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Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior
Abstract
To date, there are few known predictors of stress-induced eating. The purpose of this study was to identify whether physiological and psychological variables are related to eating after stress. Specifically, we hypothesized that high cortisol reactivity in response to stress may lead to eating after stress, given the relations between cortisol with both psychological stress and mechanisms affecting hunger. To test this, we exposed fifty-nine healthy pre-menopausal women to both a stress session and a control session on different days. High cortisol reactors consumed more calories on the stress day compared to low reactors, but ate similar amounts on the control day. In terms of taste preferences, high reactors ate significantly more sweet food across days. Increases in negative mood in response to the stressors were also significantly related to greater food consumption. These results suggest that psychophysiological response to stress may influence subsequent eating behavior. Over time, these alterations could impact both weight and health.
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“stress and adversity can increase consumption of fast food (Steptoe, Lipsey, & Wardle, 1998), snacks (Oliver & Wardle, 1999), calorie-dense and highly-palatable foods (Epel et al., 2001), and stress has been associated with increased binge eating”
From Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity (2018) · cites this paper as Epel et al., 2001
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“Chronic high GCs and increases in insulin have synergistic effects on increasing HP food intake and abdominal fat deposition”
From Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity (2018) · cites this paper as Epel et al., 2001
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“These data presented in the current study parallel findings in women indicating that responses to acute stressors may influence subsequent eating behavior by altering food intake and preference for calorically dense food (Adam and Epel, 2007; Appelhans et al., 2010; Epel et al., 2001, 2004).”
ResultA survey of diet self-efficacy and food intake in students with high and low perceived stress
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“Also, so-called high ‘‘stressreactors’’ (subjects with a higher cortisol increase after stressor) exhibited more overall stress-induced snacking in laboratory conditions (Epel et al., 2001) and when encountering daily hassles (Newman et al., 2007) compared to low stress-reactors.”
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Systematic review of the effects of acute stress in binge eating disorder
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“females with no eating psychopathology, greater stress-related cortisol reactivity was associated with higher food intake following a stressor (Epel et al., 2001).”
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“Women showing higher cortisol reactivity in response to stress consume more calories and prefer more sweet, high-fat foods than women showing lower reactivity.(84,85) Because excessive cortisol also stimulates accumulation of abdominal adiposity, chronic stress can significantly increase the risk for central obesity,…”
BackgroundDiet quality, stress and common mental health problems: A cohort study of 121,008 adults
Schweren, L., Larsson, H., Vinke, P. C., Li, L., Kvalvik, L. G., Vásquez, A. A., Haavik, J., & Hartman, C. A. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.016 · Cited by 61
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Acute stress potentiates brain response to milkshake as a function of body weight and chronic stress
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“Cortisol contributes to obesity by increasing caloric intake and preferential consumption of sweet and fatty foods (45, 46).”
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“Hyperphagia also may involve increased intake of Brewarding^ albeit detrimental foods, with stress increasing preference for high fat/sugar content foods (Epel et al., 2001; Ng & Jeffery, 2003).”
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HPA axis response to stress predicts short-term snack intake in obese women
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“Though a few studies have linked the magnitude of cortisol stress responses to overall adiposity (Benson et al., 2009), associations have been somewhat more consistent with central obesity (Epel et al., 2001; Mårin et al., 1992).”
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Stress and weight gain in parents of cancer patients
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García-Manzanares, N., Monseny, R., Ortega, L., Montalvo, I., Franch, J., Gutiérrez‐Zotes, A., Reynolds, R. M., Walker, B. R., Vilella, E., & Labad, J. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.023 · Cited by 50
Weigensberg, M. J., Lane, C. J., Ávila, Q., Konersman, K., Ventura, E., Adam, T., Shoar, Z., Goran, M. I., & Spruijt-Metz, D. (2014) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-28 · Cited by 48
“Stress promotes obesity through its effects on eating behaviors, resulting in a preference for the ingestion of higher calories and more calorically dense snack foods [15-18].”
Lyu, Z., & Jackson, T. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00188 · Cited by 49
“Related research has implicated acute stressors as influences on increased food consumption, particularly of high-fat and high-sugar foods (Epel et al., 2001; Dallman et al., 2003, 2005); for example, elevations in perceived stress, reported hassles and stressful life events predict more frequent binge eating episodes…”
BackgroundReed, D. D., Naudé, G. P., Gelino, B. W., & Amlung, M. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.011 · Cited by 48
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, Obesity, and Chronic Stress Exposure: Foods and HPA Axis
Rutters, F., la Fleur, S. E., Lemmens, S. G. T., Born, J. R., Martens, M. J. I., & Adam, T. C. (2012) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-012-0024-9 · Cited by 50
Li, C.-S., & Cho, Y. K. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00750.2005 · Cited by 49
Meal patterns and hypothalamic NPY expression during chronic social stress and recovery
Melhorn, S. J., Krause, E. G., Scott, K. A., Mooney, M. R., Johnson, J. D., Woods, S. C., & Sakai, R. R. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00820.2009 · Cited by 49
McCabe, D., Lisy, K., Lockwood, C. S., & Colbeck, M. (2017) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2016-002965 · Cited by 51
Nutritional aspects modulating brain development and the responses to stress in early neonatal life
Walker, C. (2005) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.010 · Cited by 47
Globalization and modernization: an obesogenic combination
Huneault, L., Mathieu, M.-E., & Tremblay, A. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00817.x · Cited by 48
Physical activity and body functionality: implications for obesity prevention and treatment
Tremblay, A., & Therrien, F. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/y05-132 · Cited by 47
The impact of chronic stress on the predictors of acute stress-induced eating in women
Klatzkin, R. R., Baldassaro, A., & Hayden, E. A. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.007 · Cited by 49
Sturmbauer, S., Shields, G. S., Hetzel, E.-L., Rohleder, N., & Slavich, G. M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216419 · Cited by 51
“Finally, given that this study utilized self-reported health outcomes, additional research is needed to examine how the German STRAIN predicts clinician-rated measures of mental and physical health, as well as other relevant health outcomes and behaviors [6, 48].”
MethodNegative affect is associated with increased stress-eating for women with high perceived life stress
Klatzkin, R. R., Dasani, R., Warren, M., Cattaneo, C., Nadel, T., Nikodem, C., & Kissileff, H. R. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112639 · Cited by 50
“For instance, individual differences in negative affect (NA), cortisol, and hunger reactions to stress have been associated with variance in palatable food intake, via interactions with neural networks involved in reward, emotion, and cognition (for review, see [47]; also [1,6,14,53,57,61]).”
BackgroundStress, Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease: A Mini-Review
Morera, L. P., Marchiori, G. N., Medrano, L. A., & Defagó, M. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01226 · Cited by 50
Brewer‐Smyth, K., & Burgess, A. W. (2008) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/01.nnr.0000319501.97864.d5 · Cited by 47
The Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
Derevensky, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.024 · Cited by 45
Hu, X., Li, X., Xiao, C., Kong, L., Zhu, Q., & Song, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.681858 · Cited by 49
Cortisol reactivity, delay discounting and percent body fat in Chinese urban young adolescents
Lu, Q., Tao, F., Hou, F., Zhang, Z., Sun, Y., Xu, Y., Xu, S., & Zhao, Y. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.019 · Cited by 49
“It should be noted that high cortisol responders are more sensitive to immediate rewards than low cortisol responders (Adam & Epel, 2007; Dellu et al., 1996; Epel et al., 2001; Newman et al., 2007; Piazza & Le Moal, 1997.”
Physiological responses to acute stress and the drive to eat: The impact of perceived life stress
Klatzkin, R. R., Baldassaro, A., & Rashid, S. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.019 · Cited by 51
Considering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction
Blum, A. W., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.038 · Cited by 44
Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions
Vaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.016 · Cited by 45
Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
Christie, N. C., & Bechara, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.015 · Cited by 44
Sensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
Warlow, S. M., Baumgartner, H. M., Freeland, C. M., Naffziger, E. E., Olney, J. J., Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.006 · Cited by 46
Wilson, S. M., Darling, K. E., Fahrenkamp, A. J., D’Auria, A., & Sato, A. F. (2015) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.1003374 · Cited by 51
“Similarly, women who had a stronger objective response to stress consumed more calories, which could affect weight over time.(38) More research is needed to examine these relationships among males.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Epel, E., Lapidus, R., McEwen, B., & Brownell, K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Epel, Elissa
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-49
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101290962
- Cited by
- 1,060
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 17.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000125, RR00125)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- stress eating, cortisol response, dietary habits, appetite, premenopausal women, taste preference, sweets consumption, negative mood, hunger, psychophysiological stress response
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Appetite, Energy Intake, Diet, Reducing, Eating, Educational Status, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Income, Stress, Physiological, Body Mass Index, Premenopause
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