Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with poorer health in adulthood, an association explained, at least in part, by increased engagement in health‐risk behaviors (HRBs). In this review, we make the case that ELA influences brain development in ways that increase the likelihood of engaging in HRBs. We argue that ELA alters neural circuitry underpinning cognitive control as well as emotional processing, including networks involved in processing threat and reward. These neural changes are associated psychologically and behaviorally with heightened emotional reactivity, blunted reward responsivity, poorer emotion regulation, and greater delay discounting. We then demonstrate that these adaptations to ELA are associated with an increased risk of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, and eating high‐fat, high‐sugar foods. Furthermore, we explore how HRBs affect the brain in ways that reinforce addiction and further explain clustering of HRBs.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review proposes that early life adversity (ELA) alters threat, reward, and cognitive-control circuitry, producing heightened emotional reactivity, blunted reward responsivity, poorer emotion regulation, and greater delay discounting, which increase smoking, heavy drinking, and high-fat/high-sugar eating. It argues these health-risk behaviors reciprocally reinforce addiction and cluster, linking ELA to chronic disease risk.
Key findings
- Population-based studies indicate 40–50% of children in the U.S. and cross-nationally experience some form of ELA; a recent National Health Interview Survey analysis found 50% of adults had at least one chronic disease and 25% had two or more of the ten leading causes of death and disability in the U.S.
- Proposed neural adaptations include heightened amygdala/salience-network reactivity to threat, blunted ventral striatal reward responsivity and lower dopamine D2 receptor availability following deprivation/neglect, and altered frontoparietal executive control.
- These adaptations are linked to four trans-disease processes—increased emotional reactivity, blunted reward responsivity, poor emotion regulation, and increased delay discounting—that increase risk of smoking, excessive alcohol use, and energy-dense food intake/obesity.
- HRBs reciprocally affect the brain: addiction neuroadaptations downregulate frontostriatal reward circuits and upregulate amygdala circuits; more than half of U.S. adults report two or more HRBs, alcohol-dependent individuals are three times more likely to be smokers, and tobacco-dependent individuals are four times more likely to be dependent on alcohol.
Methods
- Narrative/conceptual review; no primary data collection. It synthesizes animal models, human observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to build a model linking ELA to HRBs and chronic disease.
- Focuses on three HRBs: smoking/nicotine dependence, heavy alcohol use/alcohol use disorders, and eating energy-dense high-sugar/high-fat foods or excessive food intake; obesity is included as a proxy for eating behavior.
- Discusses threat versus deprivation dimensions and cumulative risk scores, and reviews three neural networks: salience/threat, frontostriatal reward, and frontoparietal cognitive control.
Limitations
- The paper states that evidence is largely observational and cross-sectional or short-term longitudinal; longitudinal and experimental studies are needed for causal relationships, and causal evidence for the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying HRBs is still lacking.
- The paper notes an alternative pathway—parent modeling and community social norms may transmit HRBs intergenerationally and confound proposed pathways—and states that relationships between neural circuitry and HRBs are almost certainly bidirectional, with the reverse direction possibly stronger.
- The paper states that consistency of findings, moderators, and overall effect sizes remain largely unknown due to lack of studies and meta-analyses; sensitive periods are largely unknown, and cumulative risk may obscure distinct threat/deprivation pathways. Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a systematic search strategy or formal quality appraisal.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 150 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Interpretationreasoning
ELA adaptations raise the risk of drinking alcohol.
“drinking alcohol”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
ELA changes neural circuits for cognitive control and emotional processing, including threat and reward networks.
“We argue that ELA alters neural circuitry underpinning cognitive control as well as emotional processing, including networks involved in processing threat and reward.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The neural changes from ELA are tied to weaker reward responsivity.
“blunted reward responsivity”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
ELA is robustly linked to stronger emotional reactivity across several measurement methods.
“research has demonstrated a robust link between ELA and heightened emotional reactivity.62 This association has been found across multiple measurement methods—from self-reported emotional reactivity91 to cardiovascular responses92,93 and amygdala reactivity.90”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [62] Mclaughlin KA Lambert HK 2017 Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: mechanisms of risk and resilience Curr Opin Psychol 14 29 34 27868085 PMC5111863 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [91] Heleniak C Jenness JL Vander Stoep A 2016 Childhood maltreatment exposure and disruptions in emotion regulation: a transdiagnostic pathway to adolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology Cogn Res 40 394 415 PMC5042349 27695145 source
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- cites [92] McLaughlin KA Sheridan MA Alves S 2014 Child maltreatment and autonomic nervous system reactivity: identifying dysregulated stress reactivity patterns using the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat Psychosom Med 76 538 546 25170753 PMC4163065 source
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- cites [93] Heleniak C McLaughlin KA Ormel J 2016 Cardiovascular reactivity as a mechanism linking child trauma to adolescent psychopathology Biol Psychol 120 108 119 27568327 PMC5079268 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Evidence is growing that ELA affects mental health by changing the developing brain.
“evidence is accumulating that ELA influences mental health by altering the developing brain in ways that contribute to the onset of psychopathology,1,17,18”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [1] McLaughlin KA 2016 Future directions in childhood adversity and youth psychopathology J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 45 361 382 26849071 PMC4837019 source
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- cites [17] McLaughlin KA Sheridan MA Lambert HK 2014 Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience Neurosci Biobehav Rev 47 578 591 25454359 PMC4308474 source
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- cites [18] Sheridan MA McLaughlin KA 2014 Dimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat Trends Cogn Sci 18 580 585 25305194 PMC4252647 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
The reasons for the ELA-health links are still not well understood.
“The mechanisms underlying these associations remain poorly understood”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
ELA shapes brain development in a way that raises the chance of health-risk behavior.
“In this review, we make the case that ELA influences brain development in ways that increase the likelihood of engaging in HRBs.”
- Also stated in: § The burden of chronic disease · hedged
“we posit that ELA affects brain development in ways that predispose people to engage in HRBs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § The burden of chronic disease · hedged
- Interpretationreasoning
The ELA-chronic disease links are explained at least partly by ELA raising vulnerability to health-risk behaviors.
“We argue that these associations are explained, at least in part, by increased vulnerability to engage in HRBs conferred by ELA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Stronger amygdala reactivity to threat may lead to stronger emotional reactivity.
“Greater amygdala reactivity to threat may result in greater emotional reactivity, or the tendency to experience frequent and intense emotional arousal and responses to environmental events90”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [90] Swartz JR Knodt AR Radtke SR 2015 A neural biomarker of psychological vulnerability to future life stress Neuron 85 505 511 25654256 PMC4319095 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
ELA adaptations raise the risk of eating high-fat, high-sugar foods.
“and eating high-fat, high-sugar foods”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The neural changes from ELA are tied to worse emotion regulation.
“poorer emotion regulation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Health-risk behaviors cluster within people and groups.
“these highly prevalent HRBs are known to cluster within individuals and populations.27–29”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [27] Berrigan D Dodd K Troiano RP 2003 Patterns of health behavior in U.S. adults Prev Med (Baltim) 36 615 623 12689807 source
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- cites [28] Chiolero A Wietlisbach V Ruffieux C 2006 Clustering of risk behaviors with cigarette consumption: a population-based survey Prev Med (Baltim) 42 348 353 16504277 source
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- cites [29] Leventhal AM Huh J Dunton GF 2014 Clustering of modifiable biobehavioral risk factors for chronic disease in US adults: a latent class analysis Perspect Public Heal 134 331 338 PMC4167970 23912158 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
The neural changes from ELA are tied to stronger emotional reactivity.
“These neural changes are associated psychologically and behaviorally with heightened emotional reactivity”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
ELA adaptations raise the risk of smoking cigarettes.
“We then demonstrate that these adaptations to ELA are associated with an increased risk of smoking cigarettes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Smoking, drinking, and eating highly palatable foods affect the same brain regions that predict whether someone engages in these behaviors initially.
“Thus, smoking, drinking, and eating highly palatable foods affect the same brain regions that predict whether someone engages in these behaviors in the first place.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
More severe alcohol dependence predicts lower DLPFC activation and higher ventromedial PFC activation during impulsive reward decisions in a delayed discounting task.
“more severe alcohol dependence predicts lower activation of the DLPFC and higher activation of the ventromedial PFC when making impulsive reward decisions in a delayed discounting task.166”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [166] Lim AC Cservenka A Ray LA 2017 Effects of alcohol dependence severity on neural correlates of delay discounting Alcohol Alcohol 52 506 515 28340213 source
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- Premisecitation
Obese people show significantly reduced DLPFC activation in response to food cues compared to healthy-weight controls.
“Compared to healthy-weight controls, obese people show significantly reduced DLPFC activation in response to food cues.168”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [168] Brooks SJ Cedernaes J Schiöth HB 2013 Increased prefrontal and parahippocampal activation with reduced dorsolateral prefrontal and insular cortex activation to food images in obesity: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies PLoS One 8 PMC3622693 23593210 source
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- Premisecitation
People who abuse alcohol show higher rates of delay discounting compared to healthy controls.
“People who abuse alcohol show higher rates of delay discounting compared to healthy controls.165”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [165] Bobova L Finn PR Rickert ME 2009 Disinhibitory psychopathology and delay discounting in alcohol dependence: personality and cognitive correlates Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 17 51 61 19186934 PMC2857741 source
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- Premisecitation
Obese women show greater delay discounting compared with healthy-weight women.
“Compared with healthy-weight women, obese women show greater delay discounting,167 which may be driven by neural differences associated with obesity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [167] Weller RE Cook EW Avsar KB 2008 Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women Appetite 51 563 569 18513828 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Delay discounting associated with lower DLPFC activation may contribute to compulsive eating in obesity.
“Thus, delay discounting associated with lower activation in the DLPFC may contribute to compulsive eating in obesity, but more causal evidence is still needed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Smoking is linked with greater delay discounting in adolescents and adults.
“Extensive evidence links smoking with greater delay discounting in adolescents150,151 and adults.152–158”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 9 sources checked- cites [150] Reynolds B Patak M Shroff P 2007 Laboratory and self-report assessments of impulsive behavior in adolescent daily smokers and nonsmokers Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 15 264 271 17563213 source
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- cites [151] Fields S Leraas K Collins C 2009 Delay discounting as a mediator of the relationship between perceived stress and cigarette smoking status in adolescents Behav Pharmacol 20 455 460 19730366 PMC3209706 source
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- cites [152] Bickel WK Odum AL Madden GJ 1999 Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers Psychopharmacology (Berl) 146 447 454 10550495 source
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- cites [153] Odum AL Madden GJ Bickel WK 2002 Discounting of delayed health gains and losses by current, never- and ex-smokers of cigarettes Nicotine Tob Res 4 295 303 12215238 source
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- cites [154] Baker F Johnson MW Bickel WK 2003 Delay discounting in current and never-before cigarette smokers: similarities and differences across commodity, sign, and magnitude J Abnorm Psychol 112 382 392 12943017 source
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- cites [155] Johnson MW Bickel WK Baker F 2007 Moderate drug use and delay discounting: a comparison of heavy, light, and never smokers Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 15 187 194 17469942 source
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- cites [156] Bickel WK Yi R Kowal BP 2008 Cigarette smokers discount past and future rewards symmetrically and more than controls: is discounting a measure of impulsivity? Drug Alcohol Depend 96 256 262 18468814 PMC2701143 source
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- cites [157] Reynolds B Leraas K Collins C 2009 Delay discounting by the children of smokers and nonsmokers Drug Alcohol Depend 99 350 353 18818028 source
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- cites [158] Reynolds B Richards JB Horn K 2004 Delay discounting and probability discounting as related to cigarette smoking status in adults Behav Processes 65 35 42 14744545 source
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- Premisecitation
Greater delay discounting is associated with lower DLPFC activation when choosing smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards.
“At a neural level, greater delay discounting is related to lower activation in the DLPFC when selecting smaller sooner rewards over larger later rewards.148”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [148] McClure SM Laibson DI Loewenstein G 2004 Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards Science (80-) 306 503 507 15486304 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Lower DLPFC activation in alcohol dependence may reflect a predisposing neural vulnerability for alcoholism.
“Given the role of lower DLPFC activation on delay discounting, the fact that alcohol dependence predicts lower DLPFC activation suggests that this may reflect a predisposing neural vulnerability for alcoholism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Smoking is associated with increased delay discounting.
“However, other studies have found that smoking is associated with increased delay discounting,157,160,161 evidence we review later in the paper.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [157] Reynolds B Leraas K Collins C 2009 Delay discounting by the children of smokers and nonsmokers Drug Alcohol Depend 99 350 353 18818028 source
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- cites [160] Dallery JW Locey ML 2005 Effects of acute and chronic nicotine on impulsive choice in rats Behav Pharmacol 16 15 23 15706134 source
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- cites [161] Müller KU Mennigen E Ripke S 2013 Altered reward processing in adolescents with prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking JAMA Psychiatry 70 847 856 23784668 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
ELA may increase smoking and the severity of nicotine addiction through delay discounting.
“Although causal evidence is still needed ELA may increase smoking and the severity of nicotine addiction through delay discounting.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Less activation in executive function brain regions during a delay discounting task predicts greater weight gain 1-3 years later in obese women.
“less activation in executive function brain regions during a delay discounting task predicted greater weight gain 1–3 years later in obese women.169”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [169] Kishinevsky FI Cox JE Murdaugh DL 2012 fMRI reactivity on a delay discounting task predicts weight gain in obese women Appetite 58 582 592 22166676 source
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- Premisecitation
Nicotine produces a long-lasting but eventually reversible effect on delay discounting.
“Nicotine produces a long-lasting but eventually reversible effect on delay discounting160”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [160] Dallery JW Locey ML 2005 Effects of acute and chronic nicotine on impulsive choice in rats Behav Pharmacol 16 15 23 15706134 source
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- Premisecitation
Adolescents exposed to nicotine prenatally exhibit weaker responsivity in anticipation of reward.
“In human studies, adolescents exposed to nicotine prenatally exhibit weaker responsivity in anticipation of reward161”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [161] Müller KU Mennigen E Ripke S 2013 Altered reward processing in adolescents with prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking JAMA Psychiatry 70 847 856 23784668 source
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- Interpretationcitation
Eating highly palatable foods predicts blunted reward responsivity.
“Eating highly palatable foods predicts blunted reward responsivity as well.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Intake of addictive substances leads to increased negative emotional states in the absence of the substance.
“Thus, intake of addictive substances leads to increased negative emotional states in the absence of the substance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Sugar consumption could be a gateway to alcohol use.
“suggesting that sugar consumption could be a gateway to alcohol use.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Alcohol use increases delay discounting.
“and alcohol use increases delay discounting.187”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [187] Poulos C Parker J Le D 1998 Increased impulsivity after injected alcohol predicts later alcohol consumption in rats: evidence for “loss-of-control drinkings” and marked individual differences Behav Neurosci 112 1247 1257 9829802 source
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- Premisecitation
Using substances or food to regulate negative emotions can produce self-control failure in other domains.
“Using substances or food to regulate negative emotions can produce self-control failure in other domains.183”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [183] Tice DM Bratslavsky E 2000 Giving in to feel good: in the place of emotion regulation in the context of general self-control Psychol Inq 11 149 159 source
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- Premisecitation
In rodents, regular intake of high-fat and high-sugar foods leads to downregulation of postsynaptic D2 receptors.
“In rodents, regular intake of high-fat and high-sugar foods leads to downregulation of postsynaptic D2 receptors.177–179”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [177] Colantuoni C Schwenker J McCarthy J 2001 Excessive sugar intake alters binding to dopamine and mu-opioid receptors in the brain Neuroreport 12 3549 3552 11733709 source
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- cites [178] Bello NT Lucas LR Hajnal A 2002 Repeated sucrose access influences dopamine D2 receptor density in striatum Neuroreport 13 1575 1578 12218708 PMC1945096 source
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- cites [179] Johnson PM Kenny PJ 2010 Addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats: role of dopamine D2 receptors Nat Neurosci 13 635 641 20348917 PMC2947358 source
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- Interpretationcitation
Findings provide tentative evidence that nicotine exposure may increase delay discounting.
“these findings provide tentative evidence that nicotine exposure may increase delay discounting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The paper's model argues that neurodevelopmental mechanisms involving heightened emotional reactivity, blunted reward responsivity, poor emotion regulation, and increased delay discounting are key pathways explaining greater tendency to engage in HRBs and increased risk of chronic diseases associated with ELA.
“We present a model arguing that neurodevelopmental mechanisms involving heightened emotional reactivity, blunted reward responsivity, poor emotion regulation, and increased delay discounting are key pathways that explain the greater tendency to engage in HRBs and, ultimately, increased risk of chronic diseases associated with ELA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
One meta-analysis found an overall medium effect size with acceptable heterogeneity between studies on the relationship between delay discounting and addictive behaviors.
“one meta-analysis on the relationship between delay discounting and addictive behaviors found an overall medium effect size with acceptable heterogeneity between studies.190”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [190] MacKillop J Amlung MT Few LR 2011 Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis Psychopharmacology (Berl) 216 305 321 21373791 PMC3201846 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Emotional reactivity, reward responsivity, emotion regulation, and delay discounting can be considered trans-disease processes that help explain clustering of HRBs within individuals.
“emotional reactivity, reward responsivity, emotion regulation, and delay discounting can be considered trans-disease processes,197 which help explain the clustering of HRBs within individuals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [197] Bickel WK Quisenberry AJ Moody L 2015 Therapeutic opportunities for self-control repair in addiction and related disorders: change and the limits of change in trans-disease processes Clin Psychol Sci 3 140 153 25664226 PMC4314724 source
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- Premisecitation
Nicotine abstinence, alcohol withdrawal, and intermittent consumption of highly palatable foods induce a negative emotional state that perpetuates intense cravings.
“Nicotine abstinence, alcohol withdrawal, and intermittent consumption of highly palatable foods induce a negative emotional state that perpetuates intense cravings.171,173”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [171] Parylak S Koob G Zorrilla EP 2011 The dark side of food addiction Physiol Behav 104 149 156 21557958 PMC3304465 source
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- cites [173] Koob GF Le Moal M 2008 Addiction and the brain antireward system Annu Rev Psychol 59 29 53 18154498 source
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- Premisecitation
Children of smokers discount delayed rewards more than children of non-smokers.
“and children of smokers discount delayed rewards more than children of non-smokers.157”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [157] Reynolds B Leraas K Collins C 2009 Delay discounting by the children of smokers and nonsmokers Drug Alcohol Depend 99 350 353 18818028 source
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- Premisecitation
In humans, weight gain over six months is predicted by a reduction in striatal response to palatable food consumption over the same period.
“In humans, weight gain over a six-month period is predicted by a reduction in striatal response to palatable food consumption over this same time period.182”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [182] Stice E Yokum S Blum K 2010 Weight gain is associated with reduced striatal response to palatable food J Neurosci 30 13105 13109 20881128 PMC2967483 source
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- Premisecitation
Cross-sensitization, whereby one addictive substance leads to taking another, occurs for these behaviors.
“cross-sensitization—whereby one addictive substance leads to taking another—occurs for these behaviors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Addictive substances lead to further blunting of the reward response, particularly in the ventral striatum.
“Thus, addictive substances lead to further blunting of the reward response,180 particularly in the VS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [180] Volkow ND Fowler JS Wang GJ 2004 Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies and treatment implications Mol Psychiatry 9 557 569 15098002 source
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- Premisecitation
In rats, access to sugar followed by forced abstinence enhances alcohol intake.
“in rats, access to sugar followed by forced abstinence enhances alcohol intake,193”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [193] Avena NM Carrillo CA Needham L 2004 Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced intake of unsweetened ethanol Alcohol 34 203 209 15902914 source
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- Premisecitation
Higher delay discounting predicts greater likelihood of engaging in multiple health-risk behaviors.
“While higher delay discounting predicts a greater likelihood of engaging in multiple HRBs,186”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [186] Fields S Sabet M Peal A 2011 Relationship between weight status and delay discounting in a sample of adolescent cigarette smokers Behav Pharmacol 22 266 268 21430520 PMC3119921 source
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- Premisecitation
During abstinence, addictive substances increase emotional reactivity by recruiting an amygdala-driven anti-reward system that leads to aversive states.
“During abstinence, addictive substances increase emotional reactivity by recruiting an amygdala-driven anti-reward system that leads to aversive states.171,172”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [171] Parylak S Koob G Zorrilla EP 2011 The dark side of food addiction Physiol Behav 104 149 156 21557958 PMC3304465 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [172] Koob GF Le Moal M 2005 Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the “dark side” of drug addiction Nat Neurosci 8 1442 1444 16251985 source
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- Premisecitation
Evidence across studies suggests delay discounting predisposes people to addictions rather than the reverse causal direction.
“evidence across studies suggests that delay discounting predisposes people to addictions rather than the reverse causal direction.190”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [190] MacKillop J Amlung MT Few LR 2011 Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis Psychopharmacology (Berl) 216 305 321 21373791 PMC3201846 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
After switching from a high-fat to a low-fat diet, participants reported greater anger and hostility than those who continued the high-fat diet.
“one study demonstrated that after switching from a high-fat to a low-fat diet, participants reported greater anger and hostility than those who continued to eat the high-fat diet.174”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [174] Wells AS Read NW Laugharne JD 1998 Alterations in mood after changing to a low-fat diet Br J Nutr 79 23 30 9505799 source
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- Premisereasoning
Sensitive periods are challenging to study because they require precise information about timing of exposure to adversity.
“Sensitive periods are challenging to study because they require precise information about the timing of exposure to adversity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Children exposed to ELA may also have parents and communities who are more likely to engage in HRBs.
“Therefore, children exposed to ELA may also have parents and communities who are more likely to engage in HRBs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Most research on ELA does not report the age of exposure for their sample.
“most research on ELA does not even report the age of exposure for their sample.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Adverse early life environments influence brain and behavioral development in ways that are adaptive in the short term by promoting survival but maladaptive in the long term to physical health.
“we consider how adverse early life environments influence brain and behavioral development in ways that are adaptive in the short term by promoting survival but are maladaptive in the long term to physical health.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Evidence is accumulating that different types of adversities have at least partially distinct associations with brain development.
“Evidence is accumulating that different types of adversities have at least partially distinct associations with brain development. Threat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.17,18”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [17] McLaughlin KA Sheridan MA Lambert HK 2014 Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience Neurosci Biobehav Rev 47 578 591 25454359 PMC4308474 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [18] Sheridan MA McLaughlin KA 2014 Dimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat Trends Cogn Sci 18 580 585 25305194 PMC4252647 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
Evidence is compelling that ELA influences brain development in ways that predispose people to engage in HRBs.
“While the evidence is compelling that ELA influences brain development in ways that predispose people to engage in HRBs”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Most of what we know about sensitive periods comes from studies of children who have grown up in institutional settings because precise timing of institutionalization is straightforward to determine.
“Most of what we know about sensitive periods comes from studies of children who have grown up in institutional settings since it is straightforward to determine the precise period of time during which a child lived in the institution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
An alternative pathway by which early life environments may influence HRBs is through modeling of parent HRBs and adopting social norms of the broader community.
“an alternative pathway by which early life environments may influence HRBs is through modeling of parent HRBs and adopting the social norms of the broader community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Causal evidence is still lacking for the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying HRBs.
“In particular, causal evidence is still lacking for the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying HRBs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Environmental risk factors (i.e., ELA) directly influence neurobiological development in ways that contribute to HRBs.
“However, in this paper, we argue that environmental risk factors (i.e., ELA) directly influence neurobiological development in ways that contribute to HRBs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
HRBs may be transmitted intergenerationally through modeling of parent behavior.
“Therefore, HRBs may be transmitted intergenerationally through modeling of parent behavior.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These psychological and neurobiological vulnerabilities explain why intractable cases of addiction remain even as policy changes have been implemented and social norms have shifted.
“These psychological and neurobiological vulnerabilities explain why intractable cases of addiction remain even as policy changes have been implemented and social norms have shifted.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- May combine two claims. 54
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMany epidemiological studies show ELA is linked to higher risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and premature death.
“multiple epidemiological studies have documented an association between ELA and elevated risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease,36–38 cancer,39–42 diabetes,36,37 and premature mortality.15,16”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 9 sources checked- cites [36] Basu A McLaughlin KA Misra S 2017 Childhood maltreatment and health impact: the examples of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults Clin Psychol Sci Pract 24 125 139 PMC5578408 28867878
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- cites [37] Gilbert LK Breiding MJ Merrick MT 2014 Childhood adversity and adult chronic disease Am J Prev Med 1 5 25300735
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- cites [38] Poulton R Caspi A Milne BJ 2002 Association between children’s experience of socioeconomic disadvantage and adult health: a life-course study Lancet 360 1640 1645 12457787 PMC3752775 source
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- cites [39] Brown MJ Thacker LR Cohen SA 2013 Association between adverse childhood experiences and diagnosis of cancer PLoS One 8 1 6 PMC3679131 23776494
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- cites [40] Fuller-Thomson E Brennenstuhl S 2009 Making a link between childhood physical abuse and cancer: results from a regional representative survey Cancer 115 3341 3350 19472404
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- cites [41] Kelly-Irving M Lepage B Dedieu D 2013 Childhood adversity as a risk for cancer: findings from the 1958 British birth cohort study BMC Public Health 13 767 23957659 PMC3765119
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- cites [42] Morton PM Schafer MH Ferraro KF 2012 Does childhood misfortune increase cancer risk in adulthood? J Aging Health 24 948 984 22764155 PMC6036632
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- cites [15] Bellis MA Hughes K Leckenby N 2014 Measuring mortality and the burden of adult disease associated with adverse childhood experiences in England: a national survey J Public Health (Bangkok) 37 445 54 PMC4552010 25174044 source
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- cites [16] Chen E Turiano NA Mroczek DK 2016 Association of reports of childhood abuse and all-cause mortality rates in women JAMA Psychiatry 73 920 927 27540997 PMC5234580 source
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The quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe neural changes from ELA are tied to steeper delay discounting.
“and greater delay discounting”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMore ELA exposure is linked to higher risk of many mental and physical health conditions across life and to earlier death.
“Greater exposure to ELA is associated with elevated risk of a wide range of mental and physical health outcomes across the lifespan, including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, respiratory diseases, chronic pain, gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders, and neurological and musculoskeletal problems,4–14 as well as premature mortality.15,16”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked- cites [4] McLaughlin KA Green JG Gruber MJ 2012 Childhood adversities and first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents Arch Gen Psychiatry 69 1151 1160 23117636 PMC3490224 source
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- cites [5] Campbell JA Walker RJ Egede LE 2016 Associations between adverse childhood experiences, high-risk behaviors, and morbidity in adulthood Am J Prev Med 50 344 352 26474668 PMC4762720
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- cites [6] Rich-Edwards JW Mason S Rexrode K 2012 Physical and sexual abuse in childhood as predictors of early onset cardiovascular events in women Circulation 126 920 927 22787111 PMC3649533
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- cites [7] Duncan AE Auslander WF Bucholz KK 2015 Relationship between abuse and neglect in childhood and diabetes in adulthood: differential effects by sex, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Prev Chronic Dis 12 1 14 PMC4436043 25950577
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- cites [8] Thomas C Hyppönen E Power C 2008 Obesity and type 2 diabetes risk in midadult life: the role of childhood adversity Pediatrics 121 e1240 e1249 18450866
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- cites [9] Widom CS Czaja SJ Bentley T 2012 A prospective investigation of physical health outcomes in abused and neglected children: New findings from a 30-year follow-up Am J Public Health 102 1135 1144 22515854 PMC3483964
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- cites [10] Jones GT Power C Macfarlane GJ 2009 Adverse events in childhood and chronic widespread pain in adult life: results from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study Pain 143 92 96 19304391 source
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- cites [11] Wegman HL Stetler C 2009 A meta-analytic review of the effects of childhood abuse on medical outcomes in adulthood Psychosom Med 71 805 812 19779142 source
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- cites [12] McLaughlin K Green J Gruber M 2010 Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders Psychol Med 40 847 859 19732483 PMC2847368
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- cites [13] Kessler R McLaughlin K Green J 2010 Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys Br J Psychiatry 197 378 385 21037215 PMC2966503 source
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May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningEarly life adversity is linked to worse adult health, and this link is partly due to more health-risk behaviors.
“Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with poorer health in adulthood, an association explained, at least in part, by increased engagement in health-risk behaviors (HRBs).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationELA exposure is linked to a clustering of health risks, with more exposure tied to more health-risk behaviors.
“Exposure to ELA is associated with a clustering of health risks, with increasing exposure related to an increasing number of HRBs.32”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Felitti VJ Anda RF Nordenberg D 1998 Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study Am J Prev Med 14 245 258 9635069 source
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May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningHealth-risk behaviors change the brain in ways that strengthen addiction and help explain why they cluster.
“Furthermore, we explore how HRBs affect the brain in ways that reinforce addiction and further explain clustering of HRBs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThreat-related ELA is linked to stronger amygdala reactivity to threat, from childhood through adulthood, in a dose-response way, and not just due to concurrent psychopathology.
“At the neural level, adversity experiences characterized by both threat and deprivation have been associated with greater amygdala reactivity in response to signals of threat, such as fearful faces or negative emotional images.63–66,86–89 This effect is present in childhood64,65,86 and persists through adolescence66,86 into adulthood.87,88 A recent meta-analysis confirms that childhood maltreat”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked- cites [63] Hein TC Monk CS 2017 Research review: reural response to threat in children, adolescents, and adults after child maltreatment – a quantitative meta-analysis J Child Psychol Psychiatry 58 222 230 27778344 source
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- cites [64] McCrory EJ De Brito SA Kelly PA 2013 Amygdala activation in maltreated children during pre-attentive emotional processing Br J Psychiatry 202 269 276 23470285
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- cites [65] McCrory EJ De Brito SA Sebastian CL 2011 Heightened neural reactivity to threat in child victims of family violence Curr Biol 21 R947 R948 22153160 source
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- cites [66] Mclaughlin KA Peverill M Gold AL 2015 Child maltreatment and neural systems underlying emotion regulation J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 54 753 762 26299297 PMC4548288 source
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- cites [86] Maheu F Dozier M Guyer AE 2010 A preliminary study of medial temporal lobe function in youths with a history of caregiver deprivation and emotional neglect Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 10 34 49 20233954 PMC2926942
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- cites [87] Dannlowski U Stuhrmann A Beutelmann V 2012 Limbic scars: long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment revealed by functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging Biol Psychiatry 71 286 293 22112927 source
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- cites [88] Gianaros PJ Horenstein JA Hariri AR 2008 Potential neural embedding of parental social standing Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 3 91 96 18594696 PMC2311502
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- cites [89] Tottenham N Hare TA Millner A 2011 Elevated amygdala response to faces following early deprivation Dev Sci 14 190 204 21399712 PMC3050520 source
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PremisecitationELA is linked to higher likelihood of smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, poor diet, and obesity.
“Indeed, ELA is associated with a greater likelihood of smoking cigarettes,32,43,44 abusing alcohol and drugs,32,45–47 eating a poor diet,48 and being obese.32,49”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 7 sources checked- cites [32] Felitti VJ Anda RF Nordenberg D 1998 Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study Am J Prev Med 14 245 258 9635069 source
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- cites [43] Taha F Galea S Hien D 2014 Childhood maltreatment and the persistence of smoking: a longitudinal study among adults in the US Child Abus Negl 38 1995 2006 PMC4448710 25466425
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- cites [44] Anda RF Croft JB Felitti VJ 1999 Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood JAMA 282 1652 1658 10553792 source
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- cites [45] Dube SV Felitti J Dong M 2003 Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experiences study Pediatrics 111 564 572 12612237 source
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- cites [46] Widom C Weiler B Cottler L 1999 Childhood victimization and drug abuse: a comparison of prospective and retrospective findings J Consult Clin Psychol 67 867 880 10596509
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- cites [47] Myers B McLaughlin K Wang S 2014 Associations between childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and past-year drug use disorders in the National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Psychol Addict Behav 28 1117 1126 25134042 PMC4274198
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- cites [48] Gavrieli A Farr OM Davis CR 2015 Early life adversity and/or posttraumatic stress disorder severity are associated with poor diet quality, including consumption of trans fatty acids, and fewer hours of resting or sleeping in a US middle-aged population: A cross-sectional and prospective Metabolism 64 1597 1610 26404481 PMC4609606
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InterpretationreasoningThree neural networks affected by ELA matter for health-risk behaviors: threat/salience, reward/frontostriatal, and cognitive control/frontoparietal.
“we focus on three neural networks that are influenced by ELA and have relevance to HRBs. These neural networks include the salience network and prefrontal–amygdala circuits involved in detecting and responding to threat, the frontostriatal reward-processing network, and the frontoparietal network involved in cognitive control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationAdverse early environments shape brain and behavior in ways that help survival in the short term but harm physical health in the long term.
“We posit that adverse early life environments influence brain and behavioral development in ways that are adaptive in the short term by promoting survival62 but are maladaptive in the long term to physical health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] Mclaughlin KA Lambert HK 2017 Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: mechanisms of risk and resilience Curr Opin Psychol 14 29 34 27868085 PMC5111863 source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDelay discounting predicts poorer treatment response and higher likelihood of relapse when attempting to quit smoking.
“In addition to smoking initiation, when attempting to quit smoking, delay discounting predicts poorer treatment response162,163 and higher likelihood of relapse.163”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [162] MacKillop J Kahler CW 2009 Delayed reward discounting predicts treatment response for heavy drinkers receiving smoking cessation treatment Drug Alcohol Depend 104 197 203 19570621 PMC2740648 source
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- cites [163] Sheffer CE Christensen DR Landes R 2014 Delay discounting rates: a strong prognostic indicator of smoking relapse Addict Behav 39 1682 1689 24878037 PMC4316833
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InterpretationcitationAnhedonia and lower ventral striatum reward responses predict smoking initiation and escalation, and weaker reward system responsivity may raise early nicotine use and dependence severity.
“anhedonia is higher in adolescents who have smoked a cigarette in the past month compared to those who have not, suggesting that anhedonia could be involved in smoking initiation.116”
- Also stated in: § Blunted reward responsivity and health-risk behaviors · plain
“smokers show lower neural responses in the VS when anticipating reward compared to non-smokers and, among smokers, lower VS activation predicts greater smoking frequency.117”
- Also stated in: § Blunted reward responsivity and health-risk behaviors · hedged
“which suggests that lower responsivity of the reward system may increase the likelihood of early nicotine use as well as the severity of nicotine dependence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [116] Audrain-Mcgovern J Rodriguez D Leventhal AM 2012 Where is the pleasure in that? Low hedonic capacity predicts smoking onset and escalation Nicotine Tob Res 14 1187 1196 22387990 PMC3457713
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- cites [117] Peters J Bromberg U Schneider S 2011 Lower ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation in adolescent smokers Am J Psychiatry 168 540 549 21362742 source
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- Also stated in: § Blunted reward responsivity and health-risk behaviors · plain
May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationreasoningLower D2 receptor availability and blunted reward responsivity may raise vulnerability to alcohol abuse.
“Lower D2R availability may be associated with greater vulnerability to alcohol abuse.”
- Also stated in: § Blunted reward responsivity and health-risk behaviors · hedged
“Thus, those exposed to ELA may be particularly vulnerable to alcohol abuse due to blunted reward responsivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Blunted reward responsivity and health-risk behaviors · hedged
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBaseline delay discounting increases the odds of smoking uptake, but smoking does not significantly impact delay discounting.
“A longitudinal study tested whether delay discounting is a cause or consequence of smoking and found that baseline delay discounting increased the odds of smoking uptake, but smoking did not significantly impact delay discounting.159”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [159] Audrain-Mcgovern J Rodriguez D Epstein LH 2009 Does delay discounting play an etiological role in smoking or is it a consequence of smoking? Drug Alcohol Depend 103 99 106 19443136 PMC2743449 source
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PremisecitationAs drug and alcohol use progresses from initiation to maintenance, frontostriatal reward-processing circuits are downregulated and amygdala circuits are upregulated, with neuroadaptations primarily affecting the amygdala, striatum, and PFC.
“As the use of drugs and alcohol progresses from initiation to maintenance, frontostriatal reward-processing circuits are downregulated while amygdala circuits are upregulated, with these neuroadaptations of addiction primarily affecting the amygdala, striatum, and PFC.170,171”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [170] George O Koob GF 2017 Individual differences in the neuropsychopathology of addiction Dialogues Clin Neurosci 19 217 228 29302219 PMC5741105
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- cites [171] Parylak S Koob G Zorrilla EP 2011 The dark side of food addiction Physiol Behav 104 149 156 21557958 PMC3304465
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InterpretationcitationELA leads to weaker reward responsivity, and deprivation may increase substance use to overcome this blunted reward response.
“Behavioral and neurobiological studies indicate that ELA leads to blunted reward responsivity (i.e. lower neural response to reward in reward-processing brain regions such as the ventral striatum (VS)), an effect that persists across the lifespan.67–70”
- Also stated in: § Early life adversity and reward responsivity · hedged
“Thus, evidence suggests that adversity characterized by deprivation dampens responsivity to rewards both behaviorally and neurobiologically and may increase the likelihood of using substances like nicotine, alcohol, and highly palatable foods to overcome blunted reward responsivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [67] Dillon DG Holmes AJ Birk JL 2009 Childhood adversity is associated with left basal ganglia dysfunction during reward anticipation in adulthood Biol Psychiatry 66 206 213 19358974 PMC2883459 source
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- cites [68] Hanson JL Albert D Iselin AMR 2015 Cumulative stress in childhood is associated with blunted reward-related brain activity in adulthood Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 11 405 412 26443679 PMC4769626 source
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- cites [69] Hanson JL Hariri AR Williamson DE 2015 Blunted ventral striatum development in adolescence reflects emotional neglect and predicts depressive symptoms Biol Psychiatry 78 598 605 26092778 PMC4593720 source
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- cites [70] Mehta MA Golembo NI Nosarti C 2009 Amygdala, hippocampal and corpus callosum size following severe early institutional deprivation: the English and Romanian Adoptees study pilot J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50 943 951 19457047 source
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- Also stated in: § Early life adversity and reward responsivity · hedged
The quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationreasoningEmotion regulation difficulties may mediate links between ELA and smoking, alcohol abuse, and obesity.
“Given that ELA is associated with difficulties regulating emotions and differences in prefrontal–amygdala circuitry and these same differences in prefrontal–amygdala circuitry have been proposed to underlie substance use disorders,136 this may be a psychological and neurobiological mechanism by which ELA increases the likelihood of abusing alcohol.”
- Also stated in: § Emotion regulation and health-risk behaviors · hedged
“Therefore, ELA may lead to obesity through its influences on emotion regulation, which may increase the likelihood of using food to regulate negative emotions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [136] Ray Li C Sinha R 2008 Inhibitory control and emotional stress regulation: neuroimaging evidence for frontal-limbic dysfunction in psycho-stimulant addiction Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32 581 597 18164058 PMC2263143
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- Also stated in: § Emotion regulation and health-risk behaviors · hedged
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationObesity is linked to lower striatal D2 receptor availability, and blunted reward responsivity may connect ELA to obesity.
“Obesity is associated with lower striatal D2R availability, such that a higher body mass index (BMI) predicts lower receptor availability.121”
- Also stated in: § Blunted reward responsivity and health-risk behaviors · hedged
“Given the relationship between ELA and lower D2R availability, one of the neural mechanisms linking ELA to obesity may be via blunted reward responsivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [121] Wang GJ Volkow ND Logan J 2001 Brain dopamine and obesity Lancet 357 354 357 11210998 source
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- Rests on an assumption: Obesity can serve as a proxy for eating behavior in the neurobiological evidence reviewed.
- Also stated in: § Blunted reward responsivity and health-risk behaviors · hedged
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationELA is linked to higher delay discounting, which may contribute to the socioeconomic gradient in health behaviors.
“ELA characterized by both threat and deprivation is associated with higher delay discounting rates.143–145”
- Also stated in: § Early life adversity and delay discounting · hedged
“The context associated with low SES may perpetuate a decision-making style of choosing immediate rewards despite long-term consequences, which may contribute to the SES gradient in health behaviors.147”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [143] Reimers S Maylor EA Stewart N 2009 Associations between a one-shot delay discounting measure and age, income, education and real-world impulsive behavior Pers Individ Dif 47 973 978
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- cites [144] Green L Myerson J Lichtman D 1996 Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards: the role of age and income Psychol Aging 11 79 84 8726373 source
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- cites [145] Simmen-Janevska K Forstmeier S Krammer S 2015 Does trauma impair self-control? Differences in delaying gratification between former indentured child laborers and nontraumatized controls Violence Vict 30 1068 1081 26440574
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- cites [147] Bickel WK Moody L Quisenberry AJ 2014 A competing neurobehavioral decision systems model of SES-related health and behavioral disparities Prev Med 37 43 PMC4253853 25008219
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- Also stated in: § Early life adversity and delay discounting · hedged
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningNicotine lowers emotional reactivity and may be used by ELA-exposed people to cope with distress.
“Neural evidence supports the notion that nicotine is effective at reducing emotional reactivity.”
- Also stated in: § Emotional reactivity and health-risk behaviors · hedged
“Therefore, those exposed to ELA who have a tendency to experience strong negative emotions may smoke in order to reduce distress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Emotional reactivity and health-risk behaviors · hedged
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDLPFC activation causally affects delay discounting; increasing activation enhances preference for larger later rewards, while decreasing activation enhances preference for smaller sooner rewards.
“Causal evidence that activation in the DLPFC affects delay discounting comes from a neurostimulation study.149”
- Also stated in: § Early life adversity and delay discounting · plain
“While increased activation enhances preference for larger later rewards, decreased activation enhances preference for smaller sooner rewards.149”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [149] Shen B Yin Y Wang J 2016 High-definition tDCS alters impulsivity in a baseline-dependent manner Neuroimage 143 343 352 27608604
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- Also stated in: § Early life adversity and delay discounting · plain
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Interpretationnone givenSmoking, drinking, and eating highly palatable food increase delay discounting.
“Below, we discuss how smoking, drinking, and eating highly palatable food further heighten emotional reactivity, blunt reward responsivity, hinder emotion regulation, and increase delay discounting.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenSmoking, drinking, and eating highly palatable food blunt reward responsivity.
“Below, we discuss how smoking, drinking, and eating highly palatable food further heighten emotional reactivity, blunt reward responsivity, hinder emotion regulation, and increase delay discounting.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDecreased DLPFC activation predicts increased cigarette craving and heavier nicotine dependence.
“decreased activation in the DLPFC predicts increased cigarette craving132 and heavier nicotine dependence.164”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [132] Kober H Mende-Siedlecki P Kross EF 2010 Prefrontal-striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving Proc Natl Acad Sci 107 14811 14816 20679212 PMC2930456 source
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- cites [164] Galván A Poldrack RA Baker CM 2011 Neural correlates of response inhibition and cigarette smoking in late adolescence Neuropsychopharmacology 36 970 978 21270772 PMC3077266
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InterpretationreasoningAlcohol dampens emotional reactivity at the neural level, which helps explain why ELA-exposed people may use or abuse alcohol.
“These findings suggest that alcohol dampens emotional reactivity at the neural level, which provides an explanation for why those exposed to ELA may use and even abuse alcohol.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningELA is linked to poor emotion regulation, likely through altered prefrontal-amygdala connectivity.
“Exposure to ELA, particularly experiences of abuse and violence that are characterized by threat, is associated with poor emotion regulation ability across numerous studies.91,127,128”
- Also stated in: § Early life adversity and emotion regulation · hedged
“This pattern is likely explained by alterations in prefrontal–amygdala connectivity following ELA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [91] Heleniak C Jenness JL Vander Stoep A 2016 Childhood maltreatment exposure and disruptions in emotion regulation: a transdiagnostic pathway to adolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology Cogn Res 40 394 415 PMC5042349 27695145 source
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- cites [127] Shipman K Zeman J Penza S 2000 Emotion management skills in sexually maltreated and nonmaltreated girls: a developmental psychopathology perspective Dev Psychopathol 12 47 62 10774595
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- cites [128] Kim J Cicchetti D 2010 Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology J Child Psychol Psychiatry 51 706 716 20050965 PMC3397665 source
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- Also stated in: § Early life adversity and emotion regulation · hedged
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSmoking, drinking, and eating highly palatable food increase emotional reactivity.
“Below, we discuss how smoking, drinking, and eating highly palatable food further heighten emotional reactivity, blunt reward responsivity, hinder emotion regulation, and increase delay discounting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningELA may raise stress perceptions and lead to eating foods high in sugar and fat.
“Thus, ELA may increase perceptions of stress and, in order to cope, lead to the consumption of foods high in sugar and fat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSmoking, drinking, and eating highly palatable food hinder emotion regulation.
“Below, we discuss how smoking, drinking, and eating highly palatable food further heighten emotional reactivity, blunt reward responsivity, hinder emotion regulation, and increase delay discounting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDifficulties regulating emotions may lead people to cope by smoking, drinking, and eating, and these behaviors may ultimately induce more negative emotions, further perpetuating negative coping strategies.
“While difficulties regulating emotions may lead people to cope by smoking, drinking, and eating, these behaviors may ultimately induce more negative emotions, further perpetuating negative coping strategies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationELA has also been associated with physical inactivity, which likely contributes to the link between ELA and obesity.
“ELA has also been associated with physical inactivity, which likely also contributes to the link between ELA and obesity.32”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Felitti VJ Anda RF Nordenberg D 1998 Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study Am J Prev Med 14 245 258 9635069 source
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May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningCommon psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying HRBs, and effects of these behaviors on emotional reactivity, reward responsivity, emotion regulation, and delay discounting, likely explain clustering of HRBs.
“Thus, the common psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying HRBs as well as the effect of these behaviors on emotional reactivity, reward responsivity, emotion regulation, and delay discounting likely explain clustering of HRBs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDrugs and alcohol increase feelings of reward in the short term but decrease it in the long term.
“Drugs and alcohol increase feelings of reward in the short term but decrease it in the long term.175–179”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [175] Koob GF 2013 Addiction is a reward deficit and stress surfeit disorder Front Psychiatry 4 3 28 23914176 PMC3730086
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- cites [176] Pergadia ML Der-Avakian A D’Souza MS 2014 Association between nicotine withdrawal and reward responsiveness in humans and rats JAMA Psychiatry 71 1238 1245 25208057 PMC4353576
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- cites [177] Colantuoni C Schwenker J McCarthy J 2001 Excessive sugar intake alters binding to dopamine and mu-opioid receptors in the brain Neuroreport 12 3549 3552 11733709
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- cites [178] Bello NT Lucas LR Hajnal A 2002 Repeated sucrose access influences dopamine D2 receptor density in striatum Neuroreport 13 1575 1578 12218708 PMC1945096
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- cites [179] Johnson PM Kenny PJ 2010 Addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats: role of dopamine D2 receptors Nat Neurosci 13 635 641 20348917 PMC2947358 source
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PremisecitationIn a meta-analysis on inhibitory control and obesity, inhibitory control is significantly impaired in obese adults and children, and lower PFC activity is associated with poorer inhibitory control and higher BMIs.
“in a meta-analysis on inhibitory control and obesity, inhibitory control is significantly impaired in obese adults and children and lower PFC activity is associated with poorer inhibitory control as well as higher BMIs.192”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [192] Lavagnino L Arnone D Cao B 2016 Inhibitory control in obesity and binge eating disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies Neurosci Biobehav Rev 68 714 726 27381956
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PremisecitationAnother meta-analysis showed greater delay discounting is associated with more severe addictive behaviors, with comparable effect sizes across different types of addictive behaviors.
“Another meta-analysis showed that greater delay discounting is associated with more severe addictive behaviors, with comparable effect sizes found across different types of addictive behaviors.191”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [191] Amlung M Vedelago L Acker J 2017 Steep delay discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis of continuous associations Addiction 112 51 62 PMC5148639 27450931 source
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Interpretationnone givenNicotine abstinence, alcohol withdrawal, and high-sugar, high-fat food restriction increase the tendency to experience negative emotions, and people may attempt to regulate emotions by giving in to cravings.
“Nicotine abstinence, alcohol withdrawal, and high-sugar, high-fat food restriction increase the tendency to experience negative emotions and people may attempt to regulate emotions by giving in to cravings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPsychological and neural causes and consequences of smoking, drinking, and eating high-sugar, high-fat foods have substantial overlap, and these behaviors affect the brain in ways that reinforce alcohol and drug abuse and further explain clustering of HRBs.
“In sum, the psychological and neural causes and consequences of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, and eating high-sugar, high-fat foods have substantial overlap and these behaviors affect the brain in ways that reinforce alcohol and drug abuse and further explain the clustering of HRBs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn animal models, nicotine and ethanol both increase delay discounting.
“in animal models, nicotine160 and ethanol187 both increase delay discounting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [160] Dallery JW Locey ML 2005 Effects of acute and chronic nicotine on impulsive choice in rats Behav Pharmacol 16 15 23 15706134
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- cites [187] Poulos C Parker J Le D 1998 Increased impulsivity after injected alcohol predicts later alcohol consumption in rats: evidence for “loss-of-control drinkings” and marked individual differences Behav Neurosci 112 1247 1257 9829802
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PremisecitationNicotine withdrawal is associated with decreased striatal dopamine release and blunted reward responsivity, which predicts increased likelihood of relapse.
“Nicotine withdrawal is associated with decreased striatal dopamine release181 and blunted reward responsivity, which predicts an increased likelihood of relapse.176”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [181] Domino EF Tsukada H 2009 Nicotine sensitization of monkey striatal dopamine release Eur J Pharmacol 607 91 95 19232339
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- cites [176] Pergadia ML Der-Avakian A D’Souza MS 2014 Association between nicotine withdrawal and reward responsiveness in humans and rats JAMA Psychiatry 71 1238 1245 25208057 PMC4353576
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenNicotine, alcohol, and highly palatable foods themselves lead to further psychological and neural changes that intensify vulnerability to addiction, resulting in a positive feedback loop.
“Furthermore, nicotine, alcohol, and highly palatable foods themselves lead to further psychological and neural changes that intensify vulnerability to addiction, resulting in a positive feedback loop.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDelay discounting is a stronger predictor of health-risk behaviors than an outcome, but it is also an outcome.
“Thus, although delay discounting is a stronger predictor of HRBs, it is also an outcome and future research should focus on understanding this reciprocal relationship.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDelay discounting is both a cause and consequence of substance use.
“Delay discounting is both a cause and consequence of substance use.184,185”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [184] de Wit H 2009 Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes Addict Biol 14 22 31 18855805 PMC3640851 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [185] Setlow B I Mendez A Mitchell MR 2009 Effects of chronic administration of drugs of abuse on impulsive choice (delay discounting) in animal models Behav Pharmacol 20 380 389 19667970 PMC2874684
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDrugs stimulate reward circuitry so intensely that D2 receptors in the striatum downregulate, requiring higher intake to experience the same reward.
“This happens because drugs stimulate reward circuitry so intensely that populations of D2Rs in the striatum downregulate, resulting in the need for higher intake to experience the same degree of reward.72”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [72] Blum K Cull JG Braverman ER 1996 Reward deficiency syndrome Am Sci 84 132 145
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenELA is associated with higher risk for a range of chronic disease and increased likelihood of smoking, drinking alcohol, and eating high-sugar, high-fat foods, leading to obesity.
“ELA is associated with higher risk for a range of chronic disease and an increased likelihood of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, and eating high-sugar, high-fat foods, leading to obesity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationOvereating may downregulate reward responsivity to palatable foods, inducing blunted reward responses as observed with other substances of abuse.
“This finding suggests that overeating may downregulate reward responsivity to palatable foods, inducing blunted reward responses as have been observed with other substances of abuse.175”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [175] Koob GF 2013 Addiction is a reward deficit and stress surfeit disorder Front Psychiatry 4 3 28 23914176 PMC3730086
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningOver time, nicotine may increase delay discounting, especially given that younger people tend to exhibit higher delay discounting than older people.
“which might suggest that, over time, nicotine increases delay discounting,188 especially given that this result is opposite of what might be expected based on the fact that younger people tend to exhibit higher delay discounting than older people.189”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [188] Reynolds B 2004 Do high rates of cigarette consumption increase delay discounting? A cross-sectional comparison of adolescent smokers and young-adult smokers and nonsmokers Behav Processes 67 545 549 15519004 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [189] Green L Fry AF Myerson J 1994 Discounting of delayed rewards: a life-span comparison Psychol Sci 5 33 36 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThese psychological and neurobiological processes underlie each phase of progression to addiction-initiation, maintenance, and relapse.
“These psychological and neurobiological processes underlie each phase of the progression to addiction—initiation, maintenance, and relapse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThese bidirectional relationships facilitate a positive feedback loop in which preexisting vulnerabilities are intensified by nicotine and alcohol use as well as excessive food intake.
“These bidirectional relationships facilitate a positive feedback loop in which preexisting vulnerabilities are intensified by nicotine and alcohol use as well as excessive food intake.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn retrospective studies, obtaining accurate information on timing of exposure is difficult and reports are associated with substantial recall biases.
“In retrospective studies, obtaining accurate information on the timing of exposure is difficult and these reports are associated with substantial recall biases.209”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [209] Hardt J Rutter M 2004 Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: a review of the evidence J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45 260 273 14982240 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrevious reviews have considered how low SES affects health behaviors through psychological mechanisms, how ELA affects health and health behaviors through neuroimmune processes, and how lower SES affects health through neurobiological pathways.
“Previous reviews have considered how low SES affects health behaviors through psychological mechanisms,147 how ELA affects health and health behaviors through neuroimmune processes,20 and how lower SES affects health through neurobiological pathways.198”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [147] Bickel WK Moody L Quisenberry AJ 2014 A competing neurobehavioral decision systems model of SES-related health and behavioral disparities Prev Med 37 43 PMC4253853 25008219
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [20] Nusslock R Miller GE 2016 Early-life adversity and physical and emotional health across the lifespan: a neuro-immune network hypothesis Biol Psychiatry 80 23 32 26166230 PMC4670279 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [198] Gianaros PJ Manuck SB 2010 Neurobiological pathways linking socioeconomic position and health Psychosom Med 72 450 461 20498294 PMC2903752
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationBoth threat and deprivation exposures could disrupt the balance between amygdala and ventral striatum activation, leading to the high amygdala-low ventral striatum phenotype associated with increased risk of using alcohol to cope with negative emotions.
“Both threat and deprivation exposures could disrupt the balance between amygdala and VS activation, leading to the high amygdala–low VS phenotype associated with increased risk of using alcohol to cope with negative emotions.214”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [214] Nikolova YS Knodt AR Radtke SR 2016 Divergent responses of the amygdala and ventral striatum predict stress-related problem drinking in young adults: possible differential markers of affective and impulsive pathways of risk for alcohol use disorder Mol Psychiatry 21 348 356 26122584 PMC4696925
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationExperiences of deprivation may be more likely to lead to blunted ventral striatum reactivity to reward than experiences of threat, while both types of ELA can produce heightened amygdala reactivity to threat.
“Experiences of deprivation may be more likely to lead to blunted VS reactivity to reward than experiences of threat,112 while both types of ELA can produce a pattern of heightened amygdala reactivity to threat.63,86,94,95”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [112] Dennison MJ Rosen ML Sambrook KA 2017 Differential associations of distinct forms of childhood adversity with neurobehavioral measures of reward processing: a developmental pathway to depression Child Dev 0 1 18 PMC6013316 29266223
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [63] Hein TC Monk CS 2017 Research review: reural response to threat in children, adolescents, and adults after child maltreatment – a quantitative meta-analysis J Child Psychol Psychiatry 58 222 230 27778344 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [86] Maheu F Dozier M Guyer AE 2010 A preliminary study of medial temporal lobe function in youths with a history of caregiver deprivation and emotional neglect Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 10 34 49 20233954 PMC2926942
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [94] Grant MM Cannistraci C Hollon SD 2011 Childhood trauma history differentiates amygdala response to sad faces within MDD J Psychiatr Res 45 886 895 21276593 PMC3090525 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [95] van Harmelen AL van Tol MJ Demenescu LR 2012 Enhanced amygdala reactivity to emotional faces in adults reporting childhood emotional maltreatment Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 8 362 369 22258799 PMC3624946
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningResearch on sensitive periods of emotional and social development remains in its infancy, and sensitive periods for the psychological and neurobiological processes focused on in this review are largely unknown.
“However, research on sensitive periods of emotional and social development remains in its infancy, and sensitive periods for the psychological and neurobiological processes that are the focus of our review are largely unknown.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationStudies of institutional rearing have identified sensitive periods in the first two years of life for development of secure attachment to a caregiver and for development of the HPA axis.
“Studies of institutional rearing have identified sensitive periods in the first two years of life for the development of a secure attachment relationship to a caregiver210 and for the development of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis.66”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [210] Smyke A Zeanah C Fox N 2010 Placement in foster care enhances quality of attachment among young institutionalized children Child Dev 81 212 223 20331663 PMC4098033 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [66] Mclaughlin KA Peverill M Gold AL 2015 Child maltreatment and neural systems underlying emotion regulation J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 54 753 762 26299297 PMC4548288 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe alternative pathway may be confounded with the proposed pathways.
“it is important to consider this alternative pathway as it may be confounded with the proposed pathways.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenRelationships between neural circuitry and HRBs are almost certainly bidirectional.
“because the relationships between neural circuitry and HRBs are almost certainly bidirectional”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAlthough threat and deprivation may influence neural development differently, they may lead to the same downstream health outcomes.
“Although threat and deprivation may influence neural development in different ways, they still may lead to the same downstream health outcomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThreat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.
“Threat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.17,18”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [17] McLaughlin KA Sheridan MA Lambert HK 2014 Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience Neurosci Biobehav Rev 47 578 591 25454359 PMC4308474 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [18] Sheridan MA McLaughlin KA 2014 Dimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat Trends Cogn Sci 18 580 585 25305194 PMC4252647 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningA neuroscience perspective on the link between ELA and HRBs suggests this is a social justice issue: engaging in HRBs becomes not a question of choice, but a question of development.
“we argue that a neuroscience perspective on the link between ELA and HRBs suggests that this is a social justice issue: under this perspective, engaging in HRBs becomes not a question of choice, but a question of development.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationConstraints of low SES make it difficult to afford a high-quality diet, and people growing up in low SES households are more likely to eat a diet high in sugar and fat.
“It is well-established that the constraints of low SES make it difficult to afford a high-quality diet, and that people growing up in households with low SES are more likely to eat a diet high in sugar and fat.202”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [202] Wardle J Steptoe A 2003 Socioeconomic differences in attitudes and beliefs about healthy lifestyles J Epidemiol Community Heal 57 440 443 PMC1732468 12775791
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningConsistency of findings, moderators of effects, and overall effect sizes remain largely unknown due to lack of studies and meta-analyses.
“Given the lack of studies as well as meta-analyses, for now, the consistency of findings, moderators of effects, and overall effect sizes remain largely unknown”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningVulnerable people do not simply choose to engage in HRBs because they do not know they are harmful; rather, early environmental experiences influence psychological and neurobiological development in ways that make it more difficult to regulate negative emotions and delay immediate rewards.
“Vulnerable people do not simply “choose” to engage in HRBs because they do not know that these behaviors are harmful, but rather, their early environmental experiences influence psychological and neurobiological development in ways that make it more difficult to regulate negative emotions and delay immediate rewards.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigh amygdala reactivity paired with low ventral striatum reactivity comprises a distinct neural phenotype of alcohol use disorders, in which alcohol use is particularly likely following stress exposure.
“high amygdala reactivity paired with low VS reactivity comprises a distinct neural phenotype of alcohol use disorders, in which alcohol use is particularly likely following exposure to stress.214”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [214] Nikolova YS Knodt AR Radtke SR 2016 Divergent responses of the amygdala and ventral striatum predict stress-related problem drinking in young adults: possible differential markers of affective and impulsive pathways of risk for alcohol use disorder Mol Psychiatry 21 348 356 26122584 PMC4696925
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationParental smoking, drinking, and obesity predict smoking, drinking, and obesity of offspring.
“Parental smoking,199 drinking,200 and obesity201 predict the smoking, drinking, and obesity of their offspring.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [199] Kandel DB Griesler PC Hu MC 2015 Intergenerational patterns of smoking and nicotine dependence among US adolescents Am J Public Health 105 e63 e72 PMC4605183 26378847
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [200] Rossow I Keating P Felix L 2016 Does parental drinking influence children’s drinking? A systematic review of prospective cohort studies Addiction 111 204 217 26283063 PMC4832292
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [201] Whitaker KL Jarvis MJ Beeken RJ 2010 Comparing maternal and paternal intergenerational transmission of obesity risk in a large population-based sample Am J Clin Nutr 91 1560 1567 20375189
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThose exposed to ELA may initiate smoking and drinking at a younger age during critical neurodevelopmental periods, which may increase likelihood of addiction in adulthood or lead to more severe addictions in adulthood.
“those exposed to ELA may initiate smoking and drinking at a younger age during critical neurodevelopmental periods that may increase the likelihood of addiction in adulthood203,204 or lead to more severe addictions in adulthood.205”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [203] Sung M Erkanli A Angold A 2004 Effects of age at first substance use and psychiatric comorbidity on the development of substance use disorders Drug Alcohol Depend 75 287 299 15283950
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [204] Buchmann AF Blomeyer D Jennen-Steinmetz C 2013 Early smoking onset may promise initial pleasurable sensations and later addiction Addict Biol 18 947 54 21966958
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [205] Macleod J Hickman M Bowen E 2008 Parental drug use, early adversities, later childhood problems and children’s use of tobacco and alcohol at age 10: birth cohort study Addiction 103 1731 1743 18705686
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Obesity can serve as a proxy for eating behavior in the neurobiological evidence reviewed.
“Because obesity is often used as a proxy for eating behavior, in this paper, the neurobiological evidence that we present includes both eating behaviors as well as differences between obese vs. non-obese populations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Animal models of early deprivation provide evidence about human neurodevelopmental mechanisms linking ELA to HRBs.
“For example, rodents exposed to maternal separation demonstrate decreased expression of D2Rs compared with control rats.114”
The paper relies on this without support.
The three health-risk behaviors focused on (smoking, heavy alcohol use, unhealthy eating) are representative of HRBs linking ELA to chronic disease.
“The three HRBs that we focus on are: (1) smoking cigarettes and nicotine dependence; (2) drinking alcohol heavily and alcohol use disorders; and (3) eating an energy-dense diet high in sugar and fat as well as excessive food consumption.57”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
This evidence supports the biological embedding hypothesis, which links early life adversity to addictive behaviors.
“This evidence supports the biological embedding hypothesis [124] which links ELA to addictive behaviors [125].”
From Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint (2020) · cites this paper as [125]
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Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3 · Cited by 1,807 · see citing works
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Association between childhood exposure to family violence and telomere length: a meta-analysis
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- Authors
- Duffy, K. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Green, P. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duffy, Korrina A.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-07-16
- Volume
- 1428
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 151-169
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- PMC
- PMC6158062
- OpenAlex
- W2884304274
- Semantic Scholar
- 5435d07479295fce103c49f1f540eb845088ff40
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 223
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH103291, R01‐MH106482)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, health risk behaviors, brain development, cognitive control, emotional processing, threat processing, reward processing, emotional reactivity, reward sensitivity, emotion regulation, delay discounting, smoking, alcohol consumption, addiction
- MeSH terms
- Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Alcoholism, Child, Cognition, Emotions, Fear, Humans, Hyperphagia, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Risk-Taking, Stress, Psychological, Tobacco Use Disorder, Health Behavior, Delay Discounting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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