SECOND-IMPACT SYNDROME
Abstract
Second impact syndrome (SIS) occurs when an athlete who has sustained an initial head injury, most often a concussion, sustains a second head injury before symptoms associated with the first have fully cleared. While most commonly reported in football, the SIS can occur during any sport that can produce head blows. Any athlete still complaining of post-concussion symptoms after a head injury must not be allowed to return to play.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Second-impact syndrome occurs when an athlete sustains an initial mild head injury or concussion, then suffers a second head injury before the symptoms associated with the first impact have cleared, with resultant diffuse cerebral swelling and grave deterioration.
“Second-impact syndrome (SIS) occurs when an athlete sustains an initial mild head injury or concussion, then suffers a second head injury before the symptoms associated with the first impact have cleared, with resultant diffuse cerebral swelling and grave deterioration [19, 20, 113, 133, 137, 164].”
From The neuropathology of sport (2014) · cites this paper as [20]
Cites
Bruce, D. A., Alavi, A. A., Bilaniuk, L. T., Dolinskas, C. A., Obrist, W. D., & Uzzell, B. P. (1981) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1981.54.2.0170 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Cerebral vasomotor paralysis produced by intracranial hypertension
Langfitt, T. W., Weinstein, J. D., & Kassell, N. F. (1965) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.15.7.622 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
The Second Impact in Catastrophic Contact-Sports Head Trauma
Saunders, R. L. (1984) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03350040068030 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Gentry, L., Godersky, J. C., Thompson, B., & Dunn, V. (1988) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.150.3.673 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Concussion in sports. Guidelines for the prevention of catastrophic outcome
Kelly, J. P. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.266.20.2867 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Guidelines for Return to Contact Sports After a Cerebral Concussion
Cantu, R. C. (1986) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1986.11709197 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationKelly, J. P. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470200079039 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Cantu, R. C., & Voy, R. O. (1995) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1995.11947799 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationOutcome in 200 Consecutive Cases of Severe Head Injury Treated in San Diego County
Bowers, S. A., & Marshall, L. F. (1980) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-198003000-00002 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
BRAIN LESIONS DETECTED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN MILD AND SEVERE HEAD INJURIES
Jenkins, A., Hadley, M., Teasdale, G. M., et al. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92145-8 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The Etiology of Acute Brain Swelling Following Experimental Head Injury
Langfitt, T. W., Tannanbaum, H. M., & Kassell, N. F. (1966) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1966.24.1.0047 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Cerebral vasodilatation produced by brain-stem stimulation: neurogenic control vs. autoregulation
Langfitt, T. W., & Kassell, N. F. (1968) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.215.1.90 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Outcome in 200 Consecutive Cases of Severe Head Injury Treated in San Diego County
Bowers, S. A., & Marshall, L. F. (1980) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/00006123-198003000-00002 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
An Evaluation of Decompression in Experimental Head Injury
Moody, R. A., Ruamsuke, S., & Mullan, S. F. (1968) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1968.29.6.0586 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Head and neck injuries in football.
Jc, M., & Healion, T. (1970) · PubMed · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Acute General Edema of the Brain in Children with Head Injuries
Pickles, W. (1950) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm195004202421602 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Fekete, J. F. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Trauma, Sport, and Malignant Cerebral Edema
McQuillen, J. B., McQuillen, E. N., & Morrow, P. L. (1988) · American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology · doi:10.1097/00000433-198803000-00004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Preventive Use of the Anderson Knee Stabler in Football
Hansen, B. L., Ward, J. C., & Diehl, R. C. (1985) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1985.11708879 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cantu, R. C. (1992) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1992.11947483 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationA syndrome of cerebral concussion in children
Schnitker, M. T. (1949) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(49)80138-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Head and Neck Injuries in Football
Welch, K. (1974) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.1974.01350290112028 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Minor Head Injuries in Sports.
Rc, C. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research
Maas, A. I. R., Menon, D. K., Adelson, P. D., Andelic, N., Bell, M. J., Belli, A., Bragge, P., Brazinova, A., Büki, A., Chesnut, R. M., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30371-x · Cited by 2,609 · see citing works
The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury
Barkhoudarian, G., Hovda, D. A., & Giza, C. C. (2011) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2010.09.001 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
McKee, A. C., Daneshvar, D. H., Alvarez, V. E., & Stein, T. D. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1230-6 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Neurological consequences of traumatic brain injuries in sports
Ling, H., Hardy, J., & Zetterberg, H. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2015.03.012 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Chen, J.-K., Johnston, K. M., Petrides, M., & Ptito, A. (2008) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e318170b59d · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Mori, T., Katayama, Y., & Kawamata, T. (2006) · Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum · doi:10.1007/3-211-30714-1_10 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Sudden Death in Young, Competitive Athletes Due to Blunt Trauma
Thomas, M., Haas, T. S., Doerer, J. J., Hodges, J. S., Aicher, B. O., Garberich, R. F., Mueller, F. O., Cantu, R. C., & Maron, B. J. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2743 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation of the King-Devick test as a concussion screening tool in high school football players
Seidman, D. H., Burlingame, J., Yousif, L. R., Donahue, X. P., Krier, J., Rayes, L. J., Young, R., Lilla, M., Mazurek, R., Hittle, K., et al. (2015) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.021 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Problems in health management of professional boxers in Japan
Ohhashi, G., Tani, S., Murakami, S., Kamio, M., Abe, T., & Ohtuki, J. (2002) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.5.346 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
New Approaches to Assessment and Monitoring of Concussion in Children
Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Schneider, J. C., & Vaughan, C. G. (2009) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0b013e3181b5322b · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Top 10 research questions related to preventing sudden death in sport and physical activity
Katch, R. K., Scarneo, S. E., Adams, W. M., Armstrong, L. E., Belval, L. N., Stamm, J. M., & Casa, D. J. (2017) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2017.1342201 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cantu, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Emerson Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cantu, Robert C.
- ORCID
- Cantu, Robert C.
- Venue
- Clinics in Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-44
- ISSN
- 0278-5919 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2041260341
- Cited by
- 503
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 5.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinics in Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- second impact syndrome, concussion, traumatic brain injury, sports-related head injury, American football, subdural hematoma, post-traumatic amnesia, loss of consciousness, sports rule changes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Athletic Injuries, Brain Injuries, Humans, Male, Cumulative Trauma Disorders, Syndrome, Incidence, Sickness Impact Profile
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
