Cited by 496Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan

Kojima, Masayo, Furukawa, Toshiaki A, Takahashi, Hidekatsu, Kawai, Makoto, Nagaya, Teruo, Tokudome, Shinkan·2002·Psychiatry Research

DOI 10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00106-3

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Abstract

The Beck Depression Inventory has undergone substantial revision recently as the BDI-II to correspond to DSM-IV criteria. We developed the Japanese version of the BDI-II and examined its psychometric properties. The linguistic equivalence was verified by a back-translation method. The final translation was administered to the visitors at a public health care center, and the responses of 766 adults (age = 24-82 years, women = 40%) were analyzed. Half of the participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as well. A high level of internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87) and item homogeneity was confirmed. Exploratory factor analysis showed a two-factor structure (cognitive and somatic-affective), which was almost identical to the original model demonstrated by Beck et al. (1996, Manual for the Beck Depression Inventor Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, USA). The following confirmatory factor analysis also supported the two-factor structure. Adequate correlation (r = 0.69, P < 0.001) between the total score of the BDI-II and that of the CES-D was observed. A higher score for women compared to men, without significant age differences, was consistent with the results of previous reports. We conclude that the Japanese version of the BDI-II is psychometrically robust and can be used to assess depressive symptoms in Japanese people.

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“, physician’s global assessment of VAS (from 0 to 100 mm), patient’s JOA score 30 OKS 31,32 FACIT-fatigue scale 33 SF-36 34,35 , EQ-5D 34,35 and BDI-2 38 .”
Influential
Brief Psychoeducation for Schizophrenia Primarily Intended to Change the Cognition of Auditory Hallucinations
Shiraishi, N., Watanabe, N., Kinoshita, Y., Kaneko, A., Yoshida, S., Furukawa, T. A., & Akechi, T. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000064 · Cited by 9
“The reliability and the validity of the Japanese version have been confirmed (Kojima et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Induced sad mood affects context processing in cognitive control in mildly depressive undergraduates
Masuyama, A., & Mochizuki, S. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9854-2 · Cited by 9
Clinical effectiveness of metacognitive training as a transdiagnostic program in routine clinical settings: A prospective, multicenter, single‐group study
Tanoue, H., Yoshinaga, N., Hayashi, Y., Ishikawa, R., Ishigaki, T., & Ishida, Y. (2020) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/jjns.12389 · Cited by 9
The Japanese version of the Brief Core Schema Scale for schemata concerning the self and others: Identification of schema patterns and relationship with depression
Uchida, T., Kawamura, C., 三船, 奈., Hamaie, Y., Matsumoto, K., Ambo, H., & Ueno, T. (2012) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.20.143 · Cited by 9
Nursing support increases the efficacy of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Namba, S., Miyake, K., Ikeda, F., Hazama, T., Hitobe, Y., Yamasaki, N., Shiraha, H., Takaki, A., Nouso, K., Iwasaki, Y., et al. (2014) · PubMed · doi:10.18926/amo/52894 · Cited by 9
“The Beck Depression Inventory of 21 questions was also used to assess their mental conditions [12, 13].”
Method
Memory bias and its association with memory function in women with posttraumatic stress disorder
Itoh, M., Hori, H., Lin, M., Niwa, M., Ino, K., Imai, R., Ogawa, S., Matsui, M., Kamo, T., & Kim, Y. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.365 · Cited by 11
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Kamo, T., Ito, F., Monden, Y., Bussing, R., Niwa, M., Kawasaki, M., Matano, M., Ujiie, Y., Higaki, Y., Oe, Y., et al. (2021) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12365 · Cited by 10
“The Japanese version of this instrument has been standardized in Japan (Kojima et al., 2002).”
Method
Continuous estimation of emotional change using multimodal responses from remotely measured biological information
Nagasawa, T., Masui, K., Doi, H., Ogawa‐Ochiai, K., & Tsumura, N. (2022) · Artificial Life and Robotics · doi:10.1007/s10015-022-00734-1 · Cited by 9
“All of the test subjects underwent a physical evaluation to screen out chronic diseases, mental disorders, and were tested by the Japanese versions of the Autism-Spec-trum Quotient [34], the Toronto Alexithymia Scale [35], the Beck Depression Inventory [36], and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [37].”
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Voutilainen, A., Ruokostenpohja, N., & Välimäki, T. H. (2017) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnw251 · Cited by 9
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Saigo, T., Hayashida, M., Tayama, J., Ogawa, S., Bernick, P. J., Takeoka, A., & Shirabe, S. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000013009 · Cited by 10
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“The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 40,41 and Beck Depression Inventory-II 42,43 were used to measure the levels of anxiety and depression, respectively.”
Impacts of sleep disturbance and work-related life stress on depression among Japanese and Chinese workers
Matsuda, E., & Kikutani, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305936 · Cited by 9
Validity and Reliability of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms‐Japanese Version
Horita, R., Nishio, A., Kawamoto, A., Sado, T., Locke, B. D., & Yamamoto, M. (2021) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12345 · Cited by 8
“The BDI-II (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961; Kojima et al., 2002) is a 21-item self-report measure designed to assess symptoms of depression.”
Method
Epigenetic Clock Deceleration and Maternal Reproductive Efforts: Associations With Increasing Gray Matter Volume of the Precuneus
Nishitani, S., Kasaba, R., Hiraoka, D., Shimada, K., Fujisawa, T. X., Okazawa, H., & Tomoda, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.803584 · Cited by 8
Factorial structure of depressive symptoms in Anglophone Caribbean university students: psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory-II
Campbell, M., Roberti, J. W., Maynard, D.-M. B., & Emmanuel, M. K. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 8
The interference of negative emotional stimuli on context processing in mildly depressed undergraduates
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“87 [21], and in this study, it was α = .”
BackgroundMethod
The efficacy of memantine in the treatment of civilian posttraumatic stress disorder: an open-label trial
Hori, H., Itoh, M., Matsui, M., Kamo, T., Saito, T., Nishimatsu, Y., Kito, S., Kida, S., & Kim, Y. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1859821 · Cited by 8
“The validated Japanese version (Kojima et al., 2002) of BDI-II was administered at baseline and at 12 weeks.”
Method
Impact of depression on mental fatigue and attention in patients with multiple sclerosis
Takeda, A., Minatani, S., Ishii, A., Matsuo, T., Tanaka, M., Yoshikawa, T., & Itoh, Y. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100143 · Cited by 9
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Social anxiety disorder as a hidden psychiatric comorbidity among cancer patients
Akechi, T., Okuyama, T., Sagawa, R., Uchida, M., Nakaguchi, T., Ito, Y., & Furukawa, T. A. (2011) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951510000581 · Cited by 8
“Her most recent Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II] (Kojima et al., 2002) score was 44, indicating severe depression.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Long-term outcome of CBT in adults with OCD and comorbid ASD: A naturalistic follow-up study
Nakagawa, A., Olsson, N. C., Hiraoka, Y., Nishinaka, H., Miyazaki, T., Kato, N., Nakatani, E., Tomita, M., Yoshioka, K., Murakami, S., et al. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9952-1 · Cited by 8
“Regarding depression symptoms, there were no between-group differences in BDI-II scores (Table 1).”
MethodInfluential
Continuous estimation of emotional change usingmultimodal affective responses
Masui, K., Nagasawa, T., Doi, H., & Tsumura, N. (2020) · IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) · doi:10.1109/cvprw50498.2020.00153 · Cited by 8
“These were assessed by the Japanese versions of the autism-spectrum quotient [19], the Toronto alexithymia scale [20], the Beck depression inventory [21], and the State-Trait anxiety inventory [22].”
Method
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Diabetes Quality-Of-Life questionnaire for Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Sato, F., Mita, T., Yamamoto, R., Hirose, T., Ito, C., Tamura, Y., Yokota, A., Someya, Y., Uchida, T., Uchino, H., et al. (2013) · Diabetology International · doi:10.1007/s13340-013-0125-z · Cited by 8
“The Japanese version of the BDI-II is cross-culturally validated [7].”
Method
Influence of cognitive function on quality of life in anorexia nervosa patients
Hamatani, S., Tomotake, M., Takeda, T., Kameoka, N., Kawabata, M., Kubo, H., Tada, Y., Tomioka, Y., Watanabe, S., Inoshita, M., et al. (2016) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12491 · Cited by 8
Less efficient detection of positive facial expressions in parents at risk of engaging in child physical abuse
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“BDI-II leads to evaluations of either a normal (0–13 points), slight (14–19 points), moderate (20–28 points), or serious (29–63 points) degree of sleepiness (Kojima et al., 2002).”
Background
Level of Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland—A Cross-Sectional Study
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Effect of Personality Traits on Sustained Remission Among Patients with Major Depression: A 12-Month Prospective Study
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“The Japanese version of BDI-II has been found to be valid and reliable.(47)”
Method
Psychological resilience is positively correlated with Habenula volume
Dai, Q., Kyuragi, Y., Zakia, H., Oishi, N., Yao, L., Zhang, Z., Wang, L., Yang, J., Murai, T., & Fujiwara, H. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.012 · Cited by 11
The flow cytometric analysis of depression focusing on modern-type depression and hikikomori: Exploring the link between subtypes of depression and immunological imbalances
Matsuo, K., Watanabe, M., Inamine, S., Matsushima, T., Kyuragi, S., Maeda, Y., Katsuki, R., Ohgidani, M., Yamasaki, R., Isobe, N., et al. (2025) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/19585969.2025.2452842 · Cited by 7
Increased sensitivity to sad faces in depressive symptomatology: A longitudinal study
Nakamura, A., Takizawa, R., & Shimoyama, H. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.034 · Cited by 9
The relationship between premorbid intelligence and symptoms of severe anorexia nervosa restricting type
Ogata, K., Koyama, K. I., Fukumoto, T., Kawazu, S., Kawamoto, M., Yamaguchi, E., Fuku, Y., Amitani, M. S., Amitani, H., Sagiyama, K. I., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.53907 · Cited by 7
“The BDI-2 is a 21-item self-report inventory that measures depressive symptoms such as sadness, pessimism, suicidal thoughts or wishes, tiredness or fatigue, loss of energy, and loss of pleasure, among others [23,24].”
Background
Entwicklung, Validierung und Normierung des Rasch-basierten Depressionsscreenings
Forkmann, T., Böcker, M., Wirtz, M. A., Norra, C., & Gauggel, S. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000116 · Cited by 7
Comparing the roles of washing and non-washing behaviour in the reduction of mental contamination
Ishikawa, R., Kobori, O., Komuro, H., & Shimizu, E. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.11.008 · Cited by 7
Case Study of Clinical Behavior Analysis for a 20-Year-Old Client With Emetophobia
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Exploring the role of empathy in prolonged grief reactions to bereavement
Yoshiike, T., Benedetti, F., Moriguchi, Y., Vai, B., Aggio, V., Asano, K., Ito, M., Ikeda, H., Ohmura, H., Honma, M., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34755-y · Cited by 9
Lifestyle and well-being of university students in Japan: a cross-sectional study
Fukuie, T., Inoue, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2024) · Academia Mental Health and Well-Being · doi:10.20935/mhealthwellb7327 · Cited by 6
A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of Well Parent Japan in routine care in Japan: The training and nurturing support for mothers (TRANSFORM) study
Shimabukuro, S., Oshio, T., Endo, T., Harada, S., Yamashita, Y., Tomoda, A., Guo, B., Goto, Y., Ishii, A., Izumi, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14007 · Cited by 6
Cross-cultural exploration of the characteristics, content and themes of intrusive autobiographical memories recalled during depression
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Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for Japanese Working Mother and Child With Behavioral Problems: A Single Case Study
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“, 2005), the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI; Kamo, 2016), and the Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II; Kojima et al., 2002).”
Background
Development of the external and internal shame scale: Japanese version
Hiramatsu, Y., Asano, K., Kotera, Y., Endo, A., Shimizu, E., & Matos, M. (2021) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05698-2 · Cited by 6
“Edition (BDI‐II) The BDI-II [16] and its Japanese version [17] assess depression.”
BackgroundMethod

Authors: Kojima, M., Furukawa, T. A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S.
Affiliations: Nagoya City University (JP)
Gifu Prefectural Government (JP)
Corresponding author: Kojima, Masayo
ORCID: Kojima, Masayo
Kawai, Makoto
Tokudome, Shinkan
Venue: Psychiatry Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-07
Volume: 110
Issue: 3
Pages: 291-299
ISSN: 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00106-3
OpenAlex: W2031252736
Cited by: 496
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 9.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Beck Depression Inventory-II, Japanese version, cross-cultural adaptation, back-translation, psychometric validation, factor structure, CES-D, depressive symptoms, gender differences in depression, internal consistency, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depression, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results

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Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan

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