The biphasic opening of the blood–brain barrier in the cortex and hippocampus after traumatic brain injury in rats
Abstract
This study examined the time course of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening and correlated this with brain edema formation after a lateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) brain injury in rats. Quantitative measurement of Evans blue (EB) extravasation using fluorescence was employed at 2, 4, 6 h and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days after injury. Brain edema was measured by specific gravity of the tissue at corresponding time points. Two prominent EB extravasations were observed at 4-6 h and 3-day after injury in the injury-site cortex and the ipsilateral hippocampus. Brain edema became progressively more severe over time and peaked at 24 h after injury and began to decline after day 3. These results suggest that there is a biphasic opening of the BBB after CCI brain injury and the second opening of the BBB does not contribute to a further increase in edema formation.
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Loss of vascular integrity has a key role in mediating tissue damage after traumatic brain injury.
“Loss of vascular integrity has a key role in mediating tissue damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI) (48, 223, 402, 536).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
Early opening of the blood-brain barrier after traumatic brain injury is caused by shear injury of cerebral blood vessels causing physical damage to blood-brain barrier integrity, and is later followed by activation of inflammatory cells.
“Early opening of BBB is caused by the shear injury of cerebral blood vessels causing physical damage to BBB integrity, and is later followed by the activation of inflammatory cells (48).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In preclinical models, blood-brain barrier alterations after traumatic brain injury occur in two phases: first within hours of tissue damage and the second 3 days after injury.
“Similar to the pathophysiology of stroke, BBB alterations after TBI occur in two phases based on preclinical models, first occurring within hours of tissue damage and the second 3 days after injury (48, 223).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
Post-injury neuroinflammation is characterized by activation of brain-resident microglia, infiltration of peripheral immune cells, astrogliosis, and increased synthesis and release of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules which can persist for months to years after the initial insult.
“Post-injury neuroinflammation is characterized by activation of brain-resident microglia, infiltration of peripheral immune cells, astrogliosis, and increased synthesis and release of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules which can persist for months to years after the initial insult (106, 107).”
From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [106]
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- Authors
- Başkaya, M. K., Muralikrishna Rao, A., Doğan, A., Donaldson, D., & Dempsey, R. J.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dempsey, Robert J
- Venue
- Neuroscience Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-04
- Volume
- 226
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-36
- ISSN
- 0304-3940 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042822864
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01 NS31220, P01NS031220)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- blood-brain barrier opening, traumatic brain injury, controlled cortical impact, cerebral edema, Evans blue extravasation, hippocampus, cerebral cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain Injuries, Cerebral Cortex, Disease Models, Animal, Hippocampus, Male, Wounds and Injuries, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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