CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 395Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual OffendingPersonality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

Sex differences in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder

Cale, Ellison M., Lilienfeld, Scott O.·2002·Clinical Psychology Review
DOI 10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00125-8
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Although the correlates and causes of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) have been the subject of extensive investigation, researchers in this area have until recently focused almost exclusively on males. As a consequence, relatively little is known about psychopathy and ASPD in females. In this paper, we review the empirical literature on sex differences in the base rates, mean symptom levels, correlates, and factor structure of psychopathy and ASPD. In addition, we discuss the potential sex-differentiated phenotypic expressions of psychopathy and ASPD (e.g., somatization disorder [SD]) as well as sex differences in the developmental trajectories of these conditions. There is suggestive evidence that these conditions may be differentially expressed across biological sex, although further investigation of this issue is warranted. We conclude with recommendations for future research in this area, including suggestions for embedding the study of sex differences in psychopathy and ASPD within a construct validational framework.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00125-8

Cites

131 of 131 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • There are substantial differences in prevalence, age of onset, and severity of antisocial behaviour between males and females.

    “Given the substantial differences in prevalence, age of onset, and severity of ASB between males and females (Cale & Lilienfeld, 2002)”

    From Genome-Wide Association Studies of a Broad Spectrum of Antisocial Behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Cale & Lilienfeld, 2002

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 135 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Cale, E. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O.
Affiliations
Emory University (US)
Corresponding author
Cale, Ellison M.
ORCID
Lilienfeld, Scott O.
Venue
Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2002-11
Volume
22
Issue
8
Pages
1179-1207
ISSN
0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00125-8
OpenAlex
W89916465
Cited by
395
References
135
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
FWCI
10.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords
sex differences, psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, female psychopathy, somatization disorder, developmental trajectories, factor structure, symptom levels, construct validity
MeSH terms
Antisocial Personality Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Development, Phenotype, Psychopathology, Sex Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review