Cited by 496Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan

Kojima, Masayo, Furukawa, Toshiaki A, Takahashi, Hidekatsu, Kawai, Makoto, Nagaya, Teruo, Tokudome, Shinkan·2002·Psychiatry Research

DOI 10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00106-3

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Abstract

The Beck Depression Inventory has undergone substantial revision recently as the BDI-II to correspond to DSM-IV criteria. We developed the Japanese version of the BDI-II and examined its psychometric properties. The linguistic equivalence was verified by a back-translation method. The final translation was administered to the visitors at a public health care center, and the responses of 766 adults (age = 24-82 years, women = 40%) were analyzed. Half of the participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as well. A high level of internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87) and item homogeneity was confirmed. Exploratory factor analysis showed a two-factor structure (cognitive and somatic-affective), which was almost identical to the original model demonstrated by Beck et al. (1996, Manual for the Beck Depression Inventor Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, USA). The following confirmatory factor analysis also supported the two-factor structure. Adequate correlation (r = 0.69, P < 0.001) between the total score of the BDI-II and that of the CES-D was observed. A higher score for women compared to men, without significant age differences, was consistent with the results of previous reports. We conclude that the Japanese version of the BDI-II is psychometrically robust and can be used to assess depressive symptoms in Japanese people.

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Additional file 2 of Prevalence of depression in infertile men: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Method
Reduced functional connectome uniqueness on the whole brain and network levels as a clinically relevant and reproducible neuroimaging marker in major depressive disorder
Zhahara, S. N., Sudo, Y., Kurita, K., Itai, E., Kamishikiryo, T., Kitagawa, H., Yoshida, T., He, J., Kamashita, R., Isobe, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.121073
The strength of the general expectation that something will happen to me moderates the effects of weakness in the optimistic prediction of a sense of hopelessnessPreprint
Isato, A., & Yamada, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6030737
Effects of rumination and distraction on working memory performance in individuals with depressive tendencies and trait anxiety
Echigo, K., & Umeda, S. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106180
Emotional neglect in childhood modulates aperiodic offset in the left pars orbitalis in adulthood
Inoue, S., Otsuru, N., Ikarashi, H., Iimuro, K., Nagasaka, K., Shirozu, H., & Onishi, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1719462
“The validity and reliability of the Japanese version have also been established (Kojima et al., 2002; Wang and Gorenstein, 2013).”
A revised neuropsychological test battery, CoCoBattery-Plus, for the diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in Japan
Nakao, A., Komatsu, K., Takahashi-Nakazato, A., Watanabe, A., Tominaga, D., Oka, S., Konishi, T., Kawabe, K., Yamanouchi, J., & CoCoBattery Working Group (2026) · AIDS Research and Therapy · doi:10.1186/s12981-025-00835-4
“For example, mood and depression can be evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)[18], and premorbid intellectual functioning can be assessed using the Japanese Adult Reading Test (JART) [22].”
The potential of a revised remote compensatory cognitive training for patients with schizophreniaPreprint
Aijo, R., & Matsui, M. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8545799/v1
Brief online mindfulness meditation training modulates heart rate variability during post-stress meditationPreprint
Tsuji, Y., Kondo, I., & Shimada, S. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.11.705451
“The Japanese version of BDI-II [38] , translated by Kojima et al. [32] , is 21-item constructed to measure the severity of depressive symptoms.”
Daily associations of subjective and objective sleep parameters with restorative sleep and morning sleepiness in Japanese working adults
Kawai, K., Iwamoto, K., Miyata, S., Fujishiro, H., Ikeda, M., & Ozaki, N. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-43784-2
Next‐Gen Olfactometry System for Olfactory Testing in Parkinson's Disease and High‐Risk Individuals
Fukushima, T., Hiraga, K., Tamakoshi, D., Uematsu, T., Tsuboi, T., Sato, M., Satake, Y., Kinoshita, F., Murata, S., Ikuma, Y., et al. (2026) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.70615
A hierarchical generative model reveals enhanced latent precision of brain-body interaction dynamics during interoceptive attentionPreprint
Shinagawa, K., Idei, H., Umeda, S., & Yamashita, Y. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.05.716599
Internet-Delivered Parent–Child Interaction Therapy in Preschool Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Kawasaki, M., Matsumoto, K., 里紗, 坂., Yamamoto, T., Tachibana, M., Mohri, I., Hanafusa, M., Furukawa, K., Miyake, W., Ishii, A., et al. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02011-9
Sensory traits are associated with global differences in the pupillary light reflex waveform in young adults
Kanari, K., & Tsutsumi, T. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-48654-5
“To adjust for psychological traits that may co-occur with sensory processing traits, AQ, ASRS, BDI-II, and STAI were included as covariates, along with age and sex assigned at birth.”
Influential
Life-Stage Differences in the Associations Between Solitude Orientation and Loneliness-Related Outcomes: Solitude Orientation as a Non-Defining Feature of HikikomoriPreprint
Okada, H., & Tanaka, A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9299397/v1
Subjective memory complaints in adults with epilepsy reflect affective and attentional processes rather than objective memory performance
Okazaki, M., Adachi, N., Sunaga, A., Watanabe, S., Ikegaya, N., Iwasaki, M., Hara, K., Ito, M., Kato, M., & Onuma, T. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111163
Independent and interactive associations of general expectation and optimistic prediction with hopelessness
Isato, A., & Yamada, M. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107265
Language-Dependent Expression of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Japanese-English Bilinguals
Williams, A. I., Rochanavibhata, S., & Marian, V. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251385547
“The Japanese version of the BDI-II has been validated and used in Japan (Kojima et al., 2002).”
Habenula as a neural mediator of inattentive traits and sustained attention variability: A 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging study
Hirata, R., Oishi, N., Kyuragi, Y., Zakia, H., Aki, M., Yoshimura, S., Shibata, M., Takao, N., Akahori, S., Kobayashi, K., et al. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122125
Loneliness is associated with altered interoceptive appraisal and attenuated prefrontal heartbeat-evoked potentials
Ono, K., Sasaoka, T., & Yamawaki, S. (2026) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2026.109347 · Cited by 1
Dose-dependent association of depression with incidence of end-stage kidney disease and all-cause mortality, CKD-JAC study: a retrospective cohort study
Shinzawa, M., Murotani, K., Imaizumi, T., Yamamoto, R., Isaka, Y., Wada, T., & Maruyama, S. (2026) · Clinical and Experimental Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s10157-026-02908-8
“Participants were classified into four groups: normal (0–13), mild (14–19), moderate (20–28), and severe (≥ 29) [ 32].”
Psychosomatic function and dentofacial morphology in patients with malocclusion: a multicentre cross-sectional collaborative study identifying independent factors associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Miyawaki, S., Hino, S., Marutani, K., Nakagawa, S., Takahashi, K., Seong, C., Maeda‐Iino, A., Tamaki, N., Nihara, J., Kurihara‐Okawa, K., et al. (2026) · Clinical and Investigative Orthodontics · doi:10.1080/27705781.2026.2717779
Current depressive symptoms, but not lifetime sport-related concussion exposure, are associated with subjective sleep quality in collegiate rugby players: a multimodal cross-sectional study
Murayama, M., Washiya, K., & Tanabe, K. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01912-5
“Depressive symptom severity was assessed using the validated Japanese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) [21, 22].”
Emotion regulation difficulties as a developmental pathway linking early-life gut microbiota composition to subsequent problematic behaviors: A longitudinal study
Myowa, M., Fujihara, H., Baba, K., Watanabe, S., Takeda, A., & Matsunaga, M. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101159
Long-term safety and efficacy of vornorexant in Japanese patients with insomnia: A 52-week open-label, randomized trial
Uchimura, N., Kambe, D., Hasegawa, S., Imadera, Y., Yamasaki, H., & Uchiyama, M. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109260
Longitudinal mother-rated screening of male partners' depressive symptoms using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale during the perinatal period.
Higuchi, N., Matsubara, T., Murata, S., Asada, H., Hayashi, K., & Nakagawa, S. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.09.007
From Tool to Skill: Monitoring Thought-Record Structural Quality as a Proximal Indicator in CBT Training Using a Concurrent Multiple Baseline Single-Case Design
Matsuda, S., Karasawa, H., & Sugawara, D. (2026) · Single Case in the Social Sciences · doi:10.15763/issn.1936-9298.2026.3.1.56-67
“The Japanese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck et al., 1996; Kojima et al., 2002) is a 21-item four-point Likert-type scale designed to assess the severity of depressive symptoms in individuals aged 13 to 80.”
Effects of a preventive mindfulness intervention on perceived stress and anticipatory anxiety before first clinical training in nursing students: A preregistered randomized controlled trialPreprint
Tainaka, H., Nagaya, S., Muramatsu, T., 井上潤, & Tanaka, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11214873/v1
Effect of Group Positive Psychotherapy on Improvement of Life Satisfaction and The Quality of Life in Infertile Woman
(2016) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22074/ijfs.2016.4775 · Cited by 27
“This questionnaire has copies in countries such as Japan (28) and Brazil (29).”
Background

Authors: Kojima, M., Furukawa, T. A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S.
Affiliations: Nagoya City University (JP)
Gifu Prefectural Government (JP)
Corresponding author: Kojima, Masayo
ORCID: Kojima, Masayo
Kawai, Makoto
Tokudome, Shinkan
Venue: Psychiatry Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-07
Volume: 110
Issue: 3
Pages: 291-299
ISSN: 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00106-3
OpenAlex: W2031252736
Cited by: 496
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 9.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Beck Depression Inventory-II, Japanese version, cross-cultural adaptation, back-translation, psychometric validation, factor structure, CES-D, depressive symptoms, gender differences in depression, internal consistency, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depression, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results

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Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan

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