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Cited by 59Historical and Cultural Archaeology StudiesIndigenous Cultures and HistoryArchaeology and Cultural Heritage

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 111 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 75 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America

Open access
Laluk, Nicholas C., Montgomery, Lindsay M., Tsosie, Rebecca, McCleave, Christine, Miron, Rose, Carroll, Stephanie Russo, Aguilar, Joseph, Thompson, Ashleigh Big Wolf, Nelson, Peter, Sunseri, Jun, Trujillo, Isabel, DeAntoni, GeorgeAnn M., Castro, Greg, Schneider, Tsim D.·2022·American Antiquity
DOI 10.1017/aaq.2022.59
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Abstract

Over the past 20 years, collaboration has become an essential aspect of archaeological practice in North America. In paying increased attention to the voices of descendant and local communities, archaeologists have become aware of the persistent injustices these often marginalized groups face. Building on growing calls for a responsive and engaged cultural heritage praxis, this forum article brings together a group of Native and non-Native scholars working at the nexus of history, ethnography, archaeology, and law in order to grapple with the role of archaeology in advancing social justice. Contributors to this article touch on a diverse range of critical issues facing Indigenous communities in the United States, including heritage law, decolonization, foodways, community-based participatory research, and pedagogy. Uniting these commentaries is a shared emphasis on research practices that promote Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination. In drawing these case studies together, we articulate a sovereignty-based model of social justice that facilitates Indigenous control over cultural heritage in ways that address their contemporary needs and goals., En los últimos veinte años, la colaboración se ha convertido en un aspecto esencial de la práctica arqueológica en América del Norte. Al prestar cada vez más atención a las voces de las comunidades descendientes y locales, los arqueólogos han tomado conciencia de las persistentes injusticias a las que se enfrentan estos grupos a menudo marginados. Basándose en los crecientes llamamientos a una praxis de patrimonio cultural receptiva y comprometida, este artículo del foro reúne a un grupo de académicos nativos y no nativos que trabajan en el nexo de la historia, la etnografía, la arqueología y el derecho con el fin de lidiar con el papel de la arqueología en el avance de la justicia social. Los contribuyentes a este artículo tocan una amplia gama de problemas críticos a los que se enfrentan las comunidades indígenas en los Estados Unidos, como el derecho del patrimonio, la descolonización, las vías alimentarias, la investigación participativa basada en la comunidad y la pedagogía. Unir estos comentarios es un énfasis compartido en las prácticas de investigación que promueven la soberanía y la autodeterminación indígenas. Al reunir estos estudios de caso, articulamos un modelo de justicia social basado en la soberanía que facilita el control indígena sobre el patrimonio cultural de manera que aborde sus necesidades y objetivos contemporáneos.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This forum article argues for a sovereignty-based model of social justice in archaeology, centering Indigenous control over cultural heritage and research practices. Through seven commentaries on law, data sovereignty, Tribal historic preservation, foodways, collaboration, and pedagogy, it calls for structural change in archaeological practice and teaching.

Key findings

  • The authors propose a sovereignty-based social justice framework, using Schmidt’s macro-, meso-, and micro-level justice heuristic to argue that archaeology must alter laws, restructure institutions, and change individual practice to support Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination.
  • Rebecca Tsosie’s Chaco case study examines 14 individuals sampled from Pueblo Bonito who lived from AD 800 to 1130; nine had identical mitochondrial DNA with a B2 haplotype, and the remains were classified as “culturally unidentifiable,” allowing research without Tribal consultation. The article argues this reflects epistemic injustice under NAGPRA and advocates the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, including free, prior, and informed consent.
  • The boarding school case study describes federal and church boarding schools from 1819 to the 1970s and argues for CARE Principles and Indigenous data sovereignty. At Carlisle, 59 Tribal Nations have children buried, 14 graves are marked “unknown,” and as of August 2019, 12 students had been disinterred and returned to relatives.
  • Other case studies show San Ildefonso Pueblo using a Tribal Historic Preservation Office to assert sovereignty, Red Lake Ojibwe storywork documenting seven traditional foodways, and California examples noting more than 100 federally acknowledged Tribes and roughly equivalent unrecognized communities, including a Salinan community that decided not to allow excavation.

Methods

  • This is a forum article growing out of a 2019 Society for American Archaeology annual meeting session; participants were selected to showcase junior Indigenous scholars working in California, the Southwest, and the Great Lakes, alongside academic archaeologists, Tribal heritage professionals, Indigenous organizations, and lawyers.
  • The article presents seven commentaries organized into two thematic subsections: intellectual sovereignty-centered research and critical self-reflexive collaboration with Indigenous communities.
  • It is a conceptual and case-study synthesis rather than an empirical study; the Data Availability Statement says no original data were presented.

Limitations

  • The paper states that no original data were presented and declares no competing interests; it does not include a formal limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: as a forum/commentary collection, it is not a systematic empirical study, and its examples are centered on Native communities in the United States, though the authors hope they can be placed into conversation with global social justice efforts.
  • Evident from the text: participant selection was purposeful—showcasing junior Indigenous scholars across specific regions—so the commentaries are not presented as a representative sample.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/aaq.2022.59

Cites

110 of 110 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

3 of 75 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    A growing number of scholars have advocated for more inclusive archaeological practices that respond to ongoing social and political issues facing historically marginalized populations.

    “A growing number of scholars have also advocated for more inclusive archaeological practices that respond to the ongoing social and political issues facing historically marginalized populations (e.g., Barton 2021;Franklin et al. 2020;Little and Shackel 2007;McGuire 2008;Shackel and Little 2016;Zimmerman et al. 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Barton 2021 source
    • cites Franklin et al. 2020 source
    • cites Little and Shackel 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingcitation

    The Chaco study did not reference the inhabitants of Chaco as 'Indigenous' or 'Native American' Peoples.

    “Importantly, the article does not reference the inhabitants of Chaco as”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    The Chaco researchers did not consult with the 'modern Native American groups' mentioned in the study.

    “Given this analysis, one might have expected the researchers to consult with the”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The THPO has provided the necessary infrastructure within San Ildefonso's Tribal government to exert control over cultural heritage by assuming duties normally handled by the State Historic Preservation Officer.

    “The THPO has provided the necessary infrastructure within our Tribal government to exert control over our cultural heritage by assuming the duties that would normally be handled by the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The Salinan community made a sovereign decision not to allow excavation in their homeland.

    “Ultimately, it was an ethic of social justice that underpinned the Salinan community's sovereign decision not to allow excavation in their homeland.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 73
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 34
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Indigenous data sovereignty expands the boundaries of the mainstream application of 'data sovereignty' in three critical ways: by conceptualizing collective rights to data; by asserting these rights outside of the geographic, jurisdictional boundaries of the nation; and by including information, knowledge, ancestors, and belongings-essentially anything that can be digitized or translated into数字信息-

    “Indigenous data sovereignty expands the boundaries of the mainstream application of”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Carroll et al. 2019 source
    • cites Carroll et al. 2020 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Rainie et al. 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    The Chaco study claims that the inhabitants are a 'prehistoric population' that 'collapsed' in the twelfth century AD.

    “Rather, the study claims that they are a”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    The Chaco study authors state that the relationship between prehistoric people from specific Chaco and modern Native American groups remains uncertain.

    “Although the study notes similarities to modern Pueblo Nations, the authors state that”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kennett et al. 2017:5 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingreasoning

    This procedural slippage resulted in the mismanagement of San Ildefonso cultural heritage outside of pueblo lands.

    “This procedural slippage resulted in the mismanagement of San Ildefonso cultural heritage outside of pueblo lands.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Some Tribal Nations determined that children who died at Carlisle should remain in their current resting place, while others decided to move forward with repatriation efforts.

    “Although some Tribal Nations determined that children who died at Carlisle should remain in their current resting place, others have decided to move forward with repatriation efforts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    Aguilar's contribution reminds us to recognize the power dynamics within Indigenous communities themselves, including how Tribal sovereignty drives Tribal cultural resource best management practices and how Tribes are controlling their own culture and heritage.

    “At the broader level, Aguilar's contribution also reminds us to recognize the power dynamics within Indigenous communities themselves, including how Tribal sovereignty drives Tribal cultural resource best management practices and how Tribes are controlling their own culture and heritage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Prior to the establishment of the THPO, the decentralized structure of San Ildefonso Pueblo's Tribal government often allowed outside entities to skirt their ethical and legal obligations when consulting with the pueblo.

    “Prior to the establishment of the THPO, the decentralized structure of the Tribal government often allowed outside entities to skirt their ethical and legal obligations when consulting with the pueblo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Tribal Nations have communicated their concerns that any sacred or sensitive materials remain private, and that any personal family data be controlled by and made accessible to boarding school survivors and their descendants.

    “In our involvement with reclaiming boarding school buildings, investigating unmarked cemeteries, and repatriating children, Tribal Nations have communicated their concerns that any sacred or sensitive materials remain private, and that any personal family data be controlled by and made accessible to boarding school survivors and their descendants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    Tsosie's discussion of DNA testing at Chaco Canyon uses the concept of data sovereignty to address the continued power imbalances between Western researchers and Native American communities.

    “Tsosie's discussion of DNA testing at Chaco Canyon also uses the concept of data sovereignty to address the continued power imbalances between Western researchers-in this case bioarchaeologists-and Native American communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Findingnone given

    Indigenous sovereignty is at the center of all these conversations.

    “Indigenous sovereignty is at the center of all these conversations”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The seven commentaries compiled in this forum document the heterogeneous ways that Indigenous scholars and communities in the United States have engaged with the concept of social justice.

    “The seven commentaries compiled in this forum document the heterogeneous ways that Indigenous scholars and communities in the United States have engaged with the concept of social justice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    Several contributors to this forum present a critical self-reflexive approach to collaboration, which highlights the ways in which archaeologists have meaningfully engaged with the current struggles of Indigenous Peoples for self-determination regardless of their federal recognition status.

    “Several contributors to this forum present a critical self-reflexive approach to collaboration, which highlights the ways in which archaeologists have meaningfully engaged with the current struggles of Indigenous Peoples for self-determination regardless of their federal recognition status.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingreasoning

    Sunseri and Trujillo's work at the Pueblo de Abiquiù offers a critique of extant models of stewardship.

    “Sunseri and Trujillo's work at the Pueblo de Abiquiù offers another compelling critique of extant models of stewardship.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    The concept of Indigenous intellectual sovereignty is evoked by contributors in their calls for distributive justice.

    “The concept of Indigenous intellectual sovereignty is also evoked by contributors in their calls for distributive justice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    McCleave, Miron, and Carroll use the concept of data sovereignty to advocate for a collaborative framework for working with Tribal Nations to research and heal the historical trauma induced by the Indian boarding school system.

    “For example, McCleave, Miron, and Carroll use the concept of data sovereignty to advocate for a collaborative framework for working with Tribal Nations to research and heal the historical trauma induced by the Indian boarding school system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    Between 2017 and 2019, the Salinan T'rowt'raahl community collaborated with University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) archaeologists to develop a project using postcontact paleo ethnobotany to explore Salinan plant use for food and medicine before, during, and after missionization.

    “Between 2017 and 2019, the Salinan T'rowt'raahl community collaborated with University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) archaeologists to develop a project using”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    DeAntonni, Castro, and Schneider's discussion of socially responsive archaeology on the California coast demonstrates how moving beyond the structures and mandates of federal law can shift control over heritage from the hands of researchers and legislators to those of Indigenous communities.

    “DeAntonni, Castro, and Schneider's discussion of socially responsive archaeology on the California coast demonstrates how moving beyond the structures and mandates of federal law can shift control over heritage from the hands of researchers and legislators to those of Indigenous communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Gardening used to be practiced by each family at Red Lake, but nowadays it is practiced by very few people.

    “For example, gardening used to be practiced by each family at Red Lake, but nowadays, it is practiced by very few people.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    This was the first gathering of Coast Miwok and Pomo people at Toms Point in 150 years.

    “this was the first gathering of Coast Miwok and Pomo people at Toms Point in 150 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    In laying out a future-oriented research design, Sunseri and Trujillo argue for a new set of ethical practices, which situate archaeologists as partners with-rather than principal investigators of-Indigenous cultural heritage.

    “In laying out a futureoriented research design, they argue for a new set of ethical practices, which situate archaeologists as partners with-rather than principal investigators of-Indigenous cultural heritage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingreasoning

    Their commentary identifies pathways for institutionalizing collaboration by incorporating Native Peoples and priorities into pedagogical practices.

    “Their commentary identifies pathways for institutionalizing collaboration by incorporating Native Peoples and priorities into pedagogical practices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Thompson's work with the Red Lake Ojibwe demonstrates how researchers can employ Indigenous concepts, such as storywork, as collaborative methods to document traditional foodways in ways that redress the impacts of settler colonialism on communal health.

    “For example, Thompson's work with the Red Lake Ojibwe demonstrates how researchers can employ Indigenous concepts, such as storywork, as collaborative methods to document traditional foodways in ways that redress the impacts of settler colonialism on communal health.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    The commentaries in this forum demonstrate how scholars working in the United States can critically and creatively engage with the discipline of archaeology to dismantle settler colonial power structures, research frameworks, and pedagogical practices.

    “The commentaries in this forum demonstrate how scholars working in the United States can critically and creatively engage with the discipline of archaeology to dismantle settler colonial power structures, research frameworks, and pedagogical practices (Ferris and Welch 2014:230).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ferris and Welch 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    These stories revealed how foodways are entangled with physical health, medicinal and ceremonial practices, and notions of respect for land and water.

    “In addition to providing detailed accounts of collecting and hunting practices, these stories revealed how foodways are entangled with physical health, medicinal and ceremonial practices, and notions of respect for land and water.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The sovereignty-based social justice framework promoted throughout this article emphasizes the role of Indigenous communities themselves in achieving equality.

    “Although there have been various parallel movements within archaeology to make the field relevant to descendant communities, the sovereignty-based social justice framework promoted throughout this article emphasizes the role of Indigenous communities themselves in achieving equality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given

    Nelson's case study reveals the problematic relationship between archaeology and the legal frameworks that arbitrate the federal recognition of Native communities.

    “Nelson's case study reveals the problematic relationship between archaeology and the legal frameworks that arbitrate the federal recognition of Native communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingnone given

    As of August 2019, 12 students have been disinterred from the Carlisle cemetery and returned to their relatives throughout the country.

    “As of August 2019, 12 students have been disinterred from the Carlisle cemetery and returned to their relatives throughout the country.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation

    Several of these commentaries engage with the concept of intellectual sovereignty by systematically working to unveil the problematic ways in which authorized heritage discourses have maintained core assumptions about Indigenous presence and stewardship expertise.

    “Several of these commentaries engage with the concept of intellectual sovereignty by systematically working to unveil the problematic ways in which authorized heritage discourses have maintained core assumptions about Indigenous presence and stewardship expertise”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    We currently do not have equity in the power relations between Indigenous Peoples and archaeologists within the United States.

    “We currently do not have equity in the power relations between Indigenous Peoples and archaeologists within the United States.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisereasoning

    Innovations regarding health data are not coextensive with the consultation requirements under NAGPRA.

    “It is important to note that these innovations regarding health data are not coextensive with the consultation requirements under NAGPRA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Under its current configuration, NAGPRA explicitly authorizes multiple categories of evidence to establish cultural affiliation, including aboriginal title, cultural narratives, and historical evidence.

    “Under its current configuration, NAGPRA explicitly authorizes multiple categories of evidence to establish cultural affiliation, including aboriginal title, cultural narratives, and historical evidence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A sovereignty-based model of social justice requires a critical understanding of the ways in which archaeology continues to enact (sometimes unwittingly) persistent injustices against Native Peoples.

    “A sovereignty-based model of social justice requires a critical understanding of the ways in which archaeology continues to enact (sometimes unwittingly) persistent injustices against Native Peoples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Power over Indigenous cultural heritage is largely held by non-Indigenous scholars, museum professionals, and resource managers.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    NAGPRA is specifically intended to redress the dark history of genocide and appropriation that exemplifies settler colonialism in the United States.

    “NAGPRA is specifically intended to redress the dark history of genocide and appropriation that exemplifies settler colonialism in the United States.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Indigenous Peoples have the right to maintain their spiritual connection to their ancestral lands and territories, and to pass this connection on to future generations.

    “They have the right to maintain their spiritual connection to their ancestral lands and territories, and to pass this connection on to future generations (United Nations General Assembly 2007:Article 25).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites United Nations General Assembly 2007:Article 25

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The UN Declaration moves beyond the notion of 'consultation' to the concept of 'free, prior, and informed consent' before the nation-state can impair the enumerated, fundamental human rights outlined in that document.

    “Finally, the UN Declaration moves beyond the notion of”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites UN Declaration

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    It remains unclear whether or not Tribal Nations have a legally protected collective interest in protecting Tribal DNA.

    “It remains unclear whether or not Tribal Nations have a legally protected collective interest in protecting Tribal DNA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These ontological and epistemological differences require an alternative conceptualization of social justice that is premised on Indigenous principles, including communalism, self-determination, respect, and reciprocity.

    “We argue that these ontological and epistemological differences require an alternative conceptualization of social justice that is premised on Indigenous principles, including communalism, self-determination, respect, and reciprocity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    NAGPRA is specifically intended to protect the human rights of Native Peoples through a statutory process of repatriation for items held by museums or agencies as of the effective date of the statute.

    “NAGPRA is specifically intended to protect the human rights of Native Peoples through a statutory process of repatriation for items held by museums or agencies as of the effective date of the statute.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Repatriation may not be possible for Indigenous ancestral human remains designated as 'culturally unidentifiable' because they do not conform to Western knowledge practices that control 'cultural affiliation.'

    “In particular, repatriation may not be possible for Indigenous ancestral human remains designated as”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Indigenous Peoples have the right to maintain, control, and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions-including 'human and genetic resources.'

    “They have the right to maintain, control, and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions-including”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites United Nations General Assembly 2007:Article 31

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    For Native American and Alaskan Native Peoples, social justice means challenging the colonial structures and mindset that undermine sovereignty and self-governance.

    “Hilary N. Weaver has also argued that for Native American and Alaskan Native Peoples,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Weaver 2000:15 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Scientific ways of knowing can be harmonized with Indigenous ways of knowing where there is a respectful consultation with Tribal leaders and the decision is based on consent.

    “Scientific ways of knowing can be harmonized with Indigenous ways of knowing where there is a respectful consultation with Tribal leaders and the decision is based on consent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If the Native Nation fails to 'prove' this relationship, the human remains might go-by default-to the museum or agency with custody, transforming an Indigenous ancestor into the property of science.

    “If the Native Nation fails to”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    NAGPRA requires a consultation process between Tribal Nations and the agencies or museums that have possession of protected cultural items in order to establish the nature and cultural affiliation of the items and effectuate their repatriation.

    “Specifically, NAGPRA requires a consultation process between Tribal Nations and the agencies or museums that have possession of protected cultural items in order to establish the nature and cultural affiliation of the items and effectuate their repatriation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisereasoning

    The National Institutes of Health has developed Tribal consultation protocols and cultural competence trainings for its researchers due to the legal, political, social and cultural interests of Tribal Nations in protecting citizens' DNA and associated data collected from health studies.

    “These issues are ever present in the world of genomic research, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has developed Tribal consultation protocols and cultural competence trainings for its researchers due to the legal, political, social and cultural interests of Tribal Nations in protecting citizens' DNA and associated data collected from health studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Some scholars have critiqued the Western foundations of Indigenous sovereignty, arguing that it is premised on a problematic acceptance of the colonial state, which both validates and stands in opposition to the Tribal Nation.

    “However, some scholars have critiqued the Western foundations of Indigenous sovereignty, arguing that it is premised on a problematic acceptance of the colonial state, which both validates and stands in opposition to the Tribal Nation (Alfred 1999;Tully 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Alfred 1999
    • cites Tully 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted in 2007 by majority consensus of the United Nations General Assembly, is founded on the principle that all Indigenous Peoples have the right to 'self-determination,' including the right to autonomous self-governance.

    “The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which was adopted in 2007 by majority consensus of the United Nations General Assembly, is founded on the principle that all Indigenous Peoples have the right to”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites United Nations General Assembly 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Scholars such as Amanda Cobb, Joanne Barker, and Bronwyn Fredericks have promoted the concept of 'intellectual sovereignty,' which encompasses Indigenous control over knowledge production.

    “In response to these critiques, scholars such as Amanda Cobb (2005), Joanne Barker (2005), and Bronwyn Fredericks (2009) have promoted the concept of”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cobb 2005
    • cites Barker 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Fredericks 2009

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Ancestral human remains are not protected by the privacy securities that extend to living individuals, and the text of NAGPRA does not specifically reference ownership of data.

    “Ancestral human remains are not protected by the privacy securities that extend to living individuals, and the text of the statute does not specifically reference ownership of data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    One of the most problematic categories within NAGPRA are those human remains deemed not to be 'culturally affiliated' with a contemporary federally recognized Indian Tribe or Native Hawaiian entity, either because the remains lacked sufficient data to do so or because the Tribe had not survived into the modern era.

    “One of the most problematic categories within NAGPRA are those human remains deemed not to be”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Today, this epistemic dominance is in question as Indigenous archaeologists work to reshape the parameters of research and practice to reflect Indigenous knowledge and social norms.

    “Today, this epistemic dominance is in question as Indigenous archaeologists work to reshape the parameters of research and practice to reflect Indigenous knowledge and social norms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The issue of data sovereignty is not specifically addressed by NAGPRA, nor does the statute address what is to be done with DNA samples that might have been taken in the course of scientific studies by bioarchaeologists.

    “The issue of data sovereignty is not specifically addressed by NAGPRA, nor does the statute address what is to be done with DNA samples that might have been taken in the course of scientific studies by bioarchaeologists (Tsosie 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tsosie 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    In the nineteenth century, archaeology had a powerful role in constructing the identity of Indigenous Peoples according to Western scientific categories.

    “In the nineteenth century, archaeology had a powerful role in constructing the identity of Indigenous Peoples according to Western scientific categories.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Native Nations lack the power to co-create the meaning of terms such as 'history' or 'prehistory,' and their knowledge is not used to demarcate 'current Native Americans' from 'ancient populations.'

    “Native Nations lack the power to co-create the meaning of terms such as”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Sovereignty is not only an essential pillar of what social justice means for Indigenous communities in the United States but a necessary precursor to achieving justice.

    “As Weaver points out, sovereignty is not only an essential pillar of what social justice means for Indigenous communities in the United States but a necessary precursor to achieving justice.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Weaver

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Without the knowledge or consent of the Tribe or individual study participants, the researchers used the samples and associated data to apply for additional grants and to conduct unrelated research on biomedical and behavioral health conditions.

    “Without the knowledge or consent of the Tribe or individual study participants, the researchers used the samples and associated data to apply for additional grants and to conduct unrelated research on biomedical and behavioral health conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    NAGPRA places the legal burden of proof on the contemporary Native American Tribes or Native Hawaiian entities to demonstrate 'cultural affiliation,' even though the mechanisms to do so are the product of Euro-American conceptual categories.

    “Moreover, NAGPRA places the legal burden of proof on the contemporary Native American Tribes or Native Hawaiian entities to demonstrate”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    As of 1990, federal agencies and museums across the country housed extensive 'collections' of Native American ancestral human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony that ought to have been in the possession of culturally affiliated Native Nations.

    “As of 1990, federal agencies and museums across the country housed extensive”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Under current US law, privacy rights adhere only to living individuals: they have the right to give informed consent before a physician or a health researcher can take their blood or tissue, whereas deceased individuals do not.

    “Under current US law, however, privacy rights adhere only to living individuals: they have the right to give informed consent before a physician or a health researcher can take their blood or tissue, whereas deceased individuals do not.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Indigenous Peoples have the right to control, protect, and develop their 'intellectual property' over this cultural heritage, which the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples associates with the right to 'data sovereignty.'

    “They also have the right to control, protect, and develop their”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    These efforts are part of an emerging social justice framework in which archaeology serves as a tool for addressing the pressing present needs of communities outside the discipline.

    “These efforts are part of an emerging social justice framework in which archaeology serves as a tool for addressing”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Atalay et al. 2016:8 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    To this day, there are no clear lines about whether contemporary Tribal Nations can have a 'cultural affiliation' to ancient Native Peoples, or whether genomic testing is the only way to prove 'Native American' identity.

    “To this day, there are no clear lines about whether contemporary Tribal Nations can have a”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    By 2017, the genomic science was better, and it demonstrated that the Ancient One was indeed related to the Native claimants.

    “By 2017, the genomic science was better, and it demonstrated that this Ancient One was indeed related to the Native claimants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    For Indigenous Peoples, persistent injustice is a daily experience that is perpetuated under a legal system that subsumes, in neutral terminology, a given outlook and understanding about time, place, and human identity.

    “For Indigenous Peoples, persistent injustice is a daily experience that is perpetuated under a legal system that subsumes, in neutral terminology, a given outlook and understanding about time, place, and human identity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    Even if the school or cemetery is on federal or Tribal land, the majority of archaeological projects related to boarding schools do not have any definite legal requirements for the return or care of boarding school students' remains under laws such as NAGPRA or Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA).

    “Even if the school or cemetery is on federal or Tribal land, the majority of archaeological projects related to boarding schools do not have any definite legal requirements for the return or care of boarding school students' remains under laws such as NAGPRA or Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    When Indigenous Peoples are more involved in the legislative process through THPOs-or create rules that completely upend often weak and misguided Western laws-they are better positioned to assert sovereignty over their heritage and archaeological research.

    “When Indigenous Peoples are more involved in the legislative process through THPOs-or better yet, create rules that completely upend often weak and misguided Western laws-they are better positioned to assert sovereignty over their heritage and archaeological research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The growing number of THPOs across the United States is creating a positive and fundamental shift in the relationships that archaeologists have with Native communities.

    “The growing number of THPOs across the United States is creating a positive and fundamental shift in the relationships that archaeologists have with Native communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By practicing Ojibwe values of respect and enoughness, the Red Lake community can reinstate the health of the land and animal relatives.

    “Furthermore, by practicing Ojibwe values of respect and enoughness, the Red Lake community can reinstate the health of the land and animal relatives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    At this juncture, the declaration is prescriptive, and its precepts are often equated with the concept of 'moral rights,' which are generally not legally enforceable.

    “At this juncture, the declaration is prescriptive, and its precepts are often equated with the concept of”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Alfred Kroeber's work produced great acclaim for both him and the University of California-Berkeley, securing their futures, while the extinction clauses within this work and the BIA determinations based on his work contributed to great uncertainty in the futures of many Native American Tribes that were erased from contemporary maps of California.

    “Alfred Kroeber's work produced great acclaim for both him and the University of California-Berkeley (UC Berkeley), securing their futures, while the extinction clauses within this work and the BIA determinations based on his work contributed to great uncertainty in the futures of many Native American Tribes that were erased from contemporary maps of California.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationcitation

    By participating in shared dialogue, writing in ways that resonate with each other, identifying common barriers, and arguing for what Indigenous research ought to be, Indigenous archaeologists play a particularly important translational role in addressing persistent injustice.

    “By”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Archibald et al. 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    During that time, Native workers at Toms Point fished, collected shellfish and native plants, and fashioned tools from bottle glass and obsidian.

    “During that time, Native workers also fished, collected shellfish and native plants, and fashioned tools from bottle glass and obsidian (Schneider et al. 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schneider et al. 2018

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The declaration serves as a foundation for the process of reparative justice that is necessary to redress the harms of colonialism.

    “In the meantime, the declaration serves as a foundation for the process of reparative justice that is necessary to redress the harms of colonialism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Archaeology has increasingly intersected with the history of US Indian boarding schools for three main purposes: reclaiming remaining historic buildings, locating and protecting remains of children who died in these schools, and repatriating relatives from these schools.

    “However, archaeology has increasingly intersected with the history of US Indian boarding schools for three main purposes:”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These power imbalances are perpetuated by legal interventions such as NAGPRA, which contain descriptive categories that fail to protect Native American data, including objects of cultural patrimony and human DNA.

    “These power imbalances are perpetuated by legal interventions such as NAGPRA, which contain descriptive categories that fail to protect Native American data, including objects of cultural patrimony and human DNA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Because Tribes must be federally recognized to access federal laws such as NAGPRA, institutions such as UC Berkeley's Phoebe A. Hearst Museum can deny the requests of unrecognized Tribes to repatriate ancestors, irrespective of the values and wishes of Indigenous communities.

    “Because Tribes must be federally recognized to access federal laws such as NAGPRA, institutions such as UC Berkeley's Phoebe A. Hearst Museum can deny the requests of these unrecognized Tribes to repatriate ancestors, irrespective of the values and wishes of Indigenous communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Stitching core principles of socially just research into the fabric of introductory archaeology courses can raise awareness of archaeology's current political ramifications and help students to think critically about settler colonialism and Indigenous sovereignty.

    “yet stitching core principles of socially just research into the fabric of introductory courses can raise awareness of archaeology's current political ramifications and help students to think critically about settler colonialism and Indigenous sovereignty (Ladson-Billings 1995;Paris 2012;Pewewardy 1992).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ladson-Billings 1995 source
    • cites Paris 2012 source
    • cites Pewewardy 1992

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Federal recognition status can be a tremendously important supporter of Tribal sovereignty in that it allows communities to access many reserved rights that are not afforded to nonrecognized Tribes, such as the right to establish a reservation or land base for their people and to consult with federal agencies to protect Tribal cultural and natural resources.

    “Federal recognition status can be a tremendously important supporter of Tribal sovereignty in that it allows communities to access many reserved rights that are not afforded to nonrecognized Tribes, such as the right to establish a reservation or land base for their people and to consult with federal agencies to protect Tribal cultural and natural resources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The United States Indigenous Data Sovereignty Network supports research, policy, and practice to ensure that data being collected about Indigenous Peoples are used to advance Indigenous interests and wellbeing.

    “Founded in 2016, the United States Indigenous Data Sovereignty Network supports research, policy, and practice to ensure that data being collected about Indigenous Peoples are used to advance Indigenous interests and wellbeing (United States Indigenous Data Sovereignty Network 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites United States Indigenous Data Sovereignty Network 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Collaboration has become an expected part of scholarship for research with American Indian and Alaska Native communities.

    “Collaboration has become an expected part of scholarship for research with American Indian and Alaska Native communities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationcitation

    THPOs are a pragmatic way in which Indigenous communities can work within existing legal frameworks to reclaim authority over their cultural and intellectual resources.

    “As Aguilar's discussion shows, THPOs are a pragmatic way in which Indigenous communities can work within existing legal frameworks to reclaim authority over their cultural and intellectual resources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    That sovereignty includes the right to set the terms of research and data stewardship within archaeological and other contexts.

    “That sovereignty includes the right to set the terms of research and data stewardship within archaeological and other contexts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Boarding schools as a form of cultural genocide and source of historical trauma have had a variety of negative health impacts on Native people, such as high suicide rates, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes that are connected to trauma.

    “Boarding schools as a form of cultural genocide and source of historical trauma have had a variety of negative health impacts on Native people, such as high suicide rates, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes that are connected to trauma (Brave Heart et al. 2011;Duran 2019;Felitti et al. 1998).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Brave Heart et al. 2011 source
    • cites Duran 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Felitti et al. 1998 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Settler and archaeological tendencies to define Tribal entities in narrow terms undermine Indigenous claims to knowledge and assertions of identity.

    “Settler and archaeological tendencies to define Tribal entities in narrow terms undermine Indigenous claims to knowledge and assertions of identity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    NABS's vision aims to restore Indigenous Peoples' cultural sovereignty, which was taken away through boarding schools.

    “NABS's vision aims to restore Indigenous Peoples' cultural sovereignty, which was taken away through boarding schools.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By eating and partaking in traditional food harvesting, Ojibwe people can make themselves physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually well again.

    “By eating and partaking in traditional food harvesting, Ojibwe people can make themselves physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually well again.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although a THPO operates within a colonial construct modeled on Western standards of historic preservation, this institution does allow Tribes to resume their responsibilities as stewards of their own heritage.

    “Although a THPO operates within a colonial construct modeled on Western standards of historic preservation, this institution does allow Tribes to resume their responsibilities as stewards of their own heritage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Tribal Nations have different needs, beliefs, and interests, and each nation approaches both research and healing in different ways.

    “Tribal Nations have different needs, beliefs, and interests, and each nation approaches both research and healing in different ways (Smith 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Smith 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Such legal loopholes further secure the futures of the settler university at the expense of Native American Peoples and Tribes.

    “Such legal loopholes further secure the futures of the settler university at the expense of Native American Peoples and Tribes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Despite this moment of good faith toward Native American communities, Kroeber and Heizer's perspectives still privileged external anthropological standards of research as the valid arbiter of these communities' statuses.

    “Despite this moment of good faith toward Native American communities, Kroeber and Heizer's perspectives still privileged external anthropological standards of research as the valid arbiter of these communities' statuses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Indigenous data sovereignty movement responds to the exponential proliferation and use of data in contemporary societies, and it repositions control over data and research from external actors to the Indigenous Peoples from whom the data emerge or relate.

    “Led by Indigenous individuals and communities, the Indigenous data sovereignty movement responds to the exponential proliferation and use of data in contemporary societies, and it repositions control over data and research from external actors to the Indigenous Peoples from whom the data emerge or relate (Kukutai and Taylor 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kukutai and Taylor 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By relying on the concept of Indigenous data sovereignty, Native Peoples emphasize their right to control the collection, ownership, and application of data related to the boarding school experience and reverse the trend of Native materials being controlled, organized, cataloged, and represented by largely non-Native institutions without input from descendant communities.

    “By relying on the concept of Indigenous data sovereignty, Native Peoples emphasize their right to control the collection, ownership, and application of data related to the boarding school experience and reverse the trend of Native materials being controlled, organized, cataloged, and represented by largely non-Native institutions without input from descendant communities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Indigenous food sovereignty is part of a larger social justice movement, supporting the revitalization of Indigenous cultures by using Indigenous foodways as a catalyst to improve community wellness.

    “Indigenous food sovereignty is part of a larger social justice movement, supporting the revitalization of Indigenous cultures by using Indigenous foodways as a catalyst to improve community wellness (Grey and Patel 2015; Martínez-Torres and Rosset 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Grey and Patel 2015 source
    • cites Martínez-Torres and Rosset 2010 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Children in boarding schools were forbidden to speak their Tribal languages or practice their cultures, and corporal punishment and other forms of abuse were inflicted on students.

    “Children were forbidden to speak their Tribal languages or practice their cultures, and corporal punishment and other forms of abuse were inflicted on students (Adams 1995;Child 2000;Fear-Segal and Rose 2016;Lomawaima 1995;Reyhner and Eder 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Adams 1995

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Child 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Fear-Segal and Rose 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By assuming the duties of the state in managing cultural resources, THPOs assert a strong form of sovereignty over archaeological knowledge and elements of Indigenous lifeways that are connected to it.

    “By assuming the duties of the state in managing cultural resources, THPOs assert a strong form of sovereignty over archaeological knowledge and elements of Indigenous lifeways that are connected to it.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Coast Miwok and Pomo people were hired as seasonal labor in an exploitative settler economy and contributed to the regional hide and tallow trade that linked California to a global market.

    “Hired as seasonal labor in an exploitative settler economy, Coast Miwok and Pomo people contributed to the regional hide and tallow trade that linked California to a global market.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schneider et al. 2018
96 of 96

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Power over Indigenous cultural heritage is largely held by non-Indigenous scholars, museum professionals, and resource managers.

    “These injustices are created by a system in which power over Indigenous cultural heritage is largely held by non-Indigenous scholars, museum professionals, and resource managers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most researchers practice collaboration by seeking permission during the research process or after it has been completed rather than involving Tribal Nations in each part of its conceptualization and planning.

    “Currently, most researchers practice collaboration by seeking permission during the research process or after it has been completed rather than involving Tribal Nations in each part of its conceptualization and planning.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The majority of records of boarding schools are archival documents, which have led most archaeologists to ignore this important era in US Indian policy.

    “The majority of records of boarding schools are archival documents, which have led most archaeologists to ignore this important era in US Indian policy.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Material objects or the remains of Indigenous Peoples' ancestors carry knowledge, history, and information, much of which becomes digitized as data and metadata during the research process.

    “We argue that material objects or the remains of Indigenous Peoples' ancestors carry knowledge, history, and information, much of which becomes digitized as data and metadata during the research process.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Boarding school cemeteries are not clearly covered under NAGPRA.

    “This attention to Indigenous data sovereignty also carries over to our work surrounding the repatriation of human remains from boarding school cemeteries, which are not clearly covered under NAGPRA.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many Tribal Nations are asking for their children who have been identified in marked cemeteries to be returned to their communities.

    “Many Tribal Nations are also asking for their children who have been identified in marked cemeteries to be returned to their communities.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The people of Abiquiù have successfully used practices to manage the land and watershed for generations.

    “The people of Abiquiù face many challenges to their collective sovereignty from federal land management agencies who continue to disallow many of the practices that the people of Abiquiù have successfully used to manage the land and watershed for generations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The funded tunnels from the San Juan watershed divert precious resources into the Rio Chama and eventually to the Rio Grande for Mexico, Texas, and New Mexico to have enough water, but with no allocation of water rights for any small farms along the Rio Chama.

    “The funded tunnels from the San Juan watershed diverts precious resources into the Rio Chama and eventually to the Rio Grande for Mexico, Texas, and New Mexico to have enough water, but with no allocation of water rights for any small farms along the Rio Chama.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    When urban Albuquerque joined the northern conservancy project, the government gave financial support for their water rights, but the small villages of Rio Arriba County ended up without any water rights or storage space in the nearby, federally constructed Abiquiù Dam.

    “Instead, when urban Albuquerque joined the northern conservancy project, the government gave financial support for their water rights, but the small villages of Rio Arriba County ended up without any water rights or storage space in the nearby, federally constructed Abiquiù Dam.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are more than 100 federally acknowledged California Tribes, and a roughly equivalent number of Indigenous Californian communities remain unrecognized.

    “Although there are more than 100 federally acknowledged California Tribes, a roughly equivalent number of Indigenous Californian communities remain unrecognized.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Archaeology has a long history of destruction.

    “Archaeology's long history of destruction meant that further ground disturbance in the homeland was antithetical to the community's current goals and needs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Few students in an introductory archaeology course will become archaeologists.

    “We acknowledge that few students in an introductory archaeology course will become archaeologists”
12 of 12

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Quoted page falls outside the cited work's page range

    Minor

    The quotation is attributed to page 393 of Smith and Wobst (2004), but the reference list gives that work's page range as 369-371.

1 of 1

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 111 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 19

  1. Duran, 2019, Healing the Soul Wound: Trauma-Informed Counseling for Indigenous Communities
  2. Kroeber, 1970, Continuity of Indian Population in California in 1770/1848 to 1955
  3. Lomawaima, 1995, They Call It Prarie Light: The Story of Chilocco Indian School
  4. McCaleb, 2002, Summary under the Criteria and Evidence for Final Determination against Federal Acknowledgement of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe
  5. Wiessner, 2008, Indigenous Sovereignty: A Reassessment in Light of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Vanderbilt Journal of Tansnational Law, 41, 1141
  6. Thompson, Ashleigh 2019 Red Lake Ojibwe Traditional Foodways and Food Sovereignty: An Analysis . Master's thesis, School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
  7. Hamilakis, 2007, Archaeology and Capitalism: From Ethics to Politics, 15
  8. Brennan, 1995, One Land, One Nation: Mabo - towards 2001
  9. Clauss, 2016, Transforming Archaeology: Activist Practices and Prospects, 29
  10. Atalay, 2008, Collaborating at the Trowel's Edge: Teaching and Learning in Indigenous Archaeology, 123
  11. Lepofsky, 2020, Plants, People, and Places: The Roles of Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology in Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights in Canada and Beyond, 86, 10.2307/j.ctv153k6x6.13 · DOI
  12. Pewewardy, Cornel D. 1992 “Practice into Theory” Journey to the Year 2000: Culturally Responsible Pedagogy in Action at the American Magnet School. Paper presented at Conference on Native American Studies: The Academy and the Community, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
  13. Colwell, 2019a, As Native Americans, We Are in a Constant State of Mourning”: The Return of Ancestors and Artifacts Can Become a Form of Restorative Justice, New York Times
  14. Greshko, 2018, Ancient DNA Reveals Complex Migrations of the First Americans, National Geographic
  15. Buffalohead, 2012, The History behind the NMAI Act and NAGPRA, 1967–1990, Arizona State Law Journal, 44, 639
  16. Scheiber, 2010, Across a Great Divide: Change and Continuity in Native North American Societies, 1400–1900
  17. Hart, 2012, Decolonizing Indigenous Histories: Exploring Prehistoric/Colonial Transition in Archaeology
  18. Rainie, 2017, Policy Brief: Indigenous Data Sovereignty in the United States
  19. Rogers, 2020, Big Sur Tribe Regains Land 250 Years after Being Removed, Mercury News

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Metadata

Authors
Laluk, N. C., Montgomery, L. M., Tsosie, R., McCleave, C., Miron, R., Carroll, S. R., Aguilar, J., Thompson, A. B. W., Nelson, P., Sunseri, J., Trujillo, I., DeAntoni, G. M., Castro, G., & Schneider, T. D.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • University of Arizona (US)
  • University of Alaska Fairbanks (US)
  • University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
Corresponding author
Laluk, Nicholas C.
ORCID
Laluk, Nicholas C.
Venue
American Antiquity
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2022-08-19
Volume
87
Issue
4
Pages
659-682
ISSN
  • 0002-7316 (ISSN-L)
  • 2325-5064
DOI
10.1017/aaq.2022.59
OpenAlex
W4292327621
Cited by
59
References
111
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4
FWCI
27.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
American Antiquity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
University of California, Santa Cruz
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
Keywords
social justice, Indigenous sovereignty, Indigenous self-determination, cultural heritage law, decolonization, community-based participatory research, indigenous foodways, Indigenous pedagogy, indigenous peoples, collaborative archaeology, North American archaeology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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