The DOI matches its Crossref record; 138 of the 138 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 22 of the 168 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides
Open accessAbstract
The microbial reduction of metals has attracted recent interest as these transformations can play crucial roles in the cycling of both inorganic and organic species in a range of environments and, if harnessed, may offer the basis for a wide range of innovative biotechnological processes. Under certain conditions, however, microbial metal reduction can also mobilise toxic metals with potentially calamitous effects on human health. This review focuses on recent research on the reduction of a wide range of metals including Fe(III), Mn(IV) and other more toxic metals such as Cr(VI), Hg(II), Co(III), Pd(II), Au(III), Ag(I), Mo(VI) and V(V). The reduction of metalloids including As(V) and Se(VI) and radionuclides including U(VI), Np(V) and Tc(VII) is also reviewed. Rapid advances over the last decade have resulted in a detailed understanding of some of these transformations at a molecular level. Where known, the mechanisms of metal reduction are discussed, alongside the environmental impact of such transformations and possible biotechnological applications that could utilise these activities.
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Claims the paper makes
83 No full text of the sources · 29 No basis given · 15 Sources not found · 10 Supported · 10 Not checked yet · 8 Partly supported · 7 Own interpretation · 3 Supported so far · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent studies have shown that several important xenobiotics that contaminate aquifers can also be degraded under anaerobic conditions by Fe(III)-and Mn(IV)-reducing micro-organisms [9,18,19].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 2. Reduction of Fe(III) and Mn(IV)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
- Partly supportedcites [19] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section ‘BTEX oxidation coupled to Fe(III) reduction’ reports anaerobic degradation of toluene by an Fe(III)-reducing microorganism and evidence for benzene oxidation by Fe(III)-reducing enrichments. The Introduction says BTEX oxidation coupled to Mn(IV) reduction had not been investigated and was considered likely, so the claim overstates the evidence for Mn(IV)-reducing microorganisms. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, Cr(VI) bioreduction seems to be initiated by a one-electron transfer from the reductase.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.2. Reduction of Cr(VI)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Suzuki T. Miyata H. Horitsu K. Kawai K. Takamizawa Y. Tai Y. Okazaki M. (1992) NAD(P)H-dependent chromium (VI) reductase of Pseudomonas ambigua G-1: a Cr(V) intermediate is formed during the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). J. Bacteriol. 174, 5340–5345. source
- Partly supportedcites [62] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that the purified reductase converts Cr(VI) to Cr(III). But the “End product of chromate conversion” section says the assay could not determine whether Cr(V) accumulated, so the paper does not establish that reduction begins with a one-electron transfer. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Organisms that are known to reduce Se(VI) enzymatically include W. succinogenes [104], D. desulfuricans [105], Pseudomonas stutzeri [106], E. cloacae [107] and E. coli [108].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [104] source
- Partly supportedcites [105] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that D. desulfuricans reduces selenate to elemental selenium and attributes the reduction to cellular activity rather than a chemical reaction in the growth medium. It does not establish that the reduction is enzymatic, so that qualifier is not fully supported. Citation [105] is attached only to D. desulfuricans, not to the other organisms listed. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] Lortie L. Gould W.D. Rajan W. McCready R.G.L. Cheng K.-J. (1992) Reduction of selenate and selenite to elemental selenium by a Pseudomonas stutzeri isolate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 4042–4044. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“recent studies have focused on the ability of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria to retard the mobility of the metal through reduction to Co(II) [84,85].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.4. Reduction of Co(III)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [84] Caccavo Jr F. Lonergan D.J. Lovley D.R. Davis M. Stolz J.F. McInerney M.J. (1994) Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal reducing microorganism. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 3752–3759. source
The Results state that strain PCA reduces Co(III)-EDTA and that the resulting Co(II)-EDTA adsorbs more strongly to subsurface materials, potentially limiting cobalt migration. The paper presents reduced mobility as an implication of the reduction, not as a measured transport outcome. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Gorby Y.A.F.C. Bolton H. (1998) Microbial reduction of cobaltIIIEDTA− in the presence and absence of manganese(IV) oxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 244–250. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, unlike P. islandicum, a close relative, P. aerophilum, is unable to reduce Au(III).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.6. Reduction of Au(III) and Ag(I)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [88] source
Passage [1] states that P. islandicum reduced Au(III), whereas the closely related P. aerophilum did not. This directly supports the comparison in the citing sentence under the study's tested conditions. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In subsequent studies a wide range of dissimilatory reducing Fe(III)-reducing Bacteria and Archaea, including the hyperthermophilic Archaea P. islandicum and P. furiosus, the hyperthermophilic bacterium T. maritima, and the mesophilic bacteria Shewanella alga and G. ferrireducens were shown to reduce Au(III) (as gold chloride) to insoluble Au(0) [88].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.6. Reduction of Au(III) and Ag(I)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [88] source
The Abstract (passage 7) reports that diverse dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing Bacteria and Archaea can reduce Au(III) to insoluble Au(0), using hydrogen as the electron donor. Passages 2, 4, and 6 identify the organisms listed in the citing sentence. The paper specifies that only some Fe(III) reducers have this ability, consistent with the claim that a wide range can do so. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition, As(V) can be the dominant electron acceptor for carbon oxidation in some environments such as Mono lake, California [95].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.1. Reduction of As(V)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [95] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) suggests that As(V) could become a more important electron acceptor for carbon mineralization in arsenic-rich soda lakes saltier than Mono Lake. But its calculations for Mono Lake attribute 8.2–14.1% of annual pelagic carbon mineralization to As(V) respiration, versus 23.8–41.2% to sulfate reduction. Mono Lake therefore does not support the claim's example of As(V) being dominant. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The ability to reduce Au(III) seems to be species-speci¢c, and closely related organisms with similar activities against a range of metals have di¡ering activities against Au(III) [88].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.6. Reduction of Au(III) and Ag(I)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [88] source
The Abstract says only select Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms reduced Au(III), and that some closely related Fe(III) reducers differed in this ability. It gives P. islandicum and its close relative P. aerophilum as an example, while noting that the latter can reduce Fe(III). (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“More recent studies have identi¢ed a homologous cytochrome (PpcA), a trihaem periplasmic cytochrome c 7 of the Fe(III)-reducing bacterium G. sulfurreducens that may also play a role in U(VI) reduction [42].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.1. Reduction of U(VI)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [42] Lloyd, J.R., Leang, C., Hodges Myerson, A.L., Ciufo, S., Sandler, S.J., Methe, B., Lovley, D.R. Biochemical and genetic characterization of PpcA, periplasmic cytochrome in Geobacter sulfurreducens. Biochem. J. 2003. 153–161 source
The Discussion identifies PpcA as a periplasmic cytochrome of G. sulfurreducens and says it plays a role in electron transfer to U(VI). The U(VI) section reports that acetate-dependent U(VI) reduction was inhibited in the ppcA mutant; Figure 3 identifies three haem-binding motifs. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results obtained from studies conducted with wild-type cells and 34 de¢ned mutants defective in the synthesis of regulatory or electron transfer proteins were used to construct a model for Tc(VII) reduction by E. coli (Fig. 6).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.3. Reduction of Tc(VII)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [89] Lloyd J.R. Cole J.A. Macaskie L.E. (1997) Reduction and removal of heptavalent technetium from solution by Escherichia coli . J. Bacteriol. 179, 2014–2021. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s opening summary reports experiments with wild-type E. coli and mutants defective in regulatory and electron-transfer functions, and uses those findings to propose a mechanism for Tc(VII) reduction. The available text does not state that 34 defined mutants were studied or describe the claimed model in Fig. 6, so those specifics cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 61
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Anaerobic con-ditions are generally required to induce maximum activity against Cr(VI), but some enzyme systems operate under aerobic conditions, for examples the soluble NAD(P)Hdependent reductases of Pseudomonas ambigua G-1, [61] and Pseudomonas putida [62].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.2. Reduction of Cr(VI)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Suzuki T. Miyata H. Horitsu K. Kawai K. Takamizawa Y. Tai Y. Okazaki M. (1992) NAD(P)H-dependent chromium (VI) reductase of Pseudomonas ambigua G-1: a Cr(V) intermediate is formed during the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). J. Bacteriol. 174, 5340–5345. source
- Partly supportedcites [62] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract describes a soluble Pseudomonas putida chromate reductase dependent on NADH or NADPH, supporting its identification as an example of that enzyme system. Neither the Abstract nor the chromate reductase assays section establishes that it operates under aerobic conditions; the paper also does not substantiate the broader statement that anaerobic conditions are generally required for maximum activity. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Here, Hg(II) is transported into the cell via the MerT transporter protein, and detoxi¢ed by reduction to relatively nontoxic volatile elemental mercury by an intracellular mercuric reductase (MerA).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.7. Reduction of Hg(II)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [5] source
Section 3.3.2 identifies MerT as a central Hg(II) transporter. Section 3.4.1 states that MerA is located in the cytoplasm and reduces Hg(II) to volatile Hg(0); the Introduction describes that elemental form as relatively inert. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The protein was able to reduce U(VI) in vitro, while a ppcA deletion mutant supplied with acetate as an electron donor had lower activity against U(VI) [42].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.1. Reduction of U(VI)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [42] Lloyd, J.R., Leang, C., Hodges Myerson, A.L., Ciufo, S., Sandler, S.J., Methe, B., Lovley, D.R. Biochemical and genetic characterization of PpcA, periplasmic cytochrome in Geobacter sulfurreducens. Biochem. J. 2003. 153–161 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Physiological role of PpcA section reports that deleting ppcA inhibited U(VI) reduction in cell suspensions when acetate was the electron donor. But the Role of PpcA in the reduction of U(VI) and humics section treats direct U(VI) reduction by PpcA as a possibility, not an established result; our copy does not report an in-vitro demonstration that the purified protein reduces U(VI). Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In these examples, Se(VI) reduction does not support growth, and seems to be incidental to the physiology of the organism.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [104] source
- Supportedcites [105] source
The Metabolic observations section reports that D. desulfuricans failed to grow in fumarate-free media containing selenate or selenite. It also says the selenium oxyanions did not affect the organism’s metabolism, supporting the hedged characterization of Se(VI) reduction as incidental. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] Lortie L. Gould W.D. Rajan W. McCready R.G.L. Cheng K.-J. (1992) Reduction of selenate and selenite to elemental selenium by a Pseudomonas stutzeri isolate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 4042–4044. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In vivo studies using a cytochrome c 3 mutant of the close relative D. desulfuricans strain G20 con¢rmed a role for cytochrome c 3 in hydrogen-dependent U(VI) reduction, but suggested additional pathways from organic electron donors to U(VI), that bypassed the cytochrome [122].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.1. Reduction of U(VI)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [122] source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“It should be stressed that Tc(VII) reduction has not been shown to support growth in any of these studies, and seems to be a fortuitous biochemical side reaction in the organisms studied to date.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.3. Reduction of Tc(VII)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [131] Lloyd J.R. Macaskie L.E. (1996) A novel phosphorImager based technique for monitoring the microbial reduction of technetium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 578–582.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] source
- Could not verifycites [89] Lloyd J.R. Cole J.A. Macaskie L.E. (1997) Reduction and removal of heptavalent technetium from solution by Escherichia coli . J. Bacteriol. 179, 2014–2021. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The available paper passages report Tc(VII) reduction by E. coli and identify the hydrogenase III component of formate hydrogenlyase as responsible. They do not assess whether Tc(VII) reduction supports growth or characterize it as a fortuitous side reaction, including across the other studies mentioned in the claim. Searches for growth coupling and physiological role found no passage addressing those points. (LLM, conf=0.70)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In this study, a novel phosphorimager technique was used to con¢rm reduction of the radionuclide by S. putrefaciens and G. metallireducens, with similar activities subsequently detected in laboratory cultures of R. sphaeroides, Paracoccus denitri¢cans, some pseudomonads [48], E. coli [89] and a range of sulfate-reducing bacteria [64,132,133].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.3. Reduction of Tc(VII)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] source
- Supportedcites [89] Lloyd J.R. Cole J.A. Macaskie L.E. (1997) Reduction and removal of heptavalent technetium from solution by Escherichia coli . J. Bacteriol. 179, 2014–2021. source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [132] Lloyd J.R. Ridley J. Khizniak T. Lyalikova N.N. Macaskie L.E. (1999) Reduction of technetium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: biocatalyst characterisation and use in a flow-through bioreactor. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 2691–2696. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [133] Lloyd J.R. Nolting H.-F. Solé V.A. Bosecker K. Macaskie L.E. (1998) Technetium reduction and precipitation by sulphate-reducing bacteria. Geomicrobiol. J. 15, 43–56. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Evidence was presented to suggest that the mech-anism of U(VI) reduction was distinct from those of Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction, but may share components of the nitrite-reducing pathway [123].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.1. Reduction of U(VI)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [123] source
The Results and discussion (p. 5) conclude that the components of the U(VI) respiratory system are not identical to those of the Fe(III) or Mn(IV) systems. The same section (p. 4) reports that a mutant unable to reduce U(VI) was also unable to reduce nitrite, indicating that the two systems share at least one component. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Initial studies demonstrated that anaerobic, but not aerobic, cultures of E. coli reduced Tc(VII) with the reduced radionuclide precipitated within the cell [89].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.3. Reduction of Tc(VII)
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [89] Lloyd J.R. Cole J.A. Macaskie L.E. (1997) Reduction and removal of heptavalent technetium from solution by Escherichia coli . J. Bacteriol. 179, 2014–2021. source
The opening passage [1] states that anaerobic, but not aerobic, E. coli cultures reduced Tc(VII) to an insoluble precipitate. It also reports that electron microscopy located the Tc deposit inside the cells. (LLM, conf=0.95)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Se(VI) reduction is also inhibited by chromate and tungstate, but not by molybdate, an inhibitor of sulfate reducers [101,102].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [101] Steinberg N.A. Oremland R.S. (1990) Dissimilatory selenate reduction potentials in a diversity of sediment types. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 3550–3557.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [102] Oremland R.S. Hollibaugh J.T. Maest A.S. Presser T.S. Miller L.G. Culbertson C.W. (1989) Selenate reduction to elemental selenium by anaerobic bacteria in sediments and culture: Biogeochemical significance of a novel, sulfate-independent respiration. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 2333–2343. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Also, Se(VI) is not reduced chemically under physiological conditions of pH and temperature, and Se(VI) reduction is inhibited by autoclaving of sediments.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [101] Steinberg N.A. Oremland R.S. (1990) Dissimilatory selenate reduction potentials in a diversity of sediment types. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 3550–3557.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, the ability to reduce Se(VI) is widespread in sediments, with biological reduction unequivocally demonstrated in 10 out of 11 sediment types [101].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [101] Steinberg N.A. Oremland R.S. (1990) Dissimilatory selenate reduction potentials in a diversity of sediment types. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 3550–3557.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In no cases, however, has the reduction of Hg(II) been shown to support microbial growth.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.7. Reduction of Hg(II)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date there have been no reports of microbial growth coupled to the reduction of Te(IV) by non-genetically engineered micro-organisms.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Speci¢city for Se(VI) is high, with a K m of 16 WM.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [103] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Growth using Te(IV) as an electron acceptor was also reported in an engineered strain overexpressing nitrate reductase, but was not thought to be physiologically relevant in wild-type cells of E. coli [108].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An additional Te(IV) reductase was detected in the soluble fraction of anaerobically grown cells.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additional (if indirect) evidence linking the activity of this periplasmic protein with U(VI) reduction in vitro included the precipitation of the reduced product U(IV) in the periplasm (see Fig. 4), and the lack of impact of protease treatment of whole cells on the ability to reduce U(VI) [48].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.1. Reduction of U(VI)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This hypothesis is based on the observed di¡erential cytochrome content and cytochrome activity when grown on alternative electron acceptors; at least three di¡erent b-type and two di¡erent c-type cytochromes have been detected [110].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, Te(IV) (and Se(VI)/Se(IV)) reduction and precipitation by sulfate-reducing bacteria have also been reported, in the order Te(IV) s S(VI) s Se(IV), which is in contrast to that predicted by the redox potentials alone [64].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is illustrated when considering highly soluble Np(V) (NpO þ 2 ), which was reduced to soluble Np(IV) by S. putrefaciens, with the Np(IV) removed as an insoluble phosphate biomineral by a phosphate-liberating Citrobacter sp.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.2. Reduction of Np(V) and Pu(IV)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [126] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The biochemical basis of these transformations remains uncharacterised.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.2. Reduction of Np(V) and Pu(IV)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Micro-organisms have also evolved metal resistance processes that often incorporate changes in the oxidation state of toxic metals.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 1. Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and even the generation of electricity from sediments [11]”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of these organisms are also able to grow through the reduction of Mn(VI) to Mn(II).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 2. Reduction of Fe(III) and Mn(IV)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent studies, however, have shown that micro-organisms can also reduce Cr(VI) e⁄ciently at circumneutral pH, and could be used to treat Cr(VI)-contaminated water.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.2. Reduction of Cr(VI)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, Fe(III)and Mn(IV)-reducing micro-organisms can also impact on the fate of other high-valency contaminant metals through direct enzymatic reduction, and also via indirect reduction catalysed by biogenic Fe(II).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 2. Reduction of Fe(III) and Mn(IV)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite an early study that showed V(V) reduction by Micrococcus lactilyticus, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Clostridium pasteurianum [57]”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.1. Reduction of V(V)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Woolfolk C.A. Whiteley H.R. (1962) Reduction of inorganic compounds with molecular hydrogen by Micrococcus lactilyticus . J. Bacteriol. 84, 647–658. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“V(V) was reduced to blue-coloured V(IV), and possibly further reduced to V(III); the latter indicated by the formation of a black precipitate and by its reaction with the reagent tairon [59].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.1. Reduction of V(V)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59] Yurkova N.A. Lyalikova N.N. (1991) New vanadate-reducing facultative chemolithotrophic bacteria. Microbiology 59, 672–677.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Early work suggested that Pseudomonas guillermondii and a Micrococcus species could reduce Mo(VI) to molybdenum blue [58].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.3. Reduction of Mo(VI)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Bautista E.M. Alexander M. (1972) Reduction of inorganic compounds by soil microorganisms. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36, 918–920. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Indeed, Cr(III) is considered 1000 times less mutagenic than Cr(VI) [60].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.2. Reduction of Cr(VI)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Wang, Y.-T. (2000) in: Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (Lovley, D.R., Ed.), pp. 225–235. ASM Press, Washington, DC. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although microbial Mo(VI) reduction could play a role in the Mo cycle, for example leading to the concentration of insoluble Mo in anaerobic marine sediments and reduction spots in rocks [17]”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.3. Reduction of Mo(VI)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two oxidation states dominate: Cr(VI) is the most toxic and mobile form commonly encountered, with Cr(III) less soluble and less toxic.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.2. Reduction of Cr(VI)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that Geobacter species sense when soluble electron acceptors are depleted and synthesise the appropriate appendages that allow movement to Fe(III) and Mn(IV) minerals and subsequent attachment.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 2.2. Mechanisms of Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been suggested that the microbial reduction of V(V) could be responsible for the precipitation of the element in anaerobic environments and could also be used to remediate vanadium-contaminated ore-processing waste streams [17].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.1. Reduction of V(V)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Environmental factors that a¡ect Cr(VI) reduction were reviewed recently and include competing electron accep- tors, pH, temperature, redox potential and the presence of other metals [60].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.2. Reduction of Cr(VI)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Wang, Y.-T. (2000) in: Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (Lovley, D.R., Ed.), pp. 225–235. ASM Press, Washington, DC. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, humics and other extracellular quinones are utilised as electron acceptors by Fe(III)reducing bacteria [51], and the reduced hydroquinone moieties are able to abiotically transfer electrons to Fe(III) minerals.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 2.2. Mechanisms of Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been suggested that the microbial reduction of V(V) could be responsible for the precipitation of the element in anaerobic environments and could also be used to remediate vanadium-contaminated ore-processing waste streams [17].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.1. Reduction of V(V)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“More recently, similar activities have been identi¢ed in cultures of a molybdenum-resistant Enterobacter species [78].”
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Reduction of Mo(VI) · plain
“Reduction of Mo(VI) was accompanied by a change in colour, as Mo(V) formed and complexed with phosphate in the medium to form methylene blue [78].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.3. Reduction of Mo(VI)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] Ghani B. Takai M. Hisham N.Z. Kishimoto N. Ismail A.K. Tano T. Sugio T. (1993) Isolation and characterization of a Mo6+-reducing bacterium. App. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 1176–1180. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.3. Reduction of Mo(VI) · plain
In the paper
“A novel Fe 2þ -dependent mechanism for mercury reduction has been characterised in the membrane fraction of T. ferrooxidans, which may involve cytochrome c oxidase [93]”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.7. Reduction of Hg(II)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a very close relative of S. barnesii which can also reduce As(V), and has a broad activity against metals including Fe(III) and Se(VI) (see Sections 2.1 and 4.2).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.1. Reduction of As(V)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sulfurospirillum arsenophilum (previously strain MIT-13) is a Gram-negative vibroid microaerobic sulfur-reducing bacterium isolated from arsenic-contaminated watershed sediments in eastern Massachusetts.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.1. Reduction of As(V)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early studies suggested that c-type cytochromes of the Fe(III)-reducing bacterium G. metallireducens were able to transfer electrons to soluble Au(III) [28].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.6. Reduction of Au(III) and Ag(I)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This organism contains a periplasmic arsenate reductase consisting of two subunits (masses 87 and 29 kDa) which contain Mo, Fe, S and Zn cofactors [98].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.1. Reduction of As(V)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [98] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, on this note, it is worth mentioning that a new organism has recently been isolated that is able to use As(III) as an electron donor for aerobic growth [100] closing the biological As cycle.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.1. Reduction of As(V)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [100] source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Initial experiments aimed at reducing and recovering Pd were based on the use of D. desulfuricans because it is active against a wide range of metals including Fe(III), Mn(IV), U(VI), Cr(VI), Tc(VII) via hydrogenase or cytochrome c 3 [86].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.5. Reduction of Pd(II)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86] Lloyd J.R. Yong P. Macaskie L.E. (1998) Enzymatic recovery of elemental palladium by using sulfate-reducing bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 4607–4609.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Inhibition by chloride ions was reported and may necessitate optimisation of leaching from catalysts to minimise the formation of PdCl 23 4 prior to bioreduction and recovery.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.5. Reduction of Pd(II)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A Gram-positive sulfate-reducing bacterium De-sul¢tomaculum auripigmentum has also been described that reduces As(V) followed by sulfate, resulting in the formation of orpiment (As 2 S 3 ) [99].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.1. Reduction of As(V)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [99] Newman D.K. Kennedy E.K. Coates J.D. Ahmann D. Ellis D.J. Lovley D.R. Morel F.M.M. (1998) Dissimilatory arsenate and sulfate reduction in Desulfotomaculum auripigmentum sp. nov. Arch. Microbiol. 165, 380–388. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Co(II) formed does not associate strongly with EDTA (it is over 25 orders of magnitude less thermodynamically stable than Co(III)EDTA), and absorbs to soils, o¡ering potential for in situ immobilisation of the metal in contaminated soils.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.4. Reduction of Co(III)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, As(V) reduction was inhibited by air but enhanced by an atmosphere of hydrogen suggesting the involvement of anaerobic metal-reducing bacteria.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.1. Reduction of As(V)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Oremland, R.S. and Stolz, J. (2000) in: Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (Lovley, D.R., Ed.), pp. 199–224. ASM Press, Washington, DC. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Transmission electron microscope studies in combination with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDS) con¢rmed precipitation in the periplasm, with X-ray di¡raction studies con¢rming reduction to Pd(0) (see Fig. 3).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.5. Reduction of Pd(II)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [86] Lloyd J.R. Yong P. Macaskie L.E. (1998) Enzymatic recovery of elemental palladium by using sulfate-reducing bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 4607–4609.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Chrysiogenes arsenatis is a strict anaerobe that was isolated from wastewater from a gold mine [97].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.1. Reduction of As(V)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [97] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent review has mentioned the preliminary puri¢cation and characterisation of an arsenate reductase from this organism, which constituted a trimeric complex of mass 120 kDa, consisting of subunits of 65 kDa, 31 kDa and 22 kDa [96].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.1. Reduction of As(V)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Oremland, R.S. and Stolz, J. (2000) in: Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (Lovley, D.R., Ed.), pp. 199–224. ASM Press, Washington, DC. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other mechanisms of resistance may be important, however, involving cysteine-metabolising enzymes and methyl transferases [114].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] Taylor D.E. (1999) Bacterial tellurite resistance. Trends Biotechnol. 7, 111–115. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“210 Po has attracted recent attention, accounting for all K-emitting activity in some samples of groundwater from the Central Florida Phosphate District [115], and has also been identi¢ed as a troublesome isotope contaminating and fouling drilling equipment during oil exploration in areas rich in uranium ores [116].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [115] Burnett, W.C., Cowart, J.B. and Chin, P.A. (1987) in: Radon Radium and Other Radioactivity in Groundwater; Hydrogeologic Impact and Application to Indoor Airborne Contamination (Graves, B., Ed.), pp. 251–269. Lewis Publ.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Lloyd, J.R. and Macaskie, L.E. (2000) in: Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (Lovley, D.R., Ed.), pp. 277–327. ASM Press, Washington, DC. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Finally, plasmids are known to encode several distinct resistance determinants for Te(IV), and again Te(IV) reduction is implicated as the resistance mechanism as elemental Te is laid down in Te-resistant bacteria [114].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] Taylor D.E. (1999) Bacterial tellurite resistance. Trends Biotechnol. 7, 111–115. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Little is known about the geochemistry of Po, but there is evidence that factors a¡ecting the sulfur cycle may a¡ect Po availability.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other organisms including a Clostridium sp.[120] and the sulfate-reducing bacteria D. desulfuricans [121] and Desulfovibrio vulgaris [65] also reduce uranium, but are unable to conserve energy for growth via this transformation.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.1. Reduction of U(VI)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [120] Francis A.J. (1994) Microbial transformations of radioactive wastes and environmental restoration through bioremediation. J. Alloys Compounds 213/214, 226–231. source
- Not matchedcites [121] Lovley D. Phillips E.J. (1992) Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 850–856.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [65] Lovley D.R. Phillips E.J.P. (1994) Reduction of chromate by Desulfovibrio vulgaris and its c 3 cytochrome. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 726–728.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the authors of this paper suggest that a suite of speci¢c terminal reductases are required for growth on the di¡erent electron acceptors.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Earlier studies had suggested that the enzyme that catalysed further reduction of Se(IV) (selenite) to elemental selenium in the organism was a component of the nitrate-respiratory system, possibly a periplasmic nitrite reductase [112].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“210 Po is the terminal member of the 238 U decay series, produced by the decay of 210 Pb via 210 Bi.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A periplasmic complex of approximately 180 kDa (with subunits of masses 96, 40 and 23 kDa) has been characterised, and shown to contain Mo, Fe and acid-labile sulfur.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [103] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ¢rst demonstration of dissimilatory U(VI) reduction was by Lovley and coworkers [3] who reported that the Fe(III)-reducing bacteria G. metallireducens (previously designated strain GS-15) and S. oneidensis (formerly A. putrefaciens and then S. putrefaciens) can conserve energy for anaerobic growth via the reduction of U(VI).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.1. Reduction of U(VI)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rhodobacter sphaeroides has also been reported to reduce Te(IV) (as well as oxyanions of Se), with a requirement for a functional photosynthetic electron transfer chain under photosynthetic conditions, or cytochromes bc 1 and c 2 when grown aerobically [113].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [113] Moore M.D. Kaplan S. (1992) Identification of intrinsic high-level resistance to rare-earth oxides and oxyanions in members of the class Proteobacteria: characterization or tellurite, selenite, and rhodium sesquioxide reduction in Rhodobacter sphaeroides . J. Bacteriol. 174, 1505–1514. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tellurite (TeO 23 3 ) reduction has also been studied in several organisms, mainly in the context of resistance to this toxic oxyanion.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Indeed, Cherrier et al. [117] demonstrated the microbial uptake of Po into the cellular pool, indicating the potential for assimilative Po reduction and a biochemical role analogous to that of S.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [117] Cherrier J. Burnett W.C. LaRock P.A. (1995) Uptake of polonium and sulfur by bacteria. Geomicrobiol. J. 13, 103–115. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Biochemical studies are not so advanced in S. barnesii, although the enzyme activity contrasts with that characterised in T. selanatis as it is localised in the membrane fraction, and may have a wider substrate speci¢city [110].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Subsequent studies on the development of a bioprocess to treat Tc(VII)-contaminated water have focused on the use of immobilised cells of sulfate-reducing bacteria such as D. desulfuricans which are robust and capable of treating low concentrations of Tc(VII) against a high background of contaminating nitrate ions, which is often noted in nuclear waste [132,137].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.3. Reduction of Tc(VII)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [132] Lloyd J.R. Ridley J. Khizniak T. Lyalikova N.N. Macaskie L.E. (1999) Reduction of technetium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: biocatalyst characterisation and use in a flow-through bioreactor. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 2691–2696. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [137] Lloyd J.R. Thomas G.H. Finlay J.A. Cole J.A. Macaskie L.E. (1999) Microbial reduction of technetium by Escherichia coli and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: enhancement via the use of high activity strains and effect of process parameters. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 66, 123–130. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“U(VI) would seem to be reduced in the periplasm, while the reduction of insoluble Fe(III) oxides was inhibited dramatically by protease treatment, presumably due to removal of surface-bound cytochromes required for reduction of the extracellular electron acceptor.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.1. Reduction of U(VI)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is signi¢cant because the tetravalent actinides are amenable to bioremediation due to their high ligand-complexing abilities [116], and are also immobilised in sediments containing active biomass [125].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.2. Reduction of Np(V) and Pu(IV)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Lloyd, J.R. and Macaskie, L.E. (2000) in: Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (Lovley, D.R., Ed.), pp. 277–327. ASM Press, Washington, DC. source
- Not matchedcites [125] Peretrukhin V.F. Khizhniak N.N. Lyalikova N.N. German K.E. (1996) Biosorption of technetium-99 and some actinides by bottom sediments of Lake Belsso Kosino of the Moscow region. Radiochemistry 38, 440–443.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although this may lead to solubilisation of sediment-bound Pu(IV), it will yield a trivalent actinide that is also amenable to bioremediation using a range of microbially produced ligands [116].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.2. Reduction of Np(V) and Pu(IV)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Lloyd, J.R. and Macaskie, L.E. (2000) in: Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (Lovley, D.R., Ed.), pp. 277–327. ASM Press, Washington, DC. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Th(IV) and Am(III) are stable across most E h values encountered in radionuclide-contaminated waters (Fig. 5) but the potentials for Pu(V)/Pu(IV) and Np(V)/Np(IV), in common with that of U(VI)/U(IV), are more electropositive than the standard redox potential of ferrihydrite/Fe 2þ (approximately 0 V [12]).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.2. Reduction of Np(V) and Pu(IV)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several reduced forms of the radionuclide are insoluble, however, and metal-reducing microorganisms can reduce Tc(VII) and precipitate the radionuclide as a low-valency oxide.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 6. Future directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although microbial metabolism was known to decrease the solubility of Tc from earlier studies [129,130], Lloyd and Macaskie were the ¢rst to unequivocally demonstrate direct enzymatic reduction of Tc(VII) by micro-organisms [131].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.3. Reduction of Tc(VII)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [129] Henrot J. (1989) Bioaccumulation and chemical modification of Tc by soil bacteria. Health Phys. 57, 239–245. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [130] Pignolet L. Fonsny K. Capot F. Moureau Z. (1989) Role of various microorganisms on Tc behaviour in sediments. Health Phys. 57, 791–800. source
- Not matchedcites [131] Lloyd J.R. Macaskie L.E. (1996) A novel phosphorImager based technique for monitoring the microbial reduction of technetium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 578–582.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although 238 U remains the priority pollutant in most medium-and low-level radioactive wastes, other actinides including 230 Th, 237 Np, 241 Pu and 241 Am can also be present [116,124].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.2. Reduction of Np(V) and Pu(IV)
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tc(VII) reduction and precipitation by biogenic Fe(II) is particularly e⁄cient, and may o¡er a potentially useful mechanism for the remediation of Tc-contaminated sediments containing active concentrations of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria [119].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.3. Reduction of Tc(VII)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [119] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like Np(V), Tc(VII) has weak ligand-complexing capabilities and is di⁄cult to remove from solution using conventional 'chemical' approaches.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 6. Future directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ¢ssion product technetium is another long-lived radionuclide that is present in nuclear waste and has attracted considerable recent interest.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.3. Reduction of Tc(VII)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, Fe(III)reducing bacteria have the metabolic potential to reduce these radionuclides enzymatically, or via Fe(II) produced from the reduction of Fe(III) oxides.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.2. Reduction of Np(V) and Pu(IV)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other workers have used this technique to show that T. ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans [134] and the hyperthermophile P. islandicum [135] are also able to reduce Tc(VII).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.3. Reduction of Tc(VII)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [134] Lyalikova N.N. Khizhnyak T.V. (1996) Reduction of heptavalent technetium by acidophilic bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus . Microbiology 65, 468–473.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [135] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, although it is possible for Fe(III)reducing bacteria to reduce and precipitate actinides in one step, e.g. the reduction of soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) (see above), some transformations do not result in direct formation of an insoluble mineral phase but in the formation of a cation more amenable to bioprecipitation.”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.2. Reduction of Np(V) and Pu(IV)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, some studies have suggested that the reduction of Pu(IV) to Pu(III) can be achieved by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria, although the Pu(III) was reported to reoxidise spontaneously [127].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 5.2. Reduction of Np(V) and Pu(IV)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [127] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The molecular basis of respiratory metal reduction processes has not been studied in fine detail.
“The molecular basis of respiratory metal reduction processes has not, however, been studied in such ¢ne detail”
The paper relies on this without support.
The environmental distribution of Fe(III)-reducing prokaryotes remains poorly understood.
“The environmental distribution of Fe(III)-reducing prokaryotes remains poorly understood”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mechanisms of metal and radionuclide reduction characterised in pure cultures or laboratory studies are representative of those operating in contaminated environments.
“bioreduction o¡ers much promise for controlling the solubility and mobility of target radionuclides in contaminated sediments”
The paper relies on this without support.
The reduction of radionuclides to less soluble forms will immobilise them in situ in contaminated sediments.
“Several reduced forms of the radionuclide are insoluble, however, and metal-reducing microorganisms can reduce Tc(VII) and precipitate the radionuclide as a low-valency oxide.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
“a Mo-containing membrane-bound Se(VI) reductase in Thauera selanatis”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 4.2. Reduction of Se(VI) and Se(IV) and other group VIB elements
“Biochemical studies are not so advanced in S. barnesii, although the enzyme activity contrasts with that characterised in T. selanatis as it is localised in the membrane fraction”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 3.2. Reduction of Cr(VI)
“Cr(VI) by E. coli 33456 in co-culture [72].”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > References
“72. Shen, H. and Wang, Y.-T. (1995) Simultaneous chromium reduction and phenol degradation in a coculture of Escherichia coli ATCC 3346 and Pseudomonas putida DMP-1.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 2. Reduction of Fe(III) and Mn(IV)
“Many of these organisms are also able to grow through the reduction of Mn(VI) to Mn(II).”
§ Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides > 2. Reduction of Fe(III) and Mn(IV)
“Recent studies have shown that several important xenobiotics that contaminate aquifers can also be degraded under anaerobic conditions by Fe(III)-and Mn(IV)-reducing micro-organisms [9,18,19].”
Citations
Cites
Lovley, D. R., & Phillips, E. J. P. (1988) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.54.6.1472-1480.1988 · Cited by 2,395
Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction
Lovley, D. R. (1991) · Microbiological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mr.55.2.259-287.1991 · Cited by 1,926
Humic substances as electron acceptors for microbial respiration
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Microbial reduction of uranium
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Electrode-Reducing Microorganisms That Harvest Energy from Marine Sediments
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Bacterial Manganese Reduction and Growth with Manganese Oxide as the Sole Electron Acceptor
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Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism
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Arsenic in groundwater: Testing pollution mechanisms for sedimentary aquifers in Bangladesh
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A role for excreted quinones in extracellular electron transfer
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Microbial arsenic: from geocycles to genes and enzymes
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Bacterial Manganese and Iron Reduction in Aquatic Sediments
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Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
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Microbiological evidence for Fe(III) reduction on early Earth
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Use of “Specific” Inhibitors in Biogeochemistry and Microbial Ecology
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Deep subsurface microbial processes
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Reduction of Fe(III) in sediments by sulphate-reducing bacteria
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Sulfate-reducing bacterium grows with Cr(VI), U(VI), Mn(IV), and Fe(III) as electron acceptors
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Molecular basis for resistance to silver cations in Salmonella
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Development of a Genetic System for Geobacter sulfurreducens
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Geobacter metallireducens accesses insoluble Fe(iii) oxide by chemotaxis
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Reduction of Chromate by Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Its c 3 Cytochrome
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Kinetics of Chromate Reduction by Ferrous Iron
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Phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria
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“This group comprises the genera Geobacter, Desulfuromonas, Desulfuromusa and Pelobacter [24,27]).”
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Self-citationBacterial tellurite resistance
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Microbial detoxification of metals and radionuclides
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Self-citationMicrobe grows by reducing arsenic
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Mechanisms for Fe(III) Oxide Reduction in Sedimentary Environments
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Bioremediation of uranium contamination with enzymatic uranium reduction
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Dissimilatory arsenate and sulfate reduction in Desulfotomaculum auripigmentum sp. nov.
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Enzymatic Recovery of Elemental Palladium by Using Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
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Self-citationReduction of Fe(III), Mn(IV), and Toxic Metals at 100°C by Pyrobaculum islandicum
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Anaerobic Benzene Oxidation in the Fe(III) Reduction Zone of Petroleum-Contaminated Aquifers
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“Recent studies have also shown that Tc(VII) can be reduced via indirect microbial processes via, for example, biogenic sul¢de [133], Fe(II) [119] or U(IV) [48].”
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Characterization of enzymatic reduction of hexavalent chromium by Escherichia coli ATCC 33456
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Purification and Characterization of the Selenate Reductase from Thauera selenatis
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Potential for anaerobic bioremediation of BTEX in petroleum-contaminated aquifers
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Reduction of Selenate and Selenite to Elemental Selenium by a Pseudomonas stutzeri Isolate
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Technetium Sources and Behavior in the Environment
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Uranium Reduction by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Strain G20 and a Cytochrome c 3 Mutant
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Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenate and sulfate in meromictic Mono Lake, California
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Transformation of selenate and selenite to elemental selenium byDesulfovibrio desulfuricans
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A Novel PhosphorImager-Based Technique for Monitoring the Microbial Reduction of Technetium
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Self-citationReduction of Cr(VI) by a Consortium of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB III)
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Geovibrio ferrireducens , a phylogenetically distinct dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium
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Reduction of Cr, Mo, Se and U by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans immobilized in polyacrylamide gels
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Reduction of Actinides and Fission Products by Fe(III)-Reducing Bacteria
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Metal reduction by sulphate-reducing bacteria: physiological diversity and metal specificity
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Self-citationBioaccumulation of palladium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
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Technetium reduction and precipitation by sulfate‐reducing bacteria
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Self-citationSimultaneous chromium(VI) reduction and phenol degradation in an anaerobic consortium of bacteria
Chirwa, E. (2000) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00363-2 · Cited by 121
Hexavalent Chromium Reduction by Bacillus sp. in a Packed-Bed Bioreactor
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Reduction of selenate and selenite to elemental selenium by Wolinella succinogenes
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Dissimilatory Selenate Reduction Potentials in a Diversity of Sediment Types
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Reduction and removal of heptavalent technetium from solution by Escherichia coli
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Self-citationLocalization and Solubilization of the Iron(III) Reductase of Geobacter sulfurreducens
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Bioremediation of Radionuclide-Containing Wastewaters
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Self-citationSolubilization of Plutonium Hydrous Oxide by Iron-Reducing Bacteria
Rusin, P. A., Quintana, L., Brainard, J. R., Strietelmeier, B. A., Tait, C. D., Ekberg, S. A., Palmer, P. D., Newton, T. W., & Clark, D. L. (1994) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es00058a021 · Cited by 101
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Biological Reduction and Removal of Np(V) by Two Microorganisms
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Self-citationIsolation of U(VI) reduction-deficient mutants of Shewanella putrefaciens
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Uptake of polonium and sulfur by bacteria
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Reduction of chromium(VI) by bacterially produced hydrogen sulphide in a marine environment
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Bioaccumulation and Chemical Modification of Tc by Soil Bacteria
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Microbial Reduction of Chromate
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Self-citationReduction of Ferric Iron by Heterotrophic Bacteria in Lake Sediments
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Reduction and Immobilization of Molybdenum by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
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Cited by
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Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation
Gadd, G. M. (2010) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.037143-0 · Cited by 2,013
“The indirect mechanism is of primary importance in the solubilization of uraninite (UO2).”
InfluentialRole of metal-reducing bacteria in arsenic release from Bengal delta sediments
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“In the γ-Proteobacteria, the majority of the clones corresponded to sequences derived from Pseudomonas species (26% of total clone library), facultative anaerobes able to respire using alternative electron acceptors including nitrate, but not As( v ) or Fe( iii”
BackgroundSelf-citationMechanistic aspects of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by several Fusarium oxysporum strains
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“Many fungi that exhibit these characteristic properties, in general, are capable of reducing Au (III) or Ag (I) [7].”
BackgroundNanoscale zero-valent iron: Future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology
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Biofilms: implications in bioremediation
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lloyd, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lloyd, Jonathan R.
- ORCID
- Lloyd, Jonathan R.
- Venue
- FEMS Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 411-425
- ISSN
- 0168-6445 (ISSN-L)
- 1574-6976
- OpenAlex
- W2057970211
- Semantic Scholar
- 54d635ec2dd26bc1ba186b2f4d025de8fe8c7937
- Cited by
- 654
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 3.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- FEMS Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐)
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chromium effects and bioremediation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Radioactive element chemistry and processing
- Keywords
- radionuclide reduction, iron reduction, manganese reduction, chromium reduction, mercury reduction, cobalt reduction, palladium reduction, gold reduction, silver reduction, molybdenum reduction, vanadium reduction, arsenate reduction, selenate reduction, uranium reduction, technetium reduction, metalloids, metal mobilization, reduction mechanism, bioremediation, biotechnology applications
- MeSH terms
- Archaea, Bacteria, Ferric Compounds, Manganese, Metals, Models, Biological, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxidoreductases, Radioisotopes, Metals, Heavy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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