Cited by 1,060Eating Disorders and BehaviorsRegulation of Appetite and ObesityStress Responses and Cortisol

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Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior

Epel, Elissa, Lapidus, Rachel, McEwen, Bruce, Brownell, Kelly·2001·Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Abstract

To date, there are few known predictors of stress-induced eating. The purpose of this study was to identify whether physiological and psychological variables are related to eating after stress. Specifically, we hypothesized that high cortisol reactivity in response to stress may lead to eating after stress, given the relations between cortisol with both psychological stress and mechanisms affecting hunger. To test this, we exposed fifty-nine healthy pre-menopausal women to both a stress session and a control session on different days. High cortisol reactors consumed more calories on the stress day compared to low reactors, but ate similar amounts on the control day. In terms of taste preferences, high reactors ate significantly more sweet food across days. Increases in negative mood in response to the stressors were also significantly related to greater food consumption. These results suggest that psychophysiological response to stress may influence subsequent eating behavior. Over time, these alterations could impact both weight and health.

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Tsuda, S.-I., Konishi, K., Otoda, T., Nagai, T., Takeda‐Watanabe, A., Kanasaki, M., Kitada, M., Nakagawa, A., Nishizawa, M., Kanasaki, K., et al. (2016) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.55.7001 · Cited by 2
“Deficiency in HPA may be associated with a compromised psychophysiological response, including food intake against hypoglycemia stress (4, 5).”
Background
Psychological stress perceived with respect to general health among urban Indian women
Chawla, J. K., Sushil, P., & Kumar, P. (2021) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2021.2013385 · Cited by 2
“It has been found that women tend to eat more especially sweets when experiencing stress (Epel et al., 2001; Grunberg & Straub, 1992; Wardle et al., 2000).”
Background
Relationship Between Food Security Status in a Caregiver's Family of Origin and Current Feeding Practices Among Low-Income, Single, Female Primary Caregivers
Lappan, S. N., Harman, T., Pavela, G., & Hendricks, P. S. (2022) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0000000000000347 · Cited by 2
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“In addition, we found that lower levels of perceived stress were associated with decreased consumption of F&V from Wave 1 to Wave 2, whereas the majority of experimental and observational studies have found that lower stress is associated with higher F&V intake (Epel et al., 2001).”
Background
Stress and Disordered Eating Patterns
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“4,28 Not only has higher perceived stress been associated with a higher BMI and obesity, 29 but increases in anxiety scores during the pandemic have been reported to be greater in people with obesity.”
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“…induce a preference for sweet and calorie-dense “ comfort ” foods along with changes in levels of circulating hormonal appetite regulators [3, 7, 8], suggesting that the relationship between stress and overeating is likely to be partially mediated by altered signaling of appetite-regulating…”
Long-term hair cortisone and perceived stress are associated with long-term hedonic eating tendencies in patients with obesity
Kuckuck, S., van der Valk, E. S., Lengton, R., März, J., Hillegers, M. H. J., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Kavousi, M., Boon, M. R., van den Berg, S. A. A., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107224 · Cited by 3
“Various studies indicate that glucocorticoid excess due to acute stress, disease or medication use can induce hedonic eating, especially of energy-dense food (Epel et al., 2001; Fardet et al., 2007; Geer et al., 2016; Kuckuck et al., 2023b; Moeller et al., 2016; Sinha et al., 2019).”
Background
Mapping the landscape of stresss-relieving foods: sensory, emotional, and imagery dimensions
Jo, M., Lee, S.-H., & Hong, J.-H. (2025) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105771 · Cited by 2
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Ryu, V., Yoo, S. B., Kim, B.-T., Lee, J.-H., & Jahng, J. W. (2009) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en.2009.18.2.88 · Cited by 2
Response to Gregori Letter
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Obesity: Is it a Mental Disorder?
Marcus, M. D., & Wildes, J. E. (2014) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.120411 · Cited by 2
The Exercise Prescription
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Authors: Epel, E., Lapidus, R., McEwen, B., & Brownell, K.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Yale University (US)
Rockefeller University (US)
Corresponding author: Epel, Elissa
ORCID: Epel, Elissa
Lapidus, Rachel
McEwen, Bruce
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2001-01
Volume: 26
Issue: 1
Pages: 37-49
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00035-4
OpenAlex: W2101290962
Cited by: 1,060
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 17.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
National Institutes of Health
National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000125, RR00125)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: stress eating, cortisol response, dietary habits, appetite, premenopausal women, taste preference, sweets consumption, negative mood, hunger, psychophysiological stress response
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Appetite, Energy Intake, Diet, Reducing, Eating, Educational Status, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Income, Stress, Physiological, Body Mass Index, Premenopause

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Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior

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