The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 93 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 49 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults
Open accessAbstract
Background The relationship of health risk behavior and disease in adulthood to the breadth of exposure to childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction during childhood has not previously been described. Methods A questionnaire about adverse childhood experiences was mailed to 13,494 adults who had completed a standardized medical evaluation at a large HMO; 9,508 (70.5%) responded. Seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were studied: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The number of categories of these adverse childhood experiences was then compared to measures of adult risk behavior, health status, and disease. Logistic regression was used to adjust for effects of demographic factors on the association between the cumulative number of categories of childhood exposures (range: 0-7) and risk factors for the leading causes of death in adult life. Results More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported > or = 2 categories of childhood exposures. We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P or = 50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease; and 1.4- to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity. The number of categories of…
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Claims the paper makes
49 Own result · 12 No full text of the sources · 12 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Longitudinal follow-up of adults whose childhood abuse was well documented has shown that their retrospective reports of childhood abuse are likely to under-estimate actual occurrence.47,48”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] Femina, 1990, Child abuse, Child Abuse Negl sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that eight adults with well-documented abuse in their adolescent records denied it at follow-up, and the Discussion says retrospective inaccuracies in this sample were in the direction of under-reporting. The paper limits that finding to a small sample of former delinquents and says its generalizability is uncertain; the claim does not retain that population qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Williams, 1995, Recovered memories of abuse in women with documented child sexual victimization histories, J Traumatic Stress source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported Ն2 categories of childhood exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship for a history of stroke or diabetes.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found a strong, dose-response relationship between the number of childhood exposures and each of the 10 risk factors for the leading causes of death that we studied (P Ͻ .001).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported Ն2 categories of childhood exposures.”
- Also stated in: § Adverse Childhood Exposures · plain
“More than half of respondents (52%) experienced Ն1 category of adverse childhood exposure; 6.2% reported Ն4 exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Adverse Childhood Exposures · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a 1.4-to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life.”
- Also stated in: § Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure · plain
“The relationship between single categories of exposure was significant for all comparisons (P Ͻ .001;chi-square).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of categories of adverse childhood exposures showed a graded relationship to the presence of adult diseases including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Disease conditions including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease, as well as poor self-rated health also showed a graded relationship to the breadth of childhood exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a significant (P Ͻ .05)dose-response relationship between the number of childhood exposures and the following disease conditions: ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, history of hepatitis or jaundice, skeletal fractures, and poor self-rated health.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a 2-to 4-fold increase in smoking, poor self-rated health, Ն50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease;”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, among persons with no childhood exposures, 56% had none of the 10 risk factors whereas only 14% of persons with Ն4 categories of childhood exposure had no risk factors.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Childhood Exposures and Clustering of Health Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most prevalent of the 7 categories of childhood exposure was substance abuse in the household (25.6%); the least prevalent exposure category was evidence of criminal behavior in the household (3.4%).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Adverse Childhood Exposures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, only 1% of persons with no childhood exposures had four or more risk factors, whereas 7% of persons with Ն4 childhood exposures had four or more risk factors (Table 6).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Childhood Exposures and Clustering of Health Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mental illness | | 18.8 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Ն65 | 2,610 | 60.0 | 24.5 | 8.9 | 4.2 | 2.4 |”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“| 19-34 | 807 | 35.4 | 25.4 | 17.2 | 11.0 | 10.9 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Psychological | | 11.1 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mother treated violently | | 12.5 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 0 | 3,861 | 56 | 29 | 10 | 4 | 1 |”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“| Ն4 | 545 | 14 | 26 | 28 | 17 | 7 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The number of categories of adverse childhood exposure is a valid cumulative measure of adversity.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the odds ratios for skeletal fractures, hepatitis or jaundice, and poor self-rated health were 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2, respectively (Table 8).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationship between Childhood Exposures and Disease Conditions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Substance abuse | | 25.6 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between single categories of exposure was significant for all comparisons (P Ͻ .001;chi-square).For persons reporting any single category of exposure, the probability of exposure to any additional category ranged from 65%-93% (median: 80%); similarly, the probability of Ն2 additional exposures ranged from 40%-74% (median: 54.5%).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because adverse childhood experiences are common and they have strong long-term associations with adult health risk behaviors, health status, and diseases, increased attention to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies is needed.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondent (n ϭ 9,508) and nonrespondent (n ϭ 3,986) groups were similar in their percentages of women (53.7% and 51.0%, respectively) and in their mean years of education (14.0 years and 13.6 years, respectively).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After second mailings of the questionnaire to persons who did not respond to the first mailing, the response rate for the survey was 70.5% (9,508/13,494).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Survey Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents were slightly more likely to answer affirmatively than nonrespondents (6.1% vs. 5.4%, respectively).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without measuring these household factors as well, long-term influence might be wrongly attributed solely to single types of abuse and the cumulative influence of multiple categories of adverse childhood experiences would not be assessed.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We used questions from published surveys to construct the ACE Study questionnaire.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Questionnaire Design
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Straus, 1990 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Wyatt, 1985, The sexual abuse of Afro-American and White-American women in childhood, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [41] National Center for Health Statistics. Exposure to alcoholism in the family: United States, 1988. Advance Data, No. 205. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC; September 30, 1991.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents were older than nonrespondents (means 56.1 years and 49.3 years) and more likely to be white (83.9% vs. 75.3%)although the actual magnitude of the differences was small.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies of the long-term effects of childhood abuse have usually examined single types of abuse, particularly sexual abuse, and few have assessed the impact of more than one type of abuse.5,24 -28”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] McCauley, 1997, Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse, JAMA source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Briere, 1988, Multivariate correlates of childhood psychological and physical maltreatment among university women, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Briere, 1990, Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Claussen, 1991, Physical and psychological maltreatment, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Moeller, 1993, The combined effects of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse during childhood, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Bryant, 1995, Suicidality in college women who were sexually and physically punished by parents, Violence Vict source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents and nonrespondents did not differ with regard to their self-rated health, smoking, other substance abuse, or the presence of common medical conditions such as a history of heart attack or stroke, chronic obstructive lung disease, hypertension, or diabetes, or with regard to marital status or current family, marital, or job-related problems (data not shown).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, the American Medical Association recommends screening of women for exposure to violence at every entrance to the health system; 66 however, such screening appears to be rare.67”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] 1992, American Medical Association Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines on Domestic Violence, Arch Fam Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there may be mediators of the relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status other than the risk factors we examined.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High levels of exposure to adverse childhood experiences would expectedly produce anxiety, anger, and depression in children.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although articles in the general medical literature are alerting the medical community to the fact that childhood abuse is common, 59 adolescent health care is often inadequate in terms of psychosocial assessment and anticipatory guidance.60”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Rixey, 1994, Family violence and the adolescent, Maryland Med J
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, nicotine is recognized as having beneficial psychoactive effects in terms of regulating affect 49 and persons who are depressed are more likely to smoke.50,51”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Carmody, 1989, Affect regulation, nicotine addiction, and smoking cessation, J Psychoactive Drugs source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Anda, 1990, Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective, JAMA source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Glassman, 1990, Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression, JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the degree that behaviors such as smoking, alcohol, or drug use are found to be effective as coping devices, they would tend to be used chronically.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Many physicians may fear that discussions of sexual violence and other sensitive issues are too personal even for the doctor-patient relationship.65”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Sugg, 1992, Primary care physicians’ response to domestic violence. Opening Pandora’s box, JAMA source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“because it is strongly predictive of mortality.45”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > 3.4 Any category reported 52.1%
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Idler, 1990, Self-rated health and mortality in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, Am J Pub Health source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, some persons with health risk behaviors or diseases may have been either more, or less, likely to report adverse childhood experiences.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, these childhood exposures include emotionally sensitive topics such as family alcoholism 29,30 and sexual abuse.64”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Zeitlen, 1994, Children with alcohol misusing parents, Br Med Bull source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Dore, 1995, Identifying substance abuse in maltreating families, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Tabachnick, 1997, Perceptions of child sexual abuse as a public health problem. Vermont, September 1995, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, disease conditions could be either over-or under-reported by patients when they complete the medical questionnaire.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status is likely to be overlooked in medical practice because the time delay between exposure during childhood and recognition of health problems in adult medical practice is lengthy.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data about adverse childhood experiences are based on self-report, retrospective, and can only demonstrate associations between childhood exposures and health risk behaviors, health status, and diseases in adulthood.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, smoking, which is medically and socially viewed as a “problem” may, from the perspective of the user, represent an effective immediate solution that leads to chronic use.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although articles in the general medical literature are alerting the medical community to the fact that childhood abuse is common, 59 adolescent health care is often inadequate in terms of psychosocial assessment and anticipatory guidance.60”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] MacMillan, 1997, Prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse in the community. Results from the Ontario Health Supplement, JAMA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analysis was employed to adjust for the potential confounding effects of age, sex, race, and educational attainment on the relationship between the number of childhood exposures and health problems.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Statistical Analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.
“Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of categories of adverse childhood exposure is a valid cumulative measure of adversity.
“Number of categories of adverse childhood exposure and the adjusted odds of risk factors including current smoking, severe obesity, physical inactivity, depressed mood, and suicide attempt”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were documented at baseline using the 10-item ACE Study questionnaire to measure childhood trauma, and were grouped as either “0–3” or “4+” due to the high rate of chronic health problems among individuals with scores of 4 or more 37.”
From Effects of a trauma-informed mindful recovery program on comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during primary care buprenorphine treatment: A proof-of-concept study (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both exposure to IPV and parental separation or divorce are two adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that are linked in a dose–response relationship to adverse health consequences through the lifespan (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Post‐separation abuse: A concept analysis (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is a strong, graded link between exposure to childhood adversity and risk of negative health, social, and emotional outcomes, including several major categories of chronic disease, lung cancer, various autoimmune diseases, depression and other mental illnesses, and high-risk behaviors (e.g., Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“on average, the life span of individuals with six or more ACEs is 20 years shorter than that of those with zero ACEs (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while adults with ELS/CT experience could be at increased risk of disease with potentially immune origin (36, 53).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In one study of more than 9,500 adults, for example, exposure to multiple forms of early life stress was associated with a 4.6-fold increase in risk of being depressed over the past year (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences, including growing up in a context of maternal substance use (74), predicts an earlier age of onset for alcohol (62, 75) and other drug use (76, 77), and increased odds for attempting suicide (78).”
From Mothering, Substance Use Disorders and Intergenerational Trauma Transmission: An Attachment-Based Perspective (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Outcomes associated with early adversity include higher risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, ischemic heart disease, cancers, depression, addictions, and premature mortality, as well as social outcomes including unemployment and lower educational attainment [1–8].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences, namely exposures such as neglect, abuse, caregiver mental illness, and family or community violence, predict poorer long-term outcomes across health and social domains.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interest in metabolic embedding of ELA stems from epidemiological [1, 69] and clinical [70] studies linking ELA to obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes, raising questions about possible causal pathways.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse psychosocial exposures in early life, namely experiences such as child maltreatment, caregiver stress or depression, and domestic or community violence, have been associated in epidemiological studies with increased lifetime risk of adverse outcomes, including diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and psychiatric illnesses.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In full, ELA-induced changes may mediate epidemiological links to key diseases, including, among others, obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction, stroke), cancer onset and progression, as well as addictions, psychopathology, and adverse social outcomes [1–6, 18].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These frequencies are consistent with previous studies documenting elevated rates of childhood adversity among individuals with SUD [3, 5, 9].”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences are associated with many negative adult health and health care utilisation outcomes, including cardiovascular illness, depression, suicide attempts, unhealthy substance use, obesity, lung disease, liver disease, cancer and medically unexplained symptoms such as pain or gastrointestinal problems[1–6].”
From Health care utilisation changes among Alaska Native adults after participation in an indigenous community programme to address adverse life experiences: a propensity score-matched analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dose-response relationships between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and multiple risk factors have been documented among AIANs and non-AIANs [51,70].”
From Substance and Behavioral Addictions among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Rather, the overwhelming majority of studies14 have employed an empirical specification similar to that which has predominated in the literature on childhood adversity, i.e., a sum score of exposures.15–18”
From Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Much research associates CT with adverse physical and mental health outcomes (1,2)”
From Impact of Childhood Trauma on Executive Function in Adolescence—Mediating Functional Brain Networks and Prediction of High-Risk Drinking (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the original ACE study [3] demonstrated that individuals exposed to multiple adverse experiences had a four- to twelve-fold increased risk for alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, and suicide attempts.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Such an approach facilitates the synthesis of complex evidence for application, and is supported by observed dose–response effects linking cumulative early adversity to later outcomes [1, 3, 5], and by the “allostatic load” paradigm exploring pathogenic effects of cumulative all-cause stress [15].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dose-response relationship between number of adversities and health and social effects are observed in large epidemiological studies”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) considerably increase the likelihood of mental illness, health risk behaviors, and chronic physical illnesses.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with research that has supported the relationship between ACEs and further negative health consequences in the general population (Buckingham & Daniolos, 2013;Cicchetti & Handley, 2019;Felitti et al., 1998;Hughes et al., 2017).”
From Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use disorder (SUD): A scoping review (2021) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Also, adults who were abused as children have been shown to be at increased risk of disease with potential inflammatory origin (9, 10).”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Inflammation may be an important developmental mediator linking adverse experiences in early life to poor adult health.”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Given that the effect of stress often appears to be cumulative (2, 9, 19), we derived a cumulative exposure index for each child by counting the number of maltreatment experiences during the first decade of life (31);”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Childhood adversity has been repeatedly and robustly linked to physical and mental illness across the lifespan.”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Children enter foster care with a sum of adverse childhood experiences.55–57”
In the citing paper
“The first study using the DAWBA-RAD section reported a very high RAD point-prevalence of 63.0% (96/153) in a sample of looked after youth in a variety of placement forms [29].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Compared to another study on RAD using DAWBA in high-risk foster youths [29], our estimate was quite moderate.”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Victims of childhood physical or sexual abuse or parental neglect are at considerably greater risk for affective disorders.1-4”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies provide compelling support for the association between cumulative, adverse childhood experiences and the risk for depression.4,5”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, there is commonly a dose-response relationship between the number of types of adversity associated and the magnitude of the risk for depression.4-11”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In humans, various forms of ELA are associated with illicit drug use later in life [21,22,23].”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“In addition, there are established links between ELA and obesity [21,24], however, the exact mechanisms are not understood.”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Strong links between ACEs and the initiation of opioid use have been described (72, 73).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study from 1998 highlighted 5- to 10-fold increase in the risk of AUD and SUD following exposure to four or more ACEs in the first 18 years of life [112].”
From Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint (2020) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, ELA is associated with a greater likelihood of smoking cigarettes,32,43,44 abusing alcohol and drugs,32,45–47 eating a poor diet,48 and being obese.32,49”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Exposure to ELA is associated with a clustering of health risks, with increasing exposure related to an increasing number of HRBs.32”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“ELA has also been associated with physical inactivity, which likely also contributes to the link between ELA and obesity.32”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Research has consistently found that care leavers are more likely to have experienced high levels of adverse childhood experience (ACEs) and are at significantly greater risk for negative outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
From The relationship between spirituality and resilience and well-being: a study of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The documented risks of having care experience are substantial and varied (Berlin et al., 2011; Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
From The relationship between spirituality and resilience and well-being: a study of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Early life physical and sexual abuse carry with it a life-long burden of behavioral and pathophysiological problems (Felitti et al., 1998; Heim and Nemeroff, 2001).”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“There are enormous individual differences in the response to stress, based upon the experience of the individual early in life and in adult life.”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Early life physical and sexual abuse imposes a life- long burden of behavioral and pathophysiological problems.41,42”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Early-life events related to maternal care in animals, as well as parental care in humans, play a powerful role in later mental and physical health, as demonstrated by the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) studies”
From Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress (2017) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“ACE have a disproportionately powerful effect on life long trajectories of health and disease, 68 and poverty contributes in its own way as well as creating circumstances for ACE, 114 which, however, occurs across all levels of socioeconomic status (SES).”
From Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress (2017) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Boarding schools as a form of cultural genocide and source of historical trauma have had a variety of negative health impacts on Native people, such as high suicide rates, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes that are connected to trauma (Brave Heart et al. 2011;Duran 2019;Felitti et al. 1998).”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Felitti et al. 1998
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
“We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P Ͻ .001).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
“There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship for a history of stroke or diabetes.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Exclusions from Analysis
“The mean age of the 8,506 persons included in this analysis was 56.1 years”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Exclusions from Analysis
“After these exclusions, 8,056 of the original 9,508 survey respondents (59.7% of the original sample of 13,494) remained and were included in the analysis.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
“a 1.4-to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
“| | 4 or more | 523 | 26.6 | 1.3 | ( 1.1-1.6) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationship between Childhood Exposures and Disease Conditions
“Similarly, the odds ratios for skeletal fractures, hepatitis or jaundice, and poor self-rated health were 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2, respectively (Table 8).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
“| | 4 or more | 543 | 10.7 | 2.4 | (1.8-3.3) |”
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Kosted, R., Waddell, A., Adolph, K., & Fonzo, G. A. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121350
Primary and Secondary Prevention of Child Trauma
Carmody, K. A., & Shanahan, M. E. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2025.11.007
Doorn, G. H. V., March, E., Teese, R., Grieve, R., & Dye, J. (2026) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-026-00199-2
“ACEs are adverse, potentially traumatic incidents that occur before 18 years of age, such as physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, deprivation, as well as instances of caregiver neglect (Felitti et al., 1998 ).”
Yang, A., Manaswi, A., Fischer, M. W., Fischer, I. C., Na, P. J., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2026) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643261423254
Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Digital Era: An Urgent Call for Precision Assessment
Chang, J. P., & Su, K.-P. (2026) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000550728
A Frame of Reference for Trauma-Informed Occupational Therapy
Cerny, S. L. (2026) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2026.2617632
Wade, M., Rodriguez, C., Finegold, K. E., Knight, J., Hung, R. J., Bertoni, K., Wong, J., & Matthews, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8714200/v1
Duwe, G., & Clark, V. A. (2026) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-025-09889-6
ÇEVİK, E., & Karaca, P. P. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0341601
“The Centers for Disease Control and Kaiser Permanente developed the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) scale to find negative experiences in childhood [24,25].”
The Gendered Impacts of a Parent’s Incarceration on Girls
Cadoni, L., & Giacomello, C. (2026) · Critical criminological perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10883-8_9
Family Dinner Quality and Adolescent Substance Use: Moderation by Adverse Childhood Experiences
Skeer, M. R., Hajinazarian, G., Sabelli, R. A., & Eliasziw, M. (2026) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2025.2611862
Hantsoo, L. V., Ford, E., Friedman, E. S., Hao, F., Patterson, A. D., Bittinger, K. L., Wu, G., Zemel, B. S., & Tanes, C. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106479
Fatigue links sociodemographic risk to pain intensity and spread in 2 surgical cohorts
Sun, M. M. C., Ansari, B., Clauw, D. J., Harris, R. E., Sluka, K. A., Kaplan, C. M., Brummett, C. M., Lindquist, M. A., & Wager, T. D. (2026) · Pain · doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.26345387
“Pain was assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI; 27) and the Michigan Body Map (MBM; 28).”
Sunguroğlu, Ş., & Kumova, F. (2026) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.1508771
Aardal, H., Schanche, E., Molde, H., & Stiegler, J. R. (2026) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100649
Early care in childhood and psychological burden among East and West German adults
Kriechel, L., Beutel, M. E., Clemens, V., & Brähler, E. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26398-1
“…physical, and sexual abuse, as well as emotional and physical neglect, separation from one of the parents, violence against the mother, a household member’s substance abuse, mentally ill or suicidal household members, and finally incarceration of a household member before the age of 18 [36].”
Trauma Exposure and Symptom Presentations
Benjasirisan, C., Cuevas, P. E., Deslandes, V., Kumar, R., Rodney, T. U., Kruahong, S., & Tankampuan, T. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87526-7_9
Walker, T., Nester, C., Prieto, S., McManus-Shipp, K. E., Heinze, A., & Holler, K. (2025) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00735-9
“The CYW ACE-Q is composed of the 10 traditional ACEs used in the original CDC-Kaiser study (Felitti et al., 1998 ), as well as 9 additional ACEs identified by experts as contributing to developmental disruption (Harris & Ren - schler, 2015 ).”
Wilson, P., & Millender, E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87526-7_3
Yang, Q., Zhao, M., Wang, S., Yang, L., Su, H., Wang, X., & Yang, C. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-026-00832-3
“ACEs refer to distressing experiences before the age of 18, including abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, etc.), neglect (physical and emotional neglect), and family dysfunction (family violence, parental divorce, etc.) (Bethell et al., 2017; Felitti et al., 1998 ).”
Phillips, B. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00790-2
Dixon, W. E. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2026.106467
Vaughn, J. M., & Rojas-Flores, L. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-025-01071-5
Thomsen, L., Ogilvie, J., Rynne, J., Harris, D. A., Adams, Y., & Molnar, T. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.107935 · Cited by 1
Adams, A. M., Smith, G. T., Widiger, T. A., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2026) · Personality Science · doi:10.1177/27000710261421533 · Cited by 1
Pereira, N. G., Varma, P., Krishnan, S. R. G., & D’souza, T. B. (2026) · Child & Youth Services · doi:10.1080/0145935x.2026.2628072
Integrating Trauma-informed Practice into Initial Teacher Education: Challenges and Recommendations
Oberg, G. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83662-436-320261011
McCutcheon, L. E., Grieve, F. G., Jorgensen, M. F., Nebl, P. J., Luchner, A. F., Urbán, R., & Zsila, Á. (2026) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941261423103
Yu, X., Zhang, Y., Lu, X., et al. (2026) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-026-07865-y
“Based on the original Kaiser-CDC ACE Study [36] and the synthesis literatures on ACEs [37], as well as our own research in the context of Chinese culture, the following 5 categories have been included: emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical neglect, physical abuse, and peer bullying.”
Turning the Tide: Prevention, Intervention, and Postvention Strategies
Schmidt, R. J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12520-0_8
Rethinking Workplace Violence as a Public Health Policy Issue
Goodrich, J. P., & Walker, J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12520-0_10
Steindl, E.-L., & Wang, J. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83662-436-320261014
Adult-child interaction emotional image set: Subject ratings of childhood sexual abuse survivors
Leonardi, K., Bradshaw, S. D., Jordan, K. E., & Freeman, S. M. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.107929
Trauma-informed Health Professional Education (TI-HPE): A Conceptual Model
Olweny, C. N. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83662-436-320261013
Trauma Informed Care and Social Work
Aslan, G. G. (2021) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
May, R., Rogers, M., & ANDERSON, J. (2026) · Mental Health Practice · doi:10.7748/mhp.2026.e1768
Stifter, M., Grubin, F., Goklish, N. A., Larzelere, F., Suttle, R., Garcia, M., Kaytoggy, C., Minjarez, T., Tessay, R., Cwik, M. F., et al. (2026) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-026-01779-w
“These field observations are supported by literature in the general US population as well as Native American populations, noting links between ACEs and depression, alcohol dependence, drug use, anxiety, and suicide attempt, often demonstrating a dose-response relationship [2, 66, 67].”
Kowalska, A., Nowak, P., & Zielinska, M. J. (2021) · International Journal of Social and Psychological Aspects of Healthcare · doi:10.51847/lcuxchkmta
Lifetime MDMA use and associations with meaning in life in the context of childhood trauma
Olofsson, M., Acar, K., Simonsson, O., Bragesjö, M., White, T., Almeida, R., Petrović, P., & Lebedev, A. V. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-37721-6
Yang, F., Duschinsky, R., Mucha, L., Sousa, F. D. S., Woolgar, M., Morgan, T., Marshall, N., Mannes, J., Pilimatalawwe, D., Moore, A., et al. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.107941
Adverse childhood experiences as a risk factor for premature mortality
Т., К. О., & М., Д. О. (2026) · CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY AND PREVENTION · doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2025-4634
Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Studying Early Adversity and Development
Pollak, S. D., & Smith, K. E. (2026) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-091000 · Cited by 1
“The most widely adopted approach of this variety is called adverse child experiences (ACEs) (Felitti et al. 1998).”
Dusing, C. R., McCormick, A. D., Yu, S., Verma, S., Rea, K. E., Uzark, K. C., Butcher, J. L., & Cousino, M. K. (2026) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951125110809
Thompson, B. A., Ornstein, T. J., Szpunar, K. K., & Vickers, K. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00814-x
“Early stress has detrimental long-term effects on development, contributing to morbidity, mortality (Felitti et al., 1998), and immune system dysfunction (Elw-enspoek et al., 2017 ).”
Rady, A. M., RUPAIRE, C., Bermejo, M., & Lacoste, J. (2026) · Mental Health Global Challenges Journal · doi:10.56508/mhgcj.v9i1.338
Ziobrowski, H., Fleur, R. S. S., & Rosenthal, S. R. (2026) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-026-03056-w · Cited by 1
“Research has generally found a positive dose-response relationship between experiencing childhood adversity and risk of mental health outcomes [10, 12 ].”
Xu, Y., Klein, A. A., Denby, R. W., et al. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108830
Lee, K. (2026) · Journal of Family Trauma Child Custody & Child Development · doi:10.1080/26904586.2026.2617541 · Cited by 2
Impact of childhood adversity on deep brain stimulation outcomes for treatment resistant depression
Ng, E., Elias, G. J. B., Germann, J., Boutet, A., Rizvi, S. J., Lozano, A. M., Kennedy, S. H., & Giacobbe, P. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117007
Mindfulness-Based Interventions With Parents and Educators
Thayer, A. J., Sullivan, M., Larson, M. F., & Cook, C. R. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190880507.003.0003
Silva, C., Moreira, P., Fávero, M., Sousa‐Gomes, V., Dias, P. C., Azeredo, A. A. C., & Moreira, D. S. (2026) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2026.2627200
Pathways from Polygenic Risk to Suicidality: Effects of Alcohol Use Disorder and Childhood AdversityPreprint
Wu, V., Qin, X., Ashley‐Koch, A. E., Kimbrel, N. A., Gelernter, J. E., Docherty, A. R., Kranzler, H. R., Feinn, R., & Davis, C. E. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.26345999
Imanishi, Y., Iorini, M., Wada, I., Jwa, S., Tabuchi, T., & Uchida, M. (2026) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128299
Maternal adversity and peripheral proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in pregnancy
Sifnugel, N., Johnson, S. B., Hernandez, R. G., Hoyo, C., Murphy, S. K., Maguire, R. L., & Riis, J. L. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101195
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were ascertained by maternal self-report at enrollment using the 10-item measure developed by Felitti (Felitti et al., 1998).”
McCloskey, R. J., Gregory, K. A., Sposato, M. F., Trainor, K., & Renbarger, K. M. (2026) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci15020113 · Cited by 1
“Higher ACEs have since been linked to multiple chronic health conditions, including psychological disorders, substance abuse, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer (Felitti et al. 1998; Kalmakis and Chandler 2015).”
InfluentialBloom, S. L. (2025) · Journal of Public Health Issues and Practices · doi:10.33790/jphip1100249
Mindful Yoga for Grade School Students
Dariotis, J. K., & Fishbein, D. H. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190880507.003.0008
Chen, Y., Abrishamcar, S., Dye, C. K., Llabre, M. M., Gallo, L. C., Pereira, K. M., Daviglus, M. L., Argos, M., Cai, J., Thyagarajan, B., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8725187/v1
Clarke, A., Hallett, N., Brown, Y., Cunnington, C., Dauvermann, M. R., Jordan, G., Reniers, R. L. E. P., & Taylor, J. S. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-112097
Stewart, S. A., Nandadasa, N. T., & Poss, J. W. (2026) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100289
The Journey to Resilience-Informed Care: Improving Care Through Wellness
Neal, A. M. (2026) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903261419063
Bákonyi, D., Nagy, K., Csőgér, L., et al. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6237620
Benyagoub, M., BENAZZOUZ, R. S. A., Boussaid, K., Boumidiene, A., Hamdis, N., Braham, L. D., & Belhadj, R. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.107959
The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Coping With Premenstrual Syndrome and Sexual Myths
Aydoğan, A., Bingöl, F. B., Yildirim, E., Maşalaci, H., Uzun, İ. N., & Yarkıner, Z. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251412378
Patient and Family Perspectives for Trauma-Informed Ethics Consultation: A Pilot Study
Lanphier, E., Clark, D. M., & Singh, S. (2026) · The Journal of Clinical Ethics · doi:10.1086/739008
Ross, D., Waliji, L. A., Sayrafizadeh, N., Farhat, K., Truuvert, A. K., Musheer, M., Chu, C., Wang, E. E., Vigod, S. N., Soklaridis, S., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2624340
“Covariates assessed at baseline from patients to characterize the sample included sociodemographic and the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Scale , a 10-item self-report measure that assesses childhood exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction (Felitti et al., 1998).”
Zarei, K., Surkan, P. J., van der Waerden, J. E. B., Wiernik, E., Aradhya, S., Hollander, A., Choi, K., & Melchior, M. (2026) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-025-00612-7
“ACEs used in this study are included in Table 1 [13].”
InfluentialInfurna, M. R., Spicuzza, V., Bevacqua, E., Piombo, M. A., Riolo, M., Aiello, P. M., Grutta, S. L., & Epifanio, M. S. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08932-3
“…- defined as acts of commis - sion or omission causing or risking physical or emotional harm, including sexual abuse (Laajasalo, 2023 ) - encompasses physical, emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect, each associated with distinct long-term psychological effects (Felitti, 1998 ; Jaffee, 2017).”
Deneault, A., Tarraf, A., Bordeleau, C., Gariépy, M., Myre, G., Gagné, A., Beaulieu, L., & Racine, N. M. (2026) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2026.100291 · Cited by 1
Bäccman, C., Agorander, S., Lanér, I., & Almqvist, K. (2026) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2025.2609996
Deneault, A., Madigan, S. L., Beischel, W. J., Racine, N. M., Djordjevic, M., MacIsaac-Jones, M. A. C., Le, M., Thiemann, R. F., Salama, H., Lunney, C. A., et al. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251411260 · Cited by 2
Childhood adversities and accident mortality in early adulthood - a population-based cohort studyPreprint
Dyhr, L. M. T., Rod, N. H., & Elsenburg, L. K. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.18.26346533
Krukowski, M. P., Lewandowski, J. P., & Mazur, K. T. (2024) · Journal of Medical Sciences and Interdisciplinary Research · doi:10.51847/ulxqyh7epl
Parsons, A. A., Dang, S., Jacobs, S., Wagner, D., Tate, B., Williams, A. A., Wong, J., Collins-Lopez, J., & Causey, J. (2026) · PEC Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.pecinn.2026.100459
“The association between ACEs and negative outcomes has been widely studied and become increasingly evident [2-10 , 11 – 14].”
Influentialde Andrade, M., Helling-Bakki, A., & Fellows, C. (2025) · Kindesmisshandlung und -vernachlässigung · doi:10.13109/kind.2025.28.2.186
Hartati, N., Ariati, J., Eva, N., et al. (2026) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2026.2632583
Gusman, M. S., Aguilar, K., Grimm, K. J., Causadías, J. M., & Doane, L. D. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107808
Bourgou, S., Ayadi, N. E. H., Mlouki, I., Mhamdi, S. E., & Al’Absi, M. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.107947
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in foster care adolescent populations
Koroma, N., Tyson, T., Karodeh, N., et al. (2026) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2026.01.013
Ferrajão, P. C., Ramos, J., & Elklit, A. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00810-1
“Specifically, it was found that 31.9% of the par - ticipants in this study had been exposed to four or more different types of ACEs which has been proposed as a sig - nificant vulnerability threshold for both mental and physical problems (Felitti et al., 1998; Madigan et al., 2024).”
InfluentialNunes, S. F., Albuquerque, B. M., & Almeida, T. C. (2026) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.107949
Jackson, B., Smye, V. L., Lowe, S., Holland, M. L., & Sadler, L. S. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108842
Cooke, J. E., Racine, N. M., Giesbrecht, G. F., Plamondon, A., Campbell, T. S., Hart, M. J., Letourneau, N. L., & Madigan, S. L. (2026) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579426101205
Adaptive Calibration of Life History Strategy in Türkiye: The Role of Childhood UnpredictabilityPreprint
COŞGUN, M. G., & Söğütlü, L. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920797/v1
Elorza, B. C. P., Matijasevich, A., Peres, M. F. T., & Bauer, A. (2026) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2026.108545
Oyedele, N. K., Johnson, R. M., Musci, R. J., Dean, L. T., & Adams, L. B. (2026) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-026-00192-9
“…have predominantly examined race or gender effects in isolation rather than their intersection (Cavanaugh et al., 2015; Dube et al., 2006; Felitti et al., 1998 ; Haahr-Pedersen et al., 2020; Leban & Gibson, 2020; Maguire-Jack et al., 2020; Whitaker et al., 2021; Zhang & Monnat, 2022).”
InfluentialArledge, B., Bell, S. B., Chapple, C. L., Maher, E. J., Norris, J. E., Auger, E., & Ethridge, L. E. (2026) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-026-00200-y
“EEG studies have observed that childhood trauma influences a combination of cognitive and emotional out - comes, leading to issues with drug use, PTSD, depression, and poorer health (Felitti et al., 1998 ; Brockie et al., 2015 ; Chartier et al., 2010 ).”
Lee, E. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23030277
“For example, Felitti and colleagues [1] reported a strong graded relationship between cumulative exposure to childhood abuse and household challenges and multiple adult risk factors and leading causes of death, suggesting that ACEs exert additive effects rather than reflecting a simple exposed…”
Dosanjh, L. H., Adkins, T., Coulter, K. M., & Fonagy, P. (2026) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-026-03280-7
Chen, Z.-L., Huang, C., Yin, M., Wáng, Q., Tang, S., Huang, X.-T., & Zhang, Y.-F. (2026) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648261426737
de Groot, S., Wijbenga, L., Bültmann, U., Amick, B. C., Reijneveld, S. A., Korevaar, E. L., Hofstra, J., de Winter, A. F., & Veldman, K. (2026) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaf253
“ACEs, introduced by Felitti et al. [14], include various adversities, from child abuse to household dysfunction.”
Davis, J. P., Livingston, W. S., Canning, L. M., Saba, S. K., Pedersen, E. R., Castro, C. A., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2026) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2026.2633087
Sprang, G., Mennicke, A. M., Ray, C. M., Clear, E. R., & Coker, A. L. (2026) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-026-01084-3
Liu, C., Liu, X., & Wang, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1725710
“In the fi eld of ACEs, household substance abuse refers to the harmful use or dependence on alcohol or illicit drugs by a parent or other household member, which can undermine caregiving, reduce emotional availability, and destabilize the family environment (11, 13, 49).”
Martin, K., Shin, M., & Kemps, E. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-026-00844-z
“The emotional abuse subscale of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study Scale (Felitti et al., 1998) was used to measure childhood history of emotional abuse.”
Ni, Y., Li, S.-R., Sun, N.-N., Deng, Y.-Q., Yu, Z.-J., Zha, L., & Wu, Y. (2026) · Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · doi:10.1186/s13690-025-01815-w
“We assessed ACEs using a seven-item questionnaire adapted from previous research [27].”
Sox, D. M., Deutsch, N. L., Jennings, P. A., & Min, H. H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1708589 · Cited by 1
Glover, H. A., Dawson, J., Oden, K., et al. (2026) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1097/jxx.0000000000001254
Joseph, A., Massey, M. J., & Sanders, J. E. (2026) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/cdag005
Culturally Responsive Mindfulness for Trauma Recovery in Foster Youth
Brunner, T. S. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-026-00840-3
Metadata
- Authors
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Felitti, Vincent J
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 245-258
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2116839388
- Cited by
- 18,943
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1615 · 2025: 1790 · 2024: 1720 · 2023: 1711 · 2022: 1648 · 2021: 1720 · 2020: 1565 · 2019: 1232 · 2018: 963 · 2017: 825 · 2016: 666 · 2015: 573 · 2014: 446 · 2013: 413 · 2012: 340
- FWCI
- 57.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (TS-44-10/12)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, childhood abuse, household dysfunction, childhood emotional abuse, child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, suicide attempts, smoking, sexually transmitted infections, obesity, physical inactivity, ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, liver disease, cumulative exposure, leading causes of death
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, Cause of Death, Child, Child Abuse, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Problems, Violence, Health Behavior, Logistic Models, Child of Impaired Parents, Domestic Violence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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