The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Speech during sustained operations.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In both sleep deprivation studies, it has been concluded that voice acoustics are promising in the detection of sleep-deprivation.
“In both studies, it has been concluded that voice acoustics are promising in the detection of sleep-deprivation.”
From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Whitmore and Fisher (1996)
In Whitmore and Fisher (1996), cognitive performance was lowest during early A.M. hours, which was reported to be mirrored in voice performance.
“Cognitive performance was lowest during early A.M. hours which was reported to be mirrored in the voice performance.”
From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Whitmore and Fisher (1996)
In Whitmore and Fisher (1996), both F0 and word duration were significantly decreased on approximately the same early A.M. hours.
“Indeed, both F0 and word duration were significantly decreased on approximately the same early A.M. hours.”
From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Whitmore and Fisher (1996)
Whitmore and Fisher (1996) found that almost all dependent variables (subjective rated fatigue reports, voice aspects and cognitive performances) reflected a circadian pattern.
“Almost all of the dependent variables (i.e., subjective rated fatigue reports, voice aspects and cognitive performances) reflected a circadian pattern.”
From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Whitmore and Fisher (1996)
In Whitmore and Fisher (1996), a F0-decrease in combination with diminished arousal and impaired cognitive performance at low-circadian time-points during a 36 h cycle of sleep-deprivation was reported.
“Indeed, in Whitmore and Fisher (1996), a F0-decrease in combination with diminished arousal and impaired cognitive performance at the low-circadian time-points during a 36 h cycle of sleep-deprivation was reported.”
From Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance (2018) · cites this paper as Whitmore and Fisher, 1996
Citations
Cites
Handbook of perception and human performance
Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L., & Thomas, J. P. (1986) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 4,033
Fowler, C. A., & Housum, J. (1987) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(87)90136-7 · Cited by 499
Sustained work, fatigue, sleep loss and performance: A review of the issues
Krueger, G. P. (1989) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678378908256939 · Cited by 284
Effects of sleep loss on sustained cognitive performance during a command and control simulation
Angus, R. G., & Heslegrave, R. J. (1985) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200897 · Cited by 155
The Development and Validation of a Checklist for Measuring Subjective Fatigue
Pearson, R. G., Byars, J., & George, E. (1956) · doi:10.21236/ad0128756 · Cited by 93
Recognition of low-level alcohol intoxication from speech signal.
Klingholz, F., Penning, R., & Liebhardt, E. (1988) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.396661 · Cited by 57
(1994) · PubMed · Cited by 54
(1976) · PubMed · Cited by 52
Voice analysis to predict the psychological or physical state of a speaker.
Ruiz, R., Legros, C. P., & Guell, A. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 50
Effects of alcohol on the speech of alcoholics.
Sobell, L. C., & Sobell, M. B. (1972) · Journal of Speech and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jshr.1504.861 · Cited by 46
(1987) · PubMed · Cited by 43
Alcohol-induced dysfluency in nonalcoholics.
Sobell, L. C., Sobell, M. B., & Coleman, R. F. (2009) · Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica · doi:10.1159/000265672 · Cited by 37
Speech analysis as an index of alcohol intoxication — the Exxon Valdez accident
Brenner, M., & Cash, J. (1992) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0003-6870(92)90390-h · Cited by 29
Survey of Methods to Assess Workload
Hartman, B. O., & McKenzie, R. E. (1979) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 18
Woodward, D. P., & Nelson, P. D. (1974) · doi:10.21236/ada009778 · Cited by 8
(1980) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Development of the UTC-PAB Normative Database
Schlegel, R. E., Gilliland, K., & Crabtree, M. S. (1992) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 5
Speech Perception and Production in Severe Environments.
Pisoni, D. B. (1990) · Cited by 3
Development of a Speech Analysis Protocol for Accident Investigation
Mayer, D. L., Brenner, M., & Cash, J. R. (1994) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193129403800125 · Cited by 2
Speech patterns and aircrew workload.
Cannings, R. (1979) · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 22 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- French, 1990, Effects of bright illuminance on human performance and body temperature, Annual Review of Chronopharmocology, Vol. 7, 45
- Sander, 1983, Vocal fatigue, The Annual of Otolaryngology, Vol. 92, 141
- Williams, 1969, On determining the emotional state of pilots during flight: an exploratory study, Aviation Medicine, Vol. 40, 1369
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: A review.
Harrison, Y., & Horne, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.6.3.236 · Cited by 1,238
Nonlinear feature based classification of speech under stress.
Zhou, G., Hansen, J. H. L., & Kaiser, J. F. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing · doi:10.1109/89.905995 · Cited by 409
Speech Under Stress: Analysis, Modeling and Recognition
Hansen, J. H. L., & Patil, S. (2007) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74200-5_6 · Cited by 162
Voice Stress Analysis: A New Framework for Voice and Effort in Human Performance
Van Puyvelde, M., Neyt, X., McGlone, F., & Pattyn, N. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01994 · Cited by 129
Ferreira, L. P., Latorre, M. D. R. D. D. O., Giannini, S. P. P., Ghirardi, A. C. D. A. M., Karmann, D. D. F. E., Egerland, E., & Figueira, S. (2009) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2008.06.001 · Cited by 115
Effect of cognitive load on speech prosody in aviation: evidence from military simulator flights.
Huttunen, K., Keränen, H., Väyrynen, E., Pääkkönen, R., & Leino, T. (2011) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2010.08.005 · Cited by 106
Krajewski, J., Batliner, A. M., & Gölz, M. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.3.795 · Cited by 86
Sleep deprivation impairs precision of waggle dance signaling in honey bees
Klein, B. A., Klein, A., Wray, M. K., Mueller, U. G., & Seeley, T. D. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1009439108 · Cited by 84
Acoustic analysis of the effects of sustained wakefulness on speech
Vogel, A. P., Fletcher, J. M., & Maruff, P. T. (2010) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.3506349 · Cited by 71
Vogel, A. P., Fletcher, J. M., Snyder, P. J., Fredrickson, A., & Maruff, P. T. (2010) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2009.09.003 · Cited by 69
Applying multiple classifiers and non-linear dynamics features for detecting sleepiness from speech
Krajewski, J., Schnieder, S., Sommer, D., Batliner, A., & Schuller, B. (2012) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2011.12.021 · Cited by 67
Factors affecting the quality of sound recording for speech and voice analysis
Vogel, A. P., & Morgan, A. T. (2009) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549500902822189 · Cited by 61
Medium-term speaker states—A review on intoxication, sleepiness and the first challenge
Schuller, B. W., Steidl, S., Batliner, A. M., Schiel, F., Krajewski, J., Weninger, F. J., & Eyben, F. (2012) · Computer Speech & Language · doi:10.1016/j.csl.2012.12.002 · Cited by 55
Expanding the MOS: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the MOS-R and MOS-X
Polkosky, M. D., & Lewis, J. R. (2003) · International Journal of Speech Technology · doi:10.1023/a:1022390615396 · Cited by 51
Fatigue estimation using voice analysis
Greeley, H. P., Berg, J., Friets, E. M., Wilson, J. P., Greenough, G. P., Picone, J., Whitmore, J., & Nesthus, T. E. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193033 · Cited by 48
Self-citationDetecting Fatigue From Voice Using Speech Recognition
Greeley, H. P., Friets, E., Wilson, J. P., Raghavan, S., Picone, J., & Berg, J. (2006) · 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology · doi:10.1109/isspit.2006.270865 · Cited by 48
Using prosodic and spectral characteristics for sleepiness detection
Krajewski, J., & Kröger, B. J. (2007) · Interspeech (USB) · doi:10.21437/interspeech.2007-513 · Cited by 47
Comparison of voice acquisition methodologies in speech research
Vogel, A. P., & Maruff, P. T. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.4.982 · Cited by 46
Investigation and Evaluation of Voice Stress Analysis Technology
Haddad, D. M., Walter, S. M., Ratley, R. J., & Smith, M. (2001) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 41
Sleep loss impairs cognitive performance and alters song output in Australian magpies
Johnsson, R. D., Connelly, F., Mussoi, J. G., Vyssotski, A. L., Cain, K. E., Roth, T. C., & Lesku, J. A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10162-7 · Cited by 39
Bagnall, A. D., Dorrian, J., & Fletcher, A. (2011) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2010.10.020 · Cited by 39
Dhupati, L. S., Kar, S., Rajaguru, A., & Routray, A. (2010) · IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE) · doi:10.1109/coase.2010.5584246 · Cited by 37
Caverlé, M. W., & Vogel, A. P. (2020) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0001931 · Cited by 36
Diarra, M., Theurel, J., & Paty, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroergonomics · doi:10.3389/fnrgo.2025.1584736 · Cited by 40
Cosic, K., Popovic, S., Sarlija, M., Mijic, I., Kokot, M., Kesedzic, I., Strangman, G., Ivkovic, V., & Zhang, Q. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2957357 · Cited by 29
Detection of air traffic controllers’ fatigue using voice analysis - An EEG validation study
Kouba, P., Šmotek, M., Tichý, T., & Kopřivová, J. (2023) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2023.103442 · Cited by 29
Estimating Fatigue from Predetermined Speech Samples Transmitted by Operator Communication Systems
Krajewski, J., Trutschel, U. E., Gölz, M., Sommer, D., & Edwards, D. (2009) · International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design (Driving Assessment Conference) · doi:10.17077/drivingassessment.1359 · Cited by 29
Cho, S.-W., Yin, C. S., Park, Y.-B., & Park, Y.-J. (2010) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2010.07.006 · Cited by 25
Analysis and detection of speech under sleep deprivation
Nwe, T. L., Li, H., & Dong, M. (2006) · Interspeech (USB) · doi:10.21437/interspeech.2006-509 · Cited by 24
Shen, Z., & Wei, Y. (2021) · ICT Express · doi:10.1016/j.icte.2021.01.002 · Cited by 22
Effects of 60 hours of total sleep deprivation on two methods of high-speed ship navigation
Gould, K. S., Hirvonen, K., Koefoed, V. F., R⊘ed, B. K., Sallinen, M., Holm, A., Bridger, R. S., & Moen, B. E. (2009) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130903272611 · Cited by 21
Elbéji, A., Zhang, L., Higa, E., Fischer, A., Despotović, V., Nazarov, P. V., Aguayo, G., & Fagherazzi, G. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062463 · Cited by 19
The “Morning Voice”: The Effect of 24 Hours of Sleep Deprivation on Vocal Parameters of Young Adults
Icht, M., Zukerman, G., Hershkovich, S., Laor, T., Heled, Y., Fink, N., & Fostick, L. (2018) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.11.010 · Cited by 19
Vocal fatigue induced by prolonged oral reading: Analysis and detection
Caraty, M.-J., & Montacié, C. (2012) · Computer Speech & Language · doi:10.1016/j.csl.2012.12.003 · Cited by 18
How Does Fatigue Affect Communication?
Hartelius, L., Burge, Å., Johansson, A., Ljungsfors, A., Mattsson, A., Winkworth, A. L., & Andersen, O. (2004) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073-6.2.39 · Cited by 15
Classification of speech under stress based on modeling of the vocal folds and vocal tract
Yao, X. L., Jitsuhiro, T., Miyajima, C., Kitaoka, N., & Takeda, K. (2013) · EURASIP Journal on Audio Speech and Music Processing · doi:10.1186/1687-4722-2013-17 · Cited by 14
Erestam, S., Bock, D., Andersson, A. E., Haglind, E., Park, J., & Angenete, E. (2021) · Patient Safety in Surgery · doi:10.1186/s13037-021-00294-6 · Cited by 11
Rosslund, A., Mayor, J., Mundry, R., Singh, A. P., Cristià, A., & Kartushina, N. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.240572 · Cited by 9
The circadian effect on psychophysiological driver state monitoring
Kaduk, S. I., Roberts, A. P. J., & Stanton, N. A. (2020) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/1463922x.2020.1842548 · Cited by 10
Multivariate analysis of vocal fatigue in continuous reading
Caraty, M.-J., & Montacié, C. (2010) · Interspeech (USB) · doi:10.21437/interspeech.2010-200 · Cited by 9
Multiple classifier applied on predicting microsleep from speech
Krajewski, J., Batliner, A. M., & Wieland, R. (2008) · Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/icpr.2008.4761639 · Cited by 9
Reiner, B. I. (2012) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-012-9540-0 · Cited by 8
Analysis of loss of alertness due to cognitive fatigue using Motif Synchronization of EEG records
Sengupta, A., Tiwari, A., Chaudhuri, A., & Routray, A. (2016) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7591031 · Cited by 7
Fundamental Frequency as an Alternative Method for Assessing Mental Fatigue
Muñoz-de-Escalona, E., Cañas, J. J., & Morales-Guaman, J. F. (2020) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62302-9_4 · Cited by 7
Garden, A. L., ROBINSON, B. J., Kappus, L. J., MacLeod, I. A., & Gander, P. H. (2012) · Anaesthesia and Intensive Care · doi:10.1177/0310057x1204000615 · Cited by 6
Shao, Q., Dong, M., Shen, Z., Yang, R., & Wang, H. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3091528 · Cited by 6
Fatigue and faulty posture connection among children, diagnosed with dysarthria
Andrejeva, J., Mockienė, A., & Žukauskıenė, M. (2015) · Pedagogics psychology medical-biological problems of physical training and sports · doi:10.15561/18189172.2015.0810 · Cited by 5
AN INTEGRATED NEUROCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
Previc, F. H. (2004) · Advances in human performance and cognitive engineering research · doi:10.1016/s1479-3601(04)05007-6 · Cited by 4
Estimation of vocal tract parameters for the classification of speech under stress
Yao, X. L., Jitsuhiro, T., Miyajima, C., Kitaoka, N., & Takeda, K. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2013.6639127 · Cited by 3
Alertness Monitoring System for Vehicle Drivers using Physiological Signals
Sengupta, A., George, A., Dasgupta, A., Chaudhuri, A., Kabi, B., & Routray, A. (2016) · Advances in civil and industrial engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0084-1.ch013 · Cited by 3
Glottal source related to stressed speech under workload in human-robot interface
Yao, X. L., Xu, N., Gu, Y., Zhang, X., Jiang, A., & Liu, X. (2017) · International Conference on Robotics and Automation Engineering (ICRAE) · doi:10.1109/icrae.2017.8291369 · Cited by 3
Genetic Algorithm Based Feature Selection Applied on Predicting Microsleep from Speech
Krajewski, J., Gölz, M., Sommer, D., & Wieland, R. (2009) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89208-3_46 · Cited by 3
Classification of speech under stress by physical modeling
Yao, X. L., Jitsuhiro, T., Miyajima, C., Kitaoka, N., & Takeda, K. (2013) · Nippon Onkyo Gakkaishi/Acoustical science and technology/Nihon Onkyo Gakkaishi · doi:10.1250/ast.34.311 · Cited by 2
Warthe, A. B., & Sharma, V. (2022) · Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine · doi:10.25259/ijam_18_2020 · Cited by 2
Fatigue Detection using the Adaptive Otsu Algorithm
Zbancioc, M. D., Cadare, I. C., & Feraru, S. M. (2022) · E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB) · doi:10.1109/ehb55594.2022.9991298 · Cited by 2
Phonetisch-akustische Schläfrigkeitsdetektion
Krajewski, J., Sauerland, M., Sommer, D., & Gölz, M. (2010) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-010-0497-2 · Cited by 2
Fatigue Detection Using Voice Analysis
Sonika, S., & Singh (2015) · Cited by 2
Acoustic analysis of the effects of 24 hours of sustained wakefulness
Vogel, A. P., Fletcher, J. M., & Maruff, P. T. (2010) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 1
Kikuchi, H. (2018) · Journal of Occupational Safety and Health · doi:10.2486/josh.josh-2017-0009-ge · Cited by 1
Caracterización de la relación sueño y estrés con el funcionamiento vocal en docentes universitarios
González, A. C. (2020) · Cited by 1
Cañas, J. J., Muñoz-de-Escalona, E., & Morales-Guaman, J. F. (2021) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91408-0_4 · Cited by 1
GMM based classification of speech under stress using physical features
Yao, X. L., Xu, N., Gao, M., Jiang, A., & Liu, X. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on Progress in Informatics and Computing · doi:10.1109/pic.2016.7949530 · Cited by 1
Loss of Alertness under Cognitive Fatigue Using EEG Synchronization
Sengupta, A., Tiwari, A., & Routray, A. (2017) · IEEE India Conference · doi:10.1109/indicon.2017.8487619 · Cited by 1
Research on a Fatigue Detection Method Based on Phoneme
Zhang, Q., Fang, W., Li, J., Bao, H., & Zhao, X. (2021) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5963-8_39 · Cited by 1
Vogel, A. P. (2010) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 1
Development of a vocal biomarker for fatigue monitoring in people with COVID-19Preprint
Elbéji, A., Zhang, L., Higa, E., Fischer, A., Despotović, V., Nazarov, P. V., Aguayo, G., & Fagherazzi, G. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.22271496 · Cited by 1
Predicting different dimensions of fatigue from speech data: a longitudinal study in shift workersPreprint
Norbury, A., Georgescu, A. L., Molimpakis, E., Goria, S., & Cummins, N. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.24308769 · Cited by 1
Classification of speech under stress based on physical characteristics of vocal folds vibration
Yao, X. L. (2013) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)
Frölander, S. (2014) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
The influence of conversational setting and cognitive load on reference in 2-party spoken dialogue.
Howarth, B. (2004) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)
Phonetic-acoustic sleepiness detection. A pilot study
Krajewski, J., & Gölz, M. (2011)
Detection and Verification for the Presence of Stress by Means of Voice Analysis and Neural Networks
Hadjitodorov, S. T., & Boyanov, B. (2020) · Engineering Sciences · doi:10.7546/engsci.lvii.20.04.01
Speech Fatigue Recognition Under Small Samples Based on Generative Adversarial Networks and BLSTM
Chen, S., Qiu, J., Zhang, H., Yu, Y., Chen, H., & Sun, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1142/s0218001424580059
Gao, J., Wang, H., Sun, L., Yu, Y., & Wang, X. (2026) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-026-04584-w
A Bimodal Approach for Detecting Fatigue Using Speech and Personal Assessments in College Students
Das, K., Burzo, M. G., Elson, J., Maranville, C. W., & Abouelenien, M. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp55912.2026.11463290
Metadata
- Authors
- Whitmore, J., & Fisher, S.
- Affiliations
- Armstrong Laboratory (US)
- St. Mary's University, Texas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Whitmore, Jeffrey
- Venue
- Speech Communication
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 55-70
- ISSN
- 0167-6393 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2092378649
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Speech Communication (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Voice and Speech Disorders
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Keywords
- vocal fatigue, speech acoustics, fundamental frequency, word duration, sustained operations, mental fatigue, subjective fatigue, diurnal variation, aircrew, fatigue monitoring, speech duration, military pilots, speech recognition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review