The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Primary insomnia: a risk factor to develop depression?
Abstract
Background Chronic insomnia afflicts approximately 5-10% of the adult population in Western industrialized countries. Insomnia may be secondary, i.e. triggered and/or maintained by psychiatric/organic illnesses, the intake of prescribed/illicit drugs or alcohol, or by a combination of these factors. Insomnia can also occur as primary insomnia, caused by a psychophysiological hyperarousal process. In the present review a literature search was undertaken to identify longitudinal epidemiological studies which investigate the question whether primary insomnia at baseline predicts the development of depression at follow-up measurements.Methods MEDLINE search for the medical subject headings insomnia and depression; identification of longitudinal epidemiological studies with at least two measurement points 1 year apart measuring insomnia and depression and indicating explicit criteria for both disorders.Results Eight relevant epidemiological studies were identified. Almost unambiguously insomnia at baseline significantly predicted an increased depression risk at follow-up 1-3 years later.Conclusion As insomniac symptoms alone seem to be of predictive value for the development of depression in the succeeding years, it would be worthwhile to investigate if early adequate treatment is able to prevent psychiatric sequelae of primary insomnia.
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“Insomnia is not only a symptom of depression, but is a common precursor, with high-quality longitudinal data having established insomnia as an independent risk factor for depression onset.5–7”
From Pilot evaluation of the Sleep Ninja: A smartphone application for adolescent insomnia symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“and especially depression [6]”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [6]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Riemann, D.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Riemann, D
- ORCID
- Riemann, D
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 255-259
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2154516720
- Semantic Scholar
- b8c0f4f8624614a33be6ebf15f3d53fc3d809e0d
- Cited by
- 641
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 11.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- primary insomnia, depression, depression risk prediction, longitudinal epidemiology, insomnia treatment, psychiatric comorbidity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Chronic Disease, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Epidemiologic Studies
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