humans (i.e., with a low NSS score). Variants in brain-related genes with a low NSS score confer significantly higher susceptibility than variants in other brain-related genes. The enrichment is strongest for schizophrenia, but we cannot rule out enrichment for other phenotypes. The false discovery rate conditional on the evolutionary proxy points to 27 candidate schizophrenia susceptibility loci, 12 of which are associated with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders or linked to brain development.Conclusions Our results suggest that there is a polygenic overlap between schizophrenia and NSS score, a marker of human evolution, which is in line with the hypothesis that the persistence of schizophrenia is related to the evolutionary process of becoming human.
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Srinivasan et al. [12] identified lower rates of Neanderthal Selective Sweeps (Neanderthal variant-enriched regions) in portions of the genome that are over-represented by brain-related genes implicated in schizophrenia.
“Along a similar line of research, Srinivasan et al. [12] identified lower rates of Neanderthal Selective Sweeps (Neanderthal variant-enriched regions) in portions of the genome that are over-represented by brain-related genes implicated in schizophrenia.”
From Enrichment of a subset of Neanderthal polymorphisms in autistic probands and siblings (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
The Results and Discussion (pages not specified) report that schizophrenia-associated loci, including brain-related genes, are enriched at low NSS scores. The Methods explain that a low NSS score indicates a greater likelihood of positive selection in modern humans, not a lower rate of selective sweeps or enrichment of Neanderthal variants. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome previous studies have suggested that evolutionary forces such as positive selection and Neandertal admixture may be linked to mental disorders such as Schizophrenia.
“Some previous studies have suggested that evolutionary forces such as positive selection [41] and Neandertal admixture [42, 43] may be linked to mental disorders such as Schizophrenia.”
From Neandertal introgression partitions the genetic landscape of neuropsychiatric disorders and associated behavioral phenotypes (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
Higher cognitive capacities in humans were acquired at the cost of increased susceptibility to mental disease.
“Notably, it was proposed that the higher cognitive capacities in humans were acquired at the cost of increased susceptibility to mental disease17–19.”
From Distinct selective forces and Neanderthal introgression shaped genetic diversity at genes involved in neurodevelopmental disorders (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
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“Some previous studies have suggested that evolutionary forces such as positive selection [41] and Neandertal admixture [42, 43] may be linked to mental disorders such as Schizophrenia.”
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- Authors
- Srinivasan, S., Bettella, F., Mattingsdal, M., Wang, Y., Witoelar, A., Schork, A. J., Thompson, W. K., Zuber, V., Winsvold, B. S., Zwart, J.-A., Collier, D. A., Desikan, R. S., Melle, I., Werge, T., Dale, A. M., Djurovic, S., & Andreassen, O. A.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Eli Lilly (United Kingdom) (GB)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Andreassen, Ole A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 284-292
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5397584
- OpenAlex
- W2176749178
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 8.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (503480)
- Alzheimer’s Research UK (503176)
- Wellcome Trust (082604/2/07/Z)
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF): Competence Network Dementia (CND) (01GI0102, 01GI0711, 01GI0420)
- NIH/NIA (R01 AG033193, U01 AG032984, U24 AG021886, U01 AG016976)
- Alzheimer’s Association (ADGC–10–196728)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, human evolution, positive selection, polygenic architecture, brain development genes, polygenic overlap
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Biological Evolution, Genetic Markers, Humans, Schizophrenia, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Multifactorial Inheritance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study
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