Cited by 641Sleep and related disordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesCOVID-19 and Mental Health

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Primary insomnia: a risk factor to develop depression?

Riemann, D·2003·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00072-1

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Abstract

Background Chronic insomnia afflicts approximately 5-10% of the adult population in Western industrialized countries. Insomnia may be secondary, i.e. triggered and/or maintained by psychiatric/organic illnesses, the intake of prescribed/illicit drugs or alcohol, or by a combination of these factors. Insomnia can also occur as primary insomnia, caused by a psychophysiological hyperarousal process. In the present review a literature search was undertaken to identify longitudinal epidemiological studies which investigate the question whether primary insomnia at baseline predicts the development of depression at follow-up measurements.Methods MEDLINE search for the medical subject headings insomnia and depression; identification of longitudinal epidemiological studies with at least two measurement points 1 year apart measuring insomnia and depression and indicating explicit criteria for both disorders.Results Eight relevant epidemiological studies were identified. Almost unambiguously insomnia at baseline significantly predicted an increased depression risk at follow-up 1-3 years later.Conclusion As insomniac symptoms alone seem to be of predictive value for the development of depression in the succeeding years, it would be worthwhile to investigate if early adequate treatment is able to prevent psychiatric sequelae of primary insomnia.

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Authors: Riemann, D.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Riemann, D
ORCID: Riemann, D
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-09
Volume: 76
Issue: 1-3
Pages: 255-259
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00072-1
OpenAlex: W2154516720
Semantic Scholar: b8c0f4f8624614a33be6ebf15f3d53fc3d809e0d
Cited by: 641
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 11.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Keywords: primary insomnia, depression, depression risk prediction, longitudinal epidemiology, insomnia treatment, psychiatric comorbidity
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Chronic Disease, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Epidemiologic Studies

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