Psychometric properties of a Persian‐language version of the Beck Depression Inventory‐Second edition: BDI‐II‐PERSIAN
Open accessAbstract
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is perhaps the most commonly used screening instrument for depression in the general population. We examined the psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the second edition of this instrument (BDI-II) [Beck et al., 1996] in an Iranian college-student sample. In a sample of 125 student volunteers from two Iranian universities, we compared mean item scores on the BDI-II-Persian with those on the English-language version administered to North American college students, and assessed internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the BDI-II-Persian and its concurrent validity against a measure of negative automatic thoughts in depression, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire [Hollon and Kendall, 1980]. We also examined the factor structure of the BDI-II-Persian through comparing the fit of various proposed models to the data using confirmatory factor analysis. The BDI-II-Persian had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.87) and acceptable test-retest reliability (r=0.74). The instrument correlated strongly with the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. In factor analysis, models with strongly correlated affective-cognitive and somatic-vegetative factors provided a better fit than models with one global factor. These data support the reliability and concurrent validity of the BDI-II-Persian as a measure of depressive symptoms in nonclinical samples.
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The BDI-II has acceptable reliability (high internal consistency and test-retest reliability) in various countries including Iran.
“Studies of the psychometric properties of the BDI-II conducted in various countries have shown that the inventory has acceptable reliability. Beck et al. reported high internal consistency for the inventory (α = 0.91) and 1-week test-retest reliability of 0.93. A study conducted in Iran with non-clinical and clinical samples reported internal consistency coefficients of 0.90 and 0.89, respectively”
From Emotion regulation as the mediator of reductions in anxiety and depression in the Unified Protocol (UP) for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: double-blind randomized clinical trial (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
The Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability sections support acceptable reliability for the BDI-II-Persian in an Iranian college-student sample, and the paper discusses findings from other countries. But it reports α = 0.87 for its Iranian sample, not 0.90 for a nonclinical sample or 0.89 for a clinical sample; the Discussion says reliability in Iranian clinical samples still needs study. It also attributes α = 0.93, rather than 0.91, to Beck et al., while reporting their one-week test-retest coefficient as 0.93. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe reliability of the BDI-II varied from 0.70-0.90 in various studies, including in Iran.
“The reliability of the questionnaire varied from 0.70-0.90 in various studies, even in Iran (13).”
From The Effectiveness of Acceptance-Commitment Therapy on Anxiety and Depression among Patients on Methadone Treatment: A Pilot Study (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
The Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability sections report Iranian BDI-II-Persian reliability values of 0.87 and 0.73, within the claimed range. The paper also reports values of 0.91 and 0.93 from other studies, so 0.90 is not an accurate upper bound for the studies it discusses. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA validated Persian-translated version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used to assess depression severity.
“For the severity of depression, a validated Persian-translated version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used.”
From A randomized controlled trial of cognitive analytic versus compassion-focused therapy for PTSD in Iran-Iraq War Veterans. (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
Several biological mechanisms for the beneficial effects of zinc and vitamin D on depression have been proposed.
“Several biological mechanisms for the beneficial effects of zinc and vitamin D on depression have been proposed (44,60).”
From Effects of zinc, vitamin D, and their co-supplementation on mood, serum cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with obesity and mild to moderate depressive symptoms: A phase II, 12-wk, 2 × 2 factorial design, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
The Introduction and Factor Structure sections discuss the Beck Depression Inventory and its psychometric properties, not biological mechanisms of depression. Searches for zinc, vitamin D, and their proposed beneficial mechanisms found no relevant passage in our copy; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredZongyao Li noted a significant inverse association between dietary zinc intake and risk of depression.
“Similarly, Zongyao Li noted a significant inverse association between dietary zinc intake and risk of depression (44).”
From Effects of zinc, vitamin D, and their co-supplementation on mood, serum cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with obesity and mild to moderate depressive symptoms: A phase II, 12-wk, 2 × 2 factorial design, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
The Concurrent Validity and Factor Structure sections examine correlations between depression measures and the properties of the BDI-II-Persian. Searches for dietary zinc intake, depression risk, and Zongyao Li found no passage addressing the claimed inverse association. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“Scores ≤13 and ≥29 are indicative of minimum, and severe depression, respectively; scores 14–28 indicate mild to moderate depression [27].”
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“74) of the BID-II Persian was high and acceptable (25).”
BackgroundFatigue, depression and sleep disturbances in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Prenatal and Postnatal Hair Steroid Levels Predict Post-Partum Depression 12 Weeks after Delivery
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“Although several studies have supported these two-factor solutions in FA using clinical populations [19-25] and student populations [26-29], some reports were not supportive [30-35].”
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“In a study conducted by Yosaee et al. [10], it was shown that supplementation with vitamin D (2000 IU, daily), zinc (30 mg, daily), or their combination, for 12 weeks, led to a significant reduction in BDI-II score in overweight/obese individuals with BDI-II≥ 10.”
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The Role of Character Strengths in Depression: A Structural Equation Model
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“The BDIII was translated into Persian and has been showed to have good internal consistency (α = 0.87) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.74) (Ghassemzadeh et al., 2005).”
MethodInfluentialPredictors of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Performance in Patients with Stroke
Ghaffari, A., Rostami, H. R., & Akbarfahimi, M. (2021) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2021/6675680 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The cut-off point for depression in the Iranian population is 15 [27].”
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Early maladaptive schemas in depression and somatization disorder
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“Several studies have used this method when assessing language equivalence [23-25].”
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“The 87 depression status was evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) questionnaire, and 88 those who had a BDI-II score greater than 10 points were considered as eligible for current the 89 trial.”
MethodInfluentialLactobacillus rhamnosus: An emerging probiotic with therapeutic potential for depression
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Comparing depressive symptoms in teenage boys and girls
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Dietary patterns and anthropometric indices among Iranian women with major depressive disorder
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“also approved in Iran (Ghassemzadeh et al., 2005; Noorbala et al., 2009).”
Evaluation of health related quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome patients
Jamali, R., Jamali, A., Poorrahnama, M., Omidi, A., Jamali, B., Moslemi, N., Ansari, R., Dolatshahi, S., & Daryani, N. E. (2012) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-12 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The Persian version of the above mentioned questionnaires were shown to be valid and reliable for use by the previous studies in Iran [20,21].”
MethodVaghef‐Mehrabany, E., Harouni, R., Behrooz, M., Ranjbar, F., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Ebrahimi‐Mameghani, M. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711452200232x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“A total score is calculated by adding up the scores for all the items (range: 0–63)(43).”
MethodRelationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies with depression and anxiety
Omran, M. P. (2011) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2011.13015 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In Iran the psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the this inventory examined with compared mean item scores on the BDIII-Persian with those on the English-language version administered to North American college students [13].”
MethodAdherence to a Dash-style diet in relation to depression and aggression in adolescent girls
Khayyatzadeh, S. S., Mehramiz, M., Mirmoosavi, S. J., Mazidi, M., Ziaee, A., Kazemi‐Bajestani, S. M. R., Ferns, G. A., Moharreri, F., & Ghayour‐Mobarhan, M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.075 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Rohani, F., Rasouli‐Azad, M., Twohig, M. P., Ghoreishi, F. S., Lee, E. B., & Akbari, H. (2017) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.10.002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The alpha coefficient of the Iranian version is .86 (RAJABI & KARJO, 2013).”
MethodBahmani, D. S., Faraji, P., Faraji, R., Lang, U. E., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2018) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2434 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N.
- Affiliations
- Roozbeh Hospital (IR)
- Mount Sinai Beth Israel (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghassemzadeh, Habibollah
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 185-192
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6394
- OpenAlex
- W2110777573
- Cited by
- 813
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vanderbilt University
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Beck Depression Inventory-II, depression screening, psychometric properties, factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, negative automatic thoughts, university students, cross-cultural adaptation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Humans, Iran, Language, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results
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