Cited by 733Patient Dignity and PrivacyPalliative Care and End-of-Life IssuesPalliative and Oncologic Care

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Dignity in the terminally ill: a developing empirical model

Chochinov, Harvey Max, Hack, Thomas, McClement, Susan, Kristjanson, Linda, Harlos, Mike·2002·Social Science & Medicine

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Abstract

Despite use of the term dignity in arguments for and against a patient's self-governance in matters pertaining to death, there is little empirical research on how this term has been used by patients who are nearing death. The objective of this study was to determine how dying patients understand and define the term dignity, in order to develop a model of dignity in the terminally ill. A semi-structured interview was designed to explore how patients cope with their advanced cancer and to detail their perceptions of dignity. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. A consecutive sample of 50 consenting patients with advanced terminal cancer were recruited over a 15-month period of time from an urban extended care hospital housing a specialized unit for palliative care. This unit provides both inpatient services. and coordinates end-of-life care community based programming. Data were analysed using latent content analysis and constant comparison techniques. Four members of the research team independently coded the transcribed data, to develop conceptually meaningful categories of responses. Operational definitions were written for major categories, themes and sub-themes. Three major categories emerged from the qualitative analysis, including illness-related concerns; dignity conserving repertoire; and social dignity inventory. These broad categories and their carefully defined themes and sub-themes form the foundation for an emerging model of dignity amongst the dying. The concept of dignity and the dignity model offer a way of understanding how patients face advancing terminal illness. This will serve to promote dignity and the quality of life of patients nearing death.

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Chapter 14. Reactive Attachment Disorder
Zeanah, C. H. (2007) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427668.lg14
Chapter 23. Late-Life Depression: A Model for Medical Classification
Alexopoulos, G. S., Schultz, S. K., & Lebowitz, B. D. (2007) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427668.lg23
Chapter 26. Impact of Psychosocial Factors on Late-Life Depression
Areán, P. A., & Reynolds, C. F. (2007) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427668.lg26
Chapter 25. Use of Biomarkers in the Elderly: Current and Future Challenges
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Chapter 11. Concluding Thoughts
Phillips, K. A., & First, M. B. (2007) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427668.lg11
Chapter 22. Aging-Related Diagnostic Variations: Need for Diagnostic Criteria Appropriate for Elderly Psychiatric Patients
Jeste, D. V., Blazer, D. G., & First, M. B. (2007) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427668.lg22
Chapter 12. Diagnosis of Psychopathology in Infants, Toddlers, and Preschool Children
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Chapter 24. Challenges of Diagnosing Psychiatric Disorders in Medically Ill Patients
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Index
(2007) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427668.index
Front Matter
(2007) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890427668.fm01
Chapter 1. Introduction
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“Chochinov et al. developed the Model of Dignity in the Terminally Ill, which details elements subsumed under the rubric of dignity toward the end of life; the primary model themes relate to concerns about illness, psychological, spiritual, and social factors (Chochinov 2022; Chochinov et al. 2002a).”
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Self-citation
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Self-citation
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Self-citation
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Self-citation
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Self-citation
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“…is characterized by respect, individualized care, restoration of defensive control, and active listening; dignity conservation in care has been described as a continuity of oneself, role maintenance, hope preservation, pride, autonomy, acceptance, resilience, and spiritual struggle [13, 14].”
The experience of dignity in the context of medical assistance in dying: A phenomenological and hermeneutic study
Martineau, I., Hébert, J., Hamrouni, N., & Girard, D. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2580258
Navigating Duty and Desire: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Motivations and Their Impact on End-of-Life Care Among Asian Family Caregivers
Ahn, S., Kankanhalli, S., Seah, A. C. W., & Pham, C. T. K. (2022) · Journal of integrative nursing and palliative care · doi:10.51847/lousix8fuv
“The FDI was developed based on an integrative review of empirical research on dignified end-of-life care across Western and Asian settings [27, 28], incorporating elements of logotherapy and narrative life review to provide psycho-socio-spiritual support to patients and caregivers facing mortality.”

Authors: Chochinov, H. M., Hack, T., McClement, S., Kristjanson, L., & Harlos, M.
Affiliations: CancerCare Manitoba (CA)
University of Manitoba (CA)
Edith Cowan University (AU)
St. Boniface Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Chochinov, Harvey Max
ORCID: Chochinov, Harvey Max
Hack, Thomas
McClement, Susan
Venue: Social Science & Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-02
Volume: 54
Issue: 3
Pages: 433-443
ISSN: 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00084-3
OpenAlex: W2015893364
Cited by: 733
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 19.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Online (Edith Cowan University) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University of Manitoba
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Issues, ethics and legal aspects › Patient Dignity and Privacy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative and Oncologic Care
Keywords: human dignity, dying patients, advanced cancer, end-of-life care, palliative care, patient perspectives, coping with terminal illness, social dignity, quality of life
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Anecdotes as Topic, Attitude to Death, Family Relations, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Manitoba, Neoplasms, Professional-Patient Relations, Quality of Life, Right to Die, Skilled Nursing Facilities, Terminal Care, Cost of Illness, Terminally Ill

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Dignity in the terminally ill: a developing empirical model

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