The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Patterns of behavior of professionally managed and independent investors
Open accessOverview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It could be shown that professionally-managed portfolios are better diversified (Bluethgen et al. 2008;Gerhardt and Hackethal 2009) and exhibit weaker disposition effects (Shapira and Venezia 2001) than portfolios of self-directed retail investors.”
From Financial literacy, financial advice, and financial behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Shapira and Venezia 2001
Citations
Cites
Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1914185 · Cited by 48,524
Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609220.014 · Cited by 32,720
Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1007/bf00122574 · Cited by 15,467
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.4.341 · Cited by 6,544
Status quo bias in decision making
Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. (1988) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1007/bf00055564 · Cited by 5,897
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (2013) · World Scientific handbook in financial economic series · doi:10.1142/9789814417358_0016 · Cited by 5,379
Are Investors Reluctant to Realize Their Losses?
Terrance Odean, B. (1998) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/0022-1082.00072 · Cited by 3,886
The Disposition to Sell Winners Too Early and Ride Losers Too Long: Theory and Evidence
SHEFRIN, H., & STATMAN, M. (1985) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1985.tb05002.x · Cited by 3,553
Myopic Loss Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle
Benartzi, S., & Thaler, R. H. (1995) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118511 · Cited by 2,487
Volume, Volatility, Price, and Profit When All Traders Are Above Average
Terrance Odean, B. (1998) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/0022-1082.00078 · Cited by 1,995
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Constantinides, 1985, The disposition to sell winners too early and ride losers too long: Theory and evidence: Discussion, Journal of Finance, 40, 791, 10.2307/2327803 · DOI
- Heisler, 1994, Loss aversion in a futures market: An empirical analysis, The Review of Futures Markets, 13, 793
- Ross, S.A., 1998. Samuelson’s fallacy of large numbers revisited, Working Paper. MIT, Cambridge, MA
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 672
Can Anchoring and Loss Aversion Explain the Predictability of Housing Prices?
Leung, T. C., & Tsang, K. P. (2013) · Pacific Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1468-0106.12009 · Cited by 15
Shapira, Z. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199290468.003.0015 · Cited by 12
Self-citationThe disposition effect: a survey
Pleßner, M. (2017) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-017-0122-6 · Cited by 13
Reference dependence in the demand for gasoline
Levin, L., Lewis, M. S., & Wolak, F. A. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.03.003 · Cited by 11
Trust-formation processes in financial advisors: A structural equation model
Cruciani, C., Gardenal, G., & Rigoni, U. (2021) · The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.qref.2021.09.001 · Cited by 11
Does the Disposition Effect Exhibit during Financial Crisis
Lin, H.-W. (2011) · Cited by 11
Selling winners, buying losers: Mental decision rules of individual investors on their holdings
Leal, C. C., Loureiro, G., & Armada, M. J. D. R. (2017) · European Financial Management · doi:10.1111/eufm.12145 · Cited by 12
Unraveling the Disposition Effect: The Role of Prospect Theory and EmotionsPreprint
Summers, B. A., & Duxbury, D. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1026915 · Cited by 13
Consumer Investment Behaviour: A Systematic Review Using TCM and ADO Frameworks
Kumar, A., & Ranjani, K. S. (2025) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70110 · Cited by 10
The 99% Market Sentiment Index
Roger, P. (2014) · Finance · doi:10.3917/e.fina.353.0053 · Cited by 10
Intraday Market-Wide Ups/Downs and Returns
Zhang, W., Lin, S., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · Journal of Management Science and Engineering · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1383.101003 · Cited by 10
Basheer, A., & Siddiqui, D. A. (2020) · Business and Economic Research · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3681253 · Cited by 10
Guo, F., Li, F., & Lu, X. (2024) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2024.01.042 · Cited by 9
A heterogeneous model of disposition effect
Hung, M., & Yu, H.-Y. (2006) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036840500427403 · Cited by 10
Behavioural Finance; a Concept or Catalyst Explaining Distortions in Investment Decision
Obeng, G. (2020) · European Journal of Business Management and Research · doi:10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.1.59 · Cited by 10
Persistence is futile: Chasing of past performance in repeated investment choices.
Weiss‐Cohen, L., Newall, P. W. S., & Ayton, P. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000358 · Cited by 10
Tempus fugit: The impact of time constraint on investor behavior
Cao, Q., Li, J., & Niu, X. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.05.022 · Cited by 10
Are Hungarian investors reluctant to realize their losses?
Ormos, M., & Joó, I. (2014) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2014.03.018 · Cited by 11
Disposition Effect in an Agent-based Financial Market Model
Li, B., Shang, W., Li, H., Huo, L., & Xu, S. (2014) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2014.05.316 · Cited by 10
Does the prospect theory also hold for power traders? Empirical evidence from a Swiss energy company
Kalaycı, E., & Başdaş, Ü. (2009) · Review of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.rfe.2009.11.001 · Cited by 10
Risk Aversion, the Disposition Effect, and Group Decision Making: An Experimental Analysis
Prates, W. R., da Costa, N. C. A., & Dorow, A. (2017) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.2843 · Cited by 13
Hayes, A. S. (2019) · Finance and Society · doi:10.2218/finsoc.v5i1.3018 · Cited by 10
The Impact of Financial Advisors on the Stock Portfolios of Retail InvestorsPreprint
Kramer, M. M., & Lensink, R. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2021883 · Cited by 10
Return predictability of prospect theory: Evidence from the Thailand stock market
Chen, X., Wang, J. L., & Zhong, X. (2023) · Pacific-Basin Finance Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2023.102199 · Cited by 12
Return Anomalies “Disposition Effect and Momentum”: Evidence from the Egyptian Stock Market
Sakr, A. M., Ragheb, M. A., Ragab, A. A., & Abdou, R. K. (2014) · International Journal of Economics and Finance · doi:10.5539/ijef.v6n2p181 · Cited by 9
A Closer Look at the Disposition Effect in U.S. Equity Option Markets
Lovelace, K. B., Fodor, A., & Tedford, E. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1080/15427560.2019.1615913 · Cited by 9
Portfolios Optimizations of Behavioral Stocks with Perception Probability Weightings
Chang, K., & Young, M. N. (2019) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 9
CONFIRMATION BIAS DALAM KEPUTUSAN INVESTASI DANA PENSIUN DENGAN MODERASI GENDER
Nurvitasari, D., & Rita, M. R. (2021) · Jurnal Visi Manajemen · doi:10.56910/jvm.v7i2.162 · Cited by 9
Demystifying disposition effect: past, present and future
Joshipura, M. H., Joshipura, N., & Sharma, A. (2023) · Qualitative Research in Financial Markets · doi:10.1108/qrfm-07-2022-0114 · Cited by 11
Döbrich, C., Wollersheim, J., Spörrle, M., & Welpe, I. M. (2014) · Journal of Management and Strategy · doi:10.5430/jms.v5n4p1 · Cited by 9
Solving some financial puzzles with prospect theory and mental accounting : a survey
Broihanne, M., Merli, M., & Roger, P. (2008) · Revue d économie politique · doi:10.3917/redp.184.0475 · Cited by 10
Prospect Theory and Institutional InvestorsPreprint
Teo, M., & O'Connell, P. G. J. (2003) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.457741 · Cited by 9
Corporate Bond FlippingPreprint
Nikolova, S., & Wang, L. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4024356 · Cited by 9
Lisauskiene, N., Darškuvienė, V., & Butkus, M. (2024) · Baltic Journal of Economics · doi:10.1080/1406099x.2024.2422673 · Cited by 8
Exploring investor behavior in Bitcoin: a study of the disposition effect
Schatzmann, J. E., & Haslhofer, B. (2023) · Digital Finance · doi:10.1007/s42521-023-00086-w · Cited by 10
Dynamic Asset Allocation under Disappointment Aversion Preferences
Kontosakos, V. E., Hwang, S., Kallinterakis, V., & Pantelous, A. A. (2018) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2023.07.038 · Cited by 9
Don't move my cheese: Financial advice adaptation to regulatory change
Abudy, M. M., Gildin, I., & Mugerman, Y. (2024) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2024.105005 · Cited by 8
Behavioral Biases of Financial Planners: The Case of Retirement Funding Recommendations
Baulkaran, V., & Jain, P. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1080/15427560.2024.2305412 · Cited by 8
Prospect theory and the effectiveness of price limits
Lin, M.-C., & Chou, P. (2011) · Pacific-Basin Finance Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2011.01.001 · Cited by 8
Payment methods and the disposition effect: Evidence from Indonesian mutual fund trading
Costa, A. F. D., Mollica, V., & Singh, A. K. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100503 · Cited by 8
A dark side of hope: Understanding why investors cling onto losing stocks
Luo, S. X., van Horen, F., Millet, K., & Zeelenberg, M. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2304 · Cited by 10
Privatanleger am Optionsscheinmarkt
Glaser, M., & Schmitz, P. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Bankrecht und Bankwirtschaft · doi:10.15375/zbb-2007-0313 · Cited by 8
The opposite disposition effect: Evidence from the Korean stock index futures market
Eom, Y. (2018) · Finance research letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2018.02.004 · Cited by 8
Stock repurchasing bias of mutual funds
Du, M., Niessen‐Ruenzi, A., & Terrance Odean, B. (2023) · European Finance Review · doi:10.1093/rof/rfad035 · Cited by 8
Lehenkari, M. (2009) · Cited by 8
Shoji, I., & Kanehiro, S. (2016) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2016.03.017 · Cited by 7
Hasnain, M. N., & Subhan, Q. A. (2023) · Journal of Management Info · doi:10.31580/jmi.v9i3.2677 · Cited by 7
Local bias versus home bias: Evidence from debt-based crowdfunding
Li, J., Zhou, Y., Hu, J., & Guo, F. (2023) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2023.2200230 · Cited by 7
Be nice to the air: Severe haze pollution and mutual fund risk
Roy, S., Nguyen, H., & Visaltanachoti, N. (2022) · Global Finance Journal · doi:10.1016/j.gfj.2023.100893 · Cited by 7
Lauterbach, B., Mugerman, Y., & Shemesh, J. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbef.2024.100931 · Cited by 8
Can a Competent Advice Eliminate the Outcome Bias in Investment Decision Making?
Bachmann, K. (2016) · Review of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1108/rbf-11-2016-0072 · Cited by 7
Psychological Tendencies in an Emerging Capital Market: A Study of Individual Investors in India
Pandit, A., & Yeoh, K. K. (2014) · The Journal of Developing Areas · doi:10.1353/jda.2014.0049 · Cited by 7
The disposition effect – empirical evidence on purchases of investor magazines
Czarnitzk, D., & Stadtmann, G. (2005) · Applied Financial Economics Letters · doi:10.1080/1744654042000296871 · Cited by 7
Portfolio Selection Problem Considering Behavioral Stocks under Holding Periods
Chang, K., Young, M. N., & Lin, W. K. (2016) · International Journal of Modeling and Optimization · doi:10.7763/ijmo.2016.v6.530 · Cited by 7
Modelling stock-market investors as Reinforcement Learning agents
Pastore, A., Esposito, U., & Vasilaki, E. (2015) · IEEE Conference on Evolving and Adaptive Intelligent Systems (EAIS) · doi:10.1109/eais.2015.7368789 · Cited by 7
Disposition Effect on Investment Decision Making: Explanation of Regulatory-Focus Theory
Sudirman, I. M. S. N., Irwanto, A., & Basuki, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3566-1_2 · Cited by 8
Momentum and disposition effect in the US stock market
Sadhwani, R., & Bhayo, M. (2021) · Cogent Economics & Finance · doi:10.1080/23322039.2021.1999004 · Cited by 8
Order size, order imbalance and the volatility–volume relation in a bull versus a bear market
Wee, M., & Yang, J. W. (2011) · Accounting and Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1467-629x.2011.00420.x · Cited by 7
Sardasht, M. S., Moradi, M., & Rahmani, H. (2014) · Aestimatio The IEB International Journal of Finance · doi:10.5605/ieb.9.6 · Cited by 7
The use of momentum, contrarian and buy-&-hold strategies: survey evidence from fund managers
Schmidt, U., Menkhoff, L., & Brozynski, T. (2003) · Hannover Economic Papers (HEP) · Cited by 7
Information Asymmetry, Price Momentum, and the Disposition EffectPreprint
Strobl, G. (2003) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.474221 · Cited by 7
Khan, S. U., Wang, M., Khan, I. U., & Liu, X. (2020) · International Journal of Finance & Economics · doi:10.1002/ijfe.2307 · Cited by 6
Exchange-traded certificates, education and the disposition effect
da Silva, P. P., & Mendes, V. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbef.2020.100456 · Cited by 6
The price impact of the disposition effect on the ex-dividend day of NYSE and AMEX common stocks
Efthymiou, V. A., & Leledakis, G. N. (2014) · Quantitative Finance · doi:10.1080/14697688.2014.891759 · Cited by 8
An investigation into risk propensity in bull and bear markets
Garvey, J. (2010) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669870903560283 · Cited by 7
Use of Advisors and Retirement Plan Performance
Yao, R., Wu, W., & Mendenhall, C. (2020) · Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning · doi:10.1891/jfcp-18-00087 · Cited by 6
Tetteh, J. E., & Boachie, C. (2021) · Review of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1108/rbf-05-2021-0094 · Cited by 7
Price‐end biases in financial products
Varki, S., Sabherwal, S., Bitta, A. J. D., & Moore, K. M. (2006) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/10610420610703720 · Cited by 6
Source of Information and Projected Household Investment Portfolio Performance
Yao, R., & Lei, S. (2018) · Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.1111/fcsr.12252 · Cited by 6
EFFECT OF AGE ON INVESTOR DECISIONS
Onsomu, Z. (2015) · International Journal of Innovative Research and Development · Cited by 6
Trading the Risk: Financialisation, Loyalty and Emerging Market Government Policy Autonomy
Hardie, I. (2007) · ERA · Cited by 6
Herding in Trading by Amateur and Professional InvestorsPreprint
Venezia, I., Nashikkar, A. J., & Shapira, Z. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1358623 · Cited by 6
Self-citationWho Gains More by Trading – Institutions or Individuals?Preprint
San, G. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.687415 · Cited by 6
Attention Utility: Evidence From Individual InvestorsPreprint
Quispe-Torreblanca, E. G., Gathergood, J., Loewenstein, G. F., & Stewart, N. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3527082 · Cited by 6
Cognitive ability and household portfolio diversification: Evidence from China
Kun, W., Li, Y., Cai, X., & Yin, J. (2022) · Pacific-Basin Finance Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2022.101840 · Cited by 5
Uslu, Ç. L., & Evren, B. (2018) · Borsa Istanbul Review · doi:10.1016/j.bir.2017.12.002 · Cited by 5
The Extent to Which Professional Advice Can Reduce the Disposition Effect: An Emerging Market Study
Bashall, J., Willows, G. D., & West, D. (2018) · Journal of Emerging Market Finance · doi:10.1177/0972652718776861 · Cited by 6
Agapova, A., & Kaprielyan, M. (2020) · The North American Journal of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.najef.2020.101242 · Cited by 8
Trading patterns in the TAIEX futures markets: Information- or behavioral-based trades?
Lin, M., & Chiang, M.-T. (2015) · Asia Pacific Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.apmrv.2014.10.002 · Cited by 5
Do Attention-Grabbing Stocks Attract All Investors? Evidence from China
Li, Z., Shi, Y., Chen, W., & Kargbo, M. (2014) · Emerging Markets Finance and Trade · doi:10.1080/1540496x.2014.1013856 · Cited by 5
Does Property Return Affect Seller Behavior? An Empirical Study of China’s Real Estate Market
Li, H., Liang, L., & Sun, C. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13010055 · Cited by 5
What Causes the Disposition Effect? Evidence from Corporate Insiders
Favreau, C., & Garvey, R. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Finance · doi:10.1080/15427560.2020.1768097 · Cited by 5
Disposition effect and reference points: An experimental study
見澤, め., Paraboni, A. L., & Goulart, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284171 · Cited by 5
Conceptualizing financial advice in Australia
Richards, D. W., & Morton, E. (2020) · Financial Services Review · doi:10.61190/fsr.v28i2.3421 · Cited by 5
Make Hay While the Sun Shines: an Empirical Study of Maximum Price, Regret, and Trading Decisions
Brettschneider, J. A., Burro, G., & Henderson, V. (2024) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvae028 · Cited by 5
Beware of Performance Indicators
Kranz, T. T., Teschner, F., & Weinhardt, C. (2015) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-015-0399-8 · Cited by 5
DISPOSITION EFFECT AND PUBLIC SECONDARY EQUITY OFFERINGS
Marciukaityte, D., & Szewczyk, S. H. (2012) · The Journal of Financial Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6803.2011.01309.x · Cited by 6
Heterogeneity in asset allocation decisions: Empirical evidence from Switzerland
Drobetz, W., Kügler, P., Wanzenried, G., & Zimmermann, H. (2008) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2008.10.001 · Cited by 5
Market Underreaction to Bad News: The Case of Bankruptcy FilingsPreprint
Coelho, L. M. S., & Taffler, R. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1102598 · Cited by 5
Individual and Institutional Investor Behavior.
Stoffman, N. (2008) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 5
Determinants of Disposition and Reverse Disposition EffectsPreprint
Krause, A., Wei, K. C. J., & Yang, Z. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1369114 · Cited by 6
Anchoring and Loss Aversion Explain the Predictability in the Housing Market?Preprint
Hong Kong Institute for Monetary and Financial Research (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1934731 · Cited by 5
Jeong, D., & Babiarz, P. (2025) · Financial Planning Review · doi:10.1002/cfp2.70007 · Cited by 4
Kahya, E. H., & Ekinci, C. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbef.2022.100682 · Cited by 6
Yadav, M., & Dixit, G. (2024) · Managerial Finance · doi:10.1108/mf-10-2023-0628 · Cited by 4
Attention Utility: Evidence from Individual Investors
Quispe-Torreblanca, E. G., Gathergood, J., Loewenstein, G. F., & Stewart, N. (2025) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdaf028 · Cited by 4
The supply side of housing …nance
Foà, G., Gambacorta, L., Guiso, L., & Mistrulli, P. E. (2015) · Cited by 4
Essays on investor behavior and trading activity
Kyrolainen, P. J. (2007) · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Shapira, Z., & Venezia, I.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Venezia, Itzhak
- ORCID
- Venezia, Itzhak
- Venue
- Journal of Banking & Finance
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-08
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1573-1587
- ISSN
- 0378-4266 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3121422576
- Cited by
- 699
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 22.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Banking & Finance (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Corporate Finance and Governance
- Keywords
- disposition effect, investor behavior, trading frequency, trading volume, trading profitability, portfolio diversification, round trips, brokerage accounts
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
