Sleep and depression--results from psychobiological studies: an overview
Abstract
Disturbances of sleep are typical for most depressed patients and belong to the core symptoms of the disorder. Polysomnographic sleep research has demonstrated that besides disturbances of sleep continuity, in depression sleep is characterized by a reduction of slow wave sleep and a disinhibition of REM sleep, with a shortening of REM latency, a prolongation of the first REM period and increased REM density. These findings have stimulated many sleep studies in depressive patients and patients with other psychiatric disorders. In the meantime, several theoretical models, originating from basic research, have been developed to explain sleep abnormalities of depression, like the two-process-model of sleep and sleep regulation, the GRF/CRF imbalance model and the reciprocal interaction model of non-REM and REM sleep regulation. Interestingly, most of the effective antidepressant agents suppress REM sleep. Furthermore, manipulations of the sleep-wake cycle, like sleep deprivation or a phase advance of the sleep period, alleviate depressive symptoms. These data indicate a strong bi-directional relationship between sleep, sleep alterations and depression.
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Depressed subjects show increases in REM density.
“Depressed subjects also show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep, increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, including a shorter latency to REM initiation, a protraction of the REM sleep period, and increases in REM density (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Riemann et al., 2001
Depressed subjects show a shorter latency to REM initiation.
“Depressed subjects also show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep, increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, including a shorter latency to REM initiation, a protraction of the REM sleep period, and increases in REM density (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Riemann et al., 2001
Depressed subjects show increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
“Depressed subjects also show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep, increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, including a shorter latency to REM initiation, a protraction of the REM sleep period, and increases in REM density (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Riemann et al., 2001
Depressed subjects show a protraction of the REM sleep period.
“Depressed subjects also show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep, increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, including a shorter latency to REM initiation, a protraction of the REM sleep period, and increases in REM density (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Riemann et al., 2001
Depressed subjects show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep.
“Depressed subjects also show reductions in slow wave (stage 3/4) sleep, increases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, including a shorter latency to REM initiation, a protraction of the REM sleep period, and increases in REM density (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Riemann et al., 2001
The suppression of REM sleep by inflammation is the opposite of changes observed in depressed patients.
“However, exogenously-induced inflammation using both endotoxin and IFN-α also led to a suppression of REM sleep (Mullington et al., 2000; Raison et al., 2010), which is the opposite of changes observed in depressed patients (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001; Tsuno et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Riemann et al., 2001
Antidepressant medications remediate a sleep problem influenced by inflammation.
“and remediate one of the sleep problems influenced by inflammation (Palagini et al., 2013; Riemann et al., 2001)”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Riemann et al., 2001
Insomnia and depression share pathophysiological mechanisms.
“suggesting shared pathophysiological mechanisms between the two entities (36).”
From ChatGPT is not ready yet for use in providing mental health assessment and interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Riemann, D., Berger, M., & Voderholzer, U.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Riemann, Dieter
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-08
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 67-103
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2013935018
- Cited by
- 653
- References
- 239
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, depression, REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, REM latency, REM density, antidepressants, sleep deprivation, sleep phase advance, sleep-wake cycle, polysomnography
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM, Polysomnography
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