The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 93 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 49 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults
Open accessAbstract
Background The relationship of health risk behavior and disease in adulthood to the breadth of exposure to childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction during childhood has not previously been described. Methods A questionnaire about adverse childhood experiences was mailed to 13,494 adults who had completed a standardized medical evaluation at a large HMO; 9,508 (70.5%) responded. Seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were studied: psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The number of categories of these adverse childhood experiences was then compared to measures of adult risk behavior, health status, and disease. Logistic regression was used to adjust for effects of demographic factors on the association between the cumulative number of categories of childhood exposures (range: 0-7) and risk factors for the leading causes of death in adult life. Results More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported > or = 2 categories of childhood exposures. We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P or = 50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease; and 1.4- to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity. The number of categories of…
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Claims the paper makes
50 Own result · 12 No full text of the sources · 12 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Longitudinal follow-up of adults whose childhood abuse was well documented has shown that their retrospective reports of childhood abuse are likely to under-estimate actual occurrence.47,48”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] Femina, 1990, Child abuse, Child Abuse Negl sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that eight adults with well-documented abuse in their adolescent records denied it at follow-up, and the Discussion says retrospective inaccuracies in this sample were in the direction of under-reporting. The paper limits that finding to a small sample of former delinquents and says its generalizability is uncertain; the claim does not retain that population qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Williams, 1995, Recovered memories of abuse in women with documented child sexual victimization histories, J Traumatic Stress source
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported Ն2 categories of childhood exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship for a history of stroke or diabetes.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“we found a strong, dose-response relationship between the number of childhood exposures and each of the 10 risk factors for the leading causes of death that we studied (P Ͻ .001).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“More than half of respondents reported at least one, and one-fourth reported Ն2 categories of childhood exposures.”
- Also stated in: § Adverse Childhood Exposures · plain
“More than half of respondents (52%) experienced Ն1 category of adverse childhood exposure; 6.2% reported Ն4 exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Adverse Childhood Exposures · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a 1.4-to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The seven categories of adverse childhood experiences were strongly interrelated and persons with multiple categories of childhood exposure were likely to have multiple health risk factors later in life.”
- Also stated in: § Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure · plain
“The relationship between single categories of exposure was significant for all comparisons (P Ͻ .001;chi-square).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of categories of adverse childhood exposures showed a graded relationship to the presence of adult diseases including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Disease conditions including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, skeletal fractures, and liver disease, as well as poor self-rated health also showed a graded relationship to the breadth of childhood exposures.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a significant (P Ͻ .05)dose-response relationship between the number of childhood exposures and the following disease conditions: ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, history of hepatitis or jaundice, skeletal fractures, and poor self-rated health.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a 2-to 4-fold increase in smoking, poor self-rated health, Ն50 sexual intercourse partners, and sexually transmitted disease;”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, among persons with no childhood exposures, 56% had none of the 10 risk factors whereas only 14% of persons with Ն4 categories of childhood exposure had no risk factors.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Childhood Exposures and Clustering of Health Risk Factors
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most prevalent of the 7 categories of childhood exposure was substance abuse in the household (25.6%); the least prevalent exposure category was evidence of criminal behavior in the household (3.4%).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Adverse Childhood Exposures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, only 1% of persons with no childhood exposures had four or more risk factors, whereas 7% of persons with Ն4 childhood exposures had four or more risk factors (Table 6).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Childhood Exposures and Clustering of Health Risk Factors
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mental illness | | 18.8 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Ն65 | 2,610 | 60.0 | 24.5 | 8.9 | 4.2 | 2.4 |”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“| 19-34 | 807 | 35.4 | 25.4 | 17.2 | 11.0 | 10.9 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Psychological | | 11.1 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mother treated violently | | 12.5 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 0 | 3,861 | 56 | 29 | 10 | 4 | 1 |”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“| Ն4 | 545 | 14 | 26 | 28 | 17 | 7 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The number of categories of adverse childhood exposure is a valid cumulative measure of adversity.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the odds ratios for skeletal fractures, hepatitis or jaundice, and poor self-rated health were 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2, respectively (Table 8).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationship between Childhood Exposures and Disease Conditions
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Substance abuse | | 25.6 |”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between single categories of exposure was significant for all comparisons (P Ͻ .001;chi-square).For persons reporting any single category of exposure, the probability of exposure to any additional category ranged from 65%-93% (median: 80%); similarly, the probability of Ն2 additional exposures ranged from 40%-74% (median: 54.5%).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationships between Categories of Childhood Exposure
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because adverse childhood experiences are common and they have strong long-term associations with adult health risk behaviors, health status, and diseases, increased attention to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies is needed.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondent (n ϭ 9,508) and nonrespondent (n ϭ 3,986) groups were similar in their percentages of women (53.7% and 51.0%, respectively) and in their mean years of education (14.0 years and 13.6 years, respectively).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After second mailings of the questionnaire to persons who did not respond to the first mailing, the response rate for the survey was 70.5% (9,508/13,494).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Survey Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Respondents were slightly more likely to answer affirmatively than nonrespondents (6.1% vs. 5.4%, respectively).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without measuring these household factors as well, long-term influence might be wrongly attributed solely to single types of abuse and the cumulative influence of multiple categories of adverse childhood experiences would not be assessed.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We used questions from published surveys to construct the ACE Study questionnaire.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Questionnaire Design
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Straus, 1990 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Wyatt, 1985, The sexual abuse of Afro-American and White-American women in childhood, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [41] National Center for Health Statistics. Exposure to alcoholism in the family: United States, 1988. Advance Data, No. 205. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC; September 30, 1991.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents were older than nonrespondents (means 56.1 years and 49.3 years) and more likely to be white (83.9% vs. 75.3%)although the actual magnitude of the differences was small.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies of the long-term effects of childhood abuse have usually examined single types of abuse, particularly sexual abuse, and few have assessed the impact of more than one type of abuse.5,24 -28”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] McCauley, 1997, Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse, JAMA source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Briere, 1988, Multivariate correlates of childhood psychological and physical maltreatment among university women, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Briere, 1990, Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Claussen, 1991, Physical and psychological maltreatment, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Moeller, 1993, The combined effects of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse during childhood, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Bryant, 1995, Suicidality in college women who were sexually and physically punished by parents, Violence Vict source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents and nonrespondents did not differ with regard to their self-rated health, smoking, other substance abuse, or the presence of common medical conditions such as a history of heart attack or stroke, chronic obstructive lung disease, hypertension, or diabetes, or with regard to marital status or current family, marital, or job-related problems (data not shown).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Comparison of Respondents and Nonrespondents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, the American Medical Association recommends screening of women for exposure to violence at every entrance to the health system; 66 however, such screening appears to be rare.67”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] 1992, American Medical Association Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines on Domestic Violence, Arch Fam Med
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there may be mediators of the relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status other than the risk factors we examined.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High levels of exposure to adverse childhood experiences would expectedly produce anxiety, anger, and depression in children.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although articles in the general medical literature are alerting the medical community to the fact that childhood abuse is common, 59 adolescent health care is often inadequate in terms of psychosocial assessment and anticipatory guidance.60”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Rixey, 1994, Family violence and the adolescent, Maryland Med J
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, nicotine is recognized as having beneficial psychoactive effects in terms of regulating affect 49 and persons who are depressed are more likely to smoke.50,51”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Carmody, 1989, Affect regulation, nicotine addiction, and smoking cessation, J Psychoactive Drugs source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Anda, 1990, Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective, JAMA source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Glassman, 1990, Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression, JAMA source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the degree that behaviors such as smoking, alcohol, or drug use are found to be effective as coping devices, they would tend to be used chronically.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Many physicians may fear that discussions of sexual violence and other sensitive issues are too personal even for the doctor-patient relationship.65”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Sugg, 1992, Primary care physicians’ response to domestic violence. Opening Pandora’s box, JAMA source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“because it is strongly predictive of mortality.45”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > 3.4 Any category reported 52.1%
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Idler, 1990, Self-rated health and mortality in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, Am J Pub Health source
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, some persons with health risk behaviors or diseases may have been either more, or less, likely to report adverse childhood experiences.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, these childhood exposures include emotionally sensitive topics such as family alcoholism 29,30 and sexual abuse.64”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Zeitlen, 1994, Children with alcohol misusing parents, Br Med Bull source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Dore, 1995, Identifying substance abuse in maltreating families, Child Abuse Negl source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Tabachnick, 1997, Perceptions of child sexual abuse as a public health problem. Vermont, September 1995, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, disease conditions could be either over-or under-reported by patients when they complete the medical questionnaire.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between childhood experiences and adult health status is likely to be overlooked in medical practice because the time delay between exposure during childhood and recognition of health problems in adult medical practice is lengthy.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data about adverse childhood experiences are based on self-report, retrospective, and can only demonstrate associations between childhood exposures and health risk behaviors, health status, and diseases in adulthood.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, smoking, which is medically and socially viewed as a “problem” may, from the perspective of the user, represent an effective immediate solution that leads to chronic use.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although articles in the general medical literature are alerting the medical community to the fact that childhood abuse is common, 59 adolescent health care is often inadequate in terms of psychosocial assessment and anticipatory guidance.60”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] MacMillan, 1997, Prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse in the community. Results from the Ontario Health Supplement, JAMA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analysis was employed to adjust for the potential confounding effects of age, sex, race, and educational attainment on the relationship between the number of childhood exposures and health problems.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Statistical Analysis
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.
“Conditions such as drug abuse, spousal violence, and criminal activity in the household may co-occur with specific forms of abuse that involve children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of categories of adverse childhood exposure is a valid cumulative measure of adversity.
“Number of categories of adverse childhood exposure and the adjusted odds of risk factors including current smoking, severe obesity, physical inactivity, depressed mood, and suicide attempt”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were documented at baseline using the 10-item ACE Study questionnaire to measure childhood trauma, and were grouped as either “0–3” or “4+” due to the high rate of chronic health problems among individuals with scores of 4 or more 37.”
From Effects of a trauma-informed mindful recovery program on comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during primary care buprenorphine treatment: A proof-of-concept study (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both exposure to IPV and parental separation or divorce are two adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that are linked in a dose–response relationship to adverse health consequences through the lifespan (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Post‐separation abuse: A concept analysis (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is a strong, graded link between exposure to childhood adversity and risk of negative health, social, and emotional outcomes, including several major categories of chronic disease, lung cancer, various autoimmune diseases, depression and other mental illnesses, and high-risk behaviors (e.g., Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“on average, the life span of individuals with six or more ACEs is 20 years shorter than that of those with zero ACEs (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1 (2019) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while adults with ELS/CT experience could be at increased risk of disease with potentially immune origin (36, 53).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In one study of more than 9,500 adults, for example, exposure to multiple forms of early life stress was associated with a 4.6-fold increase in risk of being depressed over the past year (Felitti et al., 1998).”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Children enter foster care with a sum of adverse childhood experiences.55–57”
From Caregiving disruptions affect growth and pubertal development in early adolescence in institutionalized and fostered Romanian children: A randomized clinical trial (2018) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences, including growing up in a context of maternal substance use (74), predicts an earlier age of onset for alcohol (62, 75) and other drug use (76, 77), and increased odds for attempting suicide (78).”
From Mothering, Substance Use Disorders and Intergenerational Trauma Transmission: An Attachment-Based Perspective (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Outcomes associated with early adversity include higher risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, ischemic heart disease, cancers, depression, addictions, and premature mortality, as well as social outcomes including unemployment and lower educational attainment [1–8].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences, namely exposures such as neglect, abuse, caregiver mental illness, and family or community violence, predict poorer long-term outcomes across health and social domains.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interest in metabolic embedding of ELA stems from epidemiological [1, 69] and clinical [70] studies linking ELA to obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes, raising questions about possible causal pathways.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse psychosocial exposures in early life, namely experiences such as child maltreatment, caregiver stress or depression, and domestic or community violence, have been associated in epidemiological studies with increased lifetime risk of adverse outcomes, including diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and psychiatric illnesses.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In full, ELA-induced changes may mediate epidemiological links to key diseases, including, among others, obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction, stroke), cancer onset and progression, as well as addictions, psychopathology, and adverse social outcomes [1–6, 18].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These frequencies are consistent with previous studies documenting elevated rates of childhood adversity among individuals with SUD [3, 5, 9].”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences are associated with many negative adult health and health care utilisation outcomes, including cardiovascular illness, depression, suicide attempts, unhealthy substance use, obesity, lung disease, liver disease, cancer and medically unexplained symptoms such as pain or gastrointestinal problems[1–6].”
From Health care utilisation changes among Alaska Native adults after participation in an indigenous community programme to address adverse life experiences: a propensity score-matched analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Dose-response relationships between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and multiple risk factors have been documented among AIANs and non-AIANs [51,70].”
From Substance and Behavioral Addictions among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Rather, the overwhelming majority of studies14 have employed an empirical specification similar to that which has predominated in the literature on childhood adversity, i.e., a sum score of exposures.15–18”
From Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Much research associates CT with adverse physical and mental health outcomes (1,2)”
From Impact of Childhood Trauma on Executive Function in Adolescence—Mediating Functional Brain Networks and Prediction of High-Risk Drinking (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, there is commonly a dose-response relationship between the number of types of adversity associated and the magnitude of the risk for depression.4-11”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the original ACE study [3] demonstrated that individuals exposed to multiple adverse experiences had a four- to twelve-fold increased risk for alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, and suicide attempts.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Exposure to ELA is associated with a clustering of health risks, with increasing exposure related to an increasing number of HRBs.32”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Such an approach facilitates the synthesis of complex evidence for application, and is supported by observed dose–response effects linking cumulative early adversity to later outcomes [1, 3, 5], and by the “allostatic load” paradigm exploring pathogenic effects of cumulative all-cause stress [15].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dose-response relationship between number of adversities and health and social effects are observed in large epidemiological studies”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) considerably increase the likelihood of mental illness, health risk behaviors, and chronic physical illnesses.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with research that has supported the relationship between ACEs and further negative health consequences in the general population (Buckingham & Daniolos, 2013;Cicchetti & Handley, 2019;Felitti et al., 1998;Hughes et al., 2017).”
From Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance use disorder (SUD): A scoping review (2021) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Also, adults who were abused as children have been shown to be at increased risk of disease with potential inflammatory origin (9, 10).”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Inflammation may be an important developmental mediator linking adverse experiences in early life to poor adult health.”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Given that the effect of stress often appears to be cumulative (2, 9, 19), we derived a cumulative exposure index for each child by counting the number of maltreatment experiences during the first decade of life (31);”
From Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Childhood adversity has been repeatedly and robustly linked to physical and mental illness across the lifespan.”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The first study using the DAWBA-RAD section reported a very high RAD point-prevalence of 63.0% (96/153) in a sample of looked after youth in a variety of placement forms [29].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Compared to another study on RAD using DAWBA in high-risk foster youths [29], our estimate was quite moderate.”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Victims of childhood physical or sexual abuse or parental neglect are at considerably greater risk for affective disorders.1-4”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Epidemiological studies provide compelling support for the association between cumulative, adverse childhood experiences and the risk for depression.4,5”
From Early life adversity and the epigenetic programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In humans, various forms of ELA are associated with illicit drug use later in life [21,22,23].”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“In addition, there are established links between ELA and obesity [21,24], however, the exact mechanisms are not understood.”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Strong links between ACEs and the initiation of opioid use have been described (72, 73).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study from 1998 highlighted 5- to 10-fold increase in the risk of AUD and SUD following exposure to four or more ACEs in the first 18 years of life [112].”
From Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint (2020) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, ELA is associated with a greater likelihood of smoking cigarettes,32,43,44 abusing alcohol and drugs,32,45–47 eating a poor diet,48 and being obese.32,49”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“ELA has also been associated with physical inactivity, which likely also contributes to the link between ELA and obesity.32”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Research has consistently found that care leavers are more likely to have experienced high levels of adverse childhood experience (ACEs) and are at significantly greater risk for negative outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
From The relationship between spirituality and resilience and well-being: a study of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“The documented risks of having care experience are substantial and varied (Berlin et al., 2011; Felitti et al., 1998; Simkiss, 2019).”
From The relationship between spirituality and resilience and well-being: a study of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. (2023) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Early life physical and sexual abuse carry with it a life-long burden of behavioral and pathophysiological problems (Felitti et al., 1998; Heim and Nemeroff, 2001).”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Felitti et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“There are enormous individual differences in the response to stress, based upon the experience of the individual early in life and in adult life.”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Early life physical and sexual abuse imposes a life- long burden of behavioral and pathophysiological problems.41,42”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Early-life events related to maternal care in animals, as well as parental care in humans, play a powerful role in later mental and physical health, as demonstrated by the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) studies”
From Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress (2017) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“ACE have a disproportionately powerful effect on life long trajectories of health and disease, 68 and poverty contributes in its own way as well as creating circumstances for ACE, 114 which, however, occurs across all levels of socioeconomic status (SES).”
From Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress (2017) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Boarding schools as a form of cultural genocide and source of historical trauma have had a variety of negative health impacts on Native people, such as high suicide rates, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes that are connected to trauma (Brave Heart et al. 2011;Duran 2019;Felitti et al. 1998).”
From Archaeology and Social Justice in Native America (2022) · cites this paper as Felitti et al. 1998
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
“We found a graded relationship between the number of categories of childhood exposure and each of the adult health risk behaviors and diseases that were studied (P Ͻ .001).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Significance of Dose-Response Relationships
“There was no statistically significant dose-response relationship for a history of stroke or diabetes.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Exclusions from Analysis
“The mean age of the 8,506 persons included in this analysis was 56.1 years”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Exclusions from Analysis
“After these exclusions, 8,056 of the original 9,508 survey respondents (59.7% of the original sample of 13,494) remained and were included in the analysis.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Abstract
“a 1.4-to 1.6-fold increase in physical inactivity and severe obesity.”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
“| | 4 or more | 523 | 26.6 | 1.3 | ( 1.1-1.6) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Relationship between Childhood Exposures and Disease Conditions
“Similarly, the odds ratios for skeletal fractures, hepatitis or jaundice, and poor self-rated health were 1.6, 2.3, and 2.2, respectively (Table 8).”
§ Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study > Discussion
“| | 4 or more | 543 | 10.7 | 2.4 | (1.8-3.3) |”
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Posttraumatic stress symptoms, shame, and substance use among Asian Americans
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“The Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale (ACE) assesses childhood abuse, neglect, and maltreatment through 10 items (Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundEducator Sexual Misconduct: A Statutory Analysis
Holbrook, M. A., Wu, G., Pedneault, A., Stohr, M. K., & Hemmens, C. T. (2018) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403418806564 · Cited by 18
“This victimization causes students to suffer serious emotional, educational, developmental, and health effects (M. E. Afifi et al., 2007; Burgess, Welner, & Willis, 2010; Felitti et al., 1998; Winks, 1982).”
BackgroundMy Body Protests: Childhood Sexual Abuse and the Body
Daphna‐Tekoah, S. (2019) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1549179 · Cited by 20
The Association Between Abusive Policing and PTSD Symptoms Among U.S. Police Officers
DeVylder, J., Lalane, M., & Fedina, L. (2019) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/703356 · Cited by 18
“Preexisting vulnerability to PTSD was measured using the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Questionnaire, a widely used 10-item measure of childhood trauma exposures (Felitti et al., 1998).”
MethodRocha, Á. V., & Ruitenberg, C. W. (2019) · Global Studies of Childhood · doi:10.1177/2043610619846319 · Cited by 20
Grecco, G. G., & Chambers, R. A. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0661-9 · Cited by 18
Dewey’s Theory of Experience, Traumatic Memory, and Music Education
Hess, J., & Bradley, D. (2020) · Studies in Philosophy and Education · doi:10.1007/s11217-020-09706-z · Cited by 22
Lapsley, C. R., Irwin, R. E., McLafferty, M., Thursby, S. J., O’Neill, S. M., Bjourson, A. J., Walsh, C. P., & Murray, E. K. (2020) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-020-00877-7 · Cited by 18
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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) & youth sports participation: Does a gradient exist?
Noel-London, K., Ortiz, K. S., & BeLue, R. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104924 · Cited by 26
Ho, S.-H. S., Nakamura, Y., & Swain, J. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603385 · Cited by 25
“, 2001), and other mortality risk factors (Felitti et al., 1998); poor quality in social relationships have detrimental effects on health (Umberson and Montez, 2010) and positive association with cellular aging (Uchino et al.”
BackgroundThe Role of Resilience in Ethnic Minority Adolescent Navigation of Ecological Adversity
Wilcox, L., Larson, K. L., & BARTLETT, R. L. (2021) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-020-00337-7 · Cited by 18
“Felitti et al. (1998) found “a strong dose relationship between the breadth of exposure to abuse or household dysfunction during childhood and multiple risk factors for several of the leading causes of deaths in adults” (p. 251).”
BackgroundNarratives of trauma and resilience from Street Soccer players
Whitley, M. A., Donnelly, J. A., Cowan, D., & McLaughlin, S. (2021) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2021.1879919 · Cited by 19
“…crises (e.g., armed conflict, natural disasters) (World Health Organization 2013), caregiving and household issues (e.g., abuse, neglect, domestic violence, substance misuse, mental health problems) (Felitti et al. 1998), and beyond (e.g., community violence; Lee, Larkin, and Esaki 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialKeeshin, B. R., Bryant, B. J., & Gargaro, E. R. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2020.10.007 · Cited by 18
Kjoelaas, S., Jensen, T. K., & Feragen, K. B. (2021) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.1907387 · Cited by 18
“Associations have been found between ACEs and a range of unfavourable outcomes, including changes in functions essential for decision-making and emotional control, drug use, diabetes, heart disease, and even early death (Felitti et al., 1998; Hughes et al., 2017).”
BackgroundDuron, J. F., Williams‐Butler, A., Liu, F.-Y. Y., Nesi, D., Fay, K. P., & Kim, B. E. (2021) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/15412040211016035 · Cited by 21
“Adversities are defined as adverse childhood experiences including child maltreatment and household dysfunction (Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDamian, A. J., Oo, M., Bryant, D. J., & Gallo, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254385 · Cited by 14
MacLochlainn, J., Mallett, J., Kirby, K., & McFadden, P. (2021) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00392-8 · Cited by 19
Lee, K. A., Sacco, P., & Bright, C. L. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105273 · Cited by 18
Mortier, P., Alonso, J., Auerbach, R. P., Bantjes, J. R., Benjet, C. L., Bruffaerts, R., Cuijpers, P. J., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hasking, P. A., et al. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02151-4 · Cited by 21
“Childhood adversities (CAs) occurring prior to 18 years of age were assessed using 19 items adapted from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) Childhood Section [31], the Adverse Childhood Experience Scale [32], and the Bully Survey [33].”
BackgroundInfluentialAdverse childhood experiences, sex, and cardiovascular habituation to repeated stress
Tyra, A. T., Cook, T. E., Young, D. A., Hurley, P. E., Oosterhoff, B. J., John‐Henderson, N. A., & Ginty, A. T. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108175 · Cited by 19
Nelson, S., Borsook, D., & Enlow, M. B. (2021) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000953 · Cited by 18
“(ACEs; abuse, neglect, violent/conflictual home environment, parent/guardian separation or divorce, etc.(28)) documented in pediatric pain populations.”
BackgroundMedical Trauma in LGBTQIA Youth: Adapting Trauma-Informed Affirming Clinical Practices
Ramos, N. (2021) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20210818-02 · Cited by 18
Adverse experiences as predictors of maladaptive and adaptive eating: Findings from EAT 2018
Yoon, C. Y., Emery, R. L., Hazzard, V. M., Mason, S. M., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105737 · Cited by 18
Trauma-informed care and ethics consultation in the NICU
Hubbard, D., Davis, P., Willis, T., Raza, F., Carter, B. S., & Lantos, J. D. (2021) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2021.151527 · Cited by 18
Using simulation to increase resident comfort discussing social determinants of health
Morrison, J. M., Marsicek, S. M., Hopkins, A. M., Dudas, R. A., & Collins, K. R. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-03044-5 · Cited by 20
“In addition to poverty, children exposed to toxic stress, defined as frequent or chronic activation of the stress response due to repeated exposure to significant stressors, are at an increased risk of developing chronic diseases and substance abuse disorders as adults [4].”
BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder with comorbid major depression – why fearful attachment style is relevant
Elling, C., Forstner, A. J., Seib‐Pfeifer, L., Mücke, M., Stähl, J., Geiser, F., Schumacher, J., & Conrad, R. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.019 · Cited by 18
Miles, L., Valentine, J. L., Mabey, L., & Downing, N. R. (2022) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1097/jfn.0000000000000361 · Cited by 19
“The finding of prior history of SA as highly associated with MI and medical problems supports the results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences study (Felitti et al., 1998), which identified associations between childhood trauma and physical andmental illnesses.”
ResultConnecting during COVID: The application of teleservices in two integrated perinatal settings
Ehmer, A. C., Scott, S. M., Smith, H., & Ashby, B. D. (2022) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21958 · Cited by 18
“Once enrolled in PROMISE for ongoing mental health treatment, patients are screened with the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (Hirshfield et al., 2000), Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale (Felitti et al., 1998), Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale (Narayan et al, 2018) and theGeneralizedAnxietyDisorder-7 (Spitzer et al…”
MethodMoon, I., & Han, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020668 · Cited by 20
“ACE Pyramid for HRQROL—modified according to potential influences throughout the lifespan of ACE [28].”
BackgroundProposing network analysis for early life adversity: An application on life event data
de Vries, T. R., Arends, I., Rod, N. H., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Bültmann, U. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114784 · Cited by 19
Faculty, Preceptor, and Students' Perceptions of the Need for Trauma-Informed Education
Kuzma, E. K., Cannon, L. M., Coolidge, E. M., et al. (2022) · Nurse Educator · doi:10.1097/nne.0000000000001174 · Cited by 18
Longterm Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment
Widom, C. S. (2022) · Child maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82479-2_18 · Cited by 19
Miccoli, A., Song, J., Romanowicz, M., Howie, F. R., Simar, S., & Lynch, B. A. (2022) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319221084165 · Cited by 29
“These include (1) Physical Development (gross and fine motor skills), (2) Language Development (receptive and expressive language skills), and (3) either Adaptive Behavior for infants and toddlers (self-help and social-emotional skills) or Academic Skills/ Cognitive Development for children 2 years of age and older (l…”
BackgroundBallester, L., Alayo, I., Vilagut, G., Mortier, P., Almenara, J., Cebrià, A. I., Echeburúa, E., Gabilondo, A., Gili, M., Lagares, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.135 · Cited by 22
Epigenetics of early-life adversity in youth: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations
Sumner, J. A., Gambazza, S., Gao, X., Baccarelli, A., Uddin, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2022) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-022-01269-9 · Cited by 22
“Introduction Early-life adversity (ELA) is linked to deleterious mental and physical health outcomes over the lifespan [1, 2].”
BackgroundAvery, J. C., Deppeler, J., Galvin, E., Skouteris, H., de Galarce, P. C., & Morris, H. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106506 · Cited by 19
An approach to trauma‐informed education in prelicensure nursing curricula
Pfeiffer, K. M., & Grabbe, L. (2022) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12726 · Cited by 19
Whole Child Well-Child Visits: Implementing ACEs and SDOH Screenings in Primary Care
Yaun, J. A., Rogers, L., Marshall, A., McCullers, J. A., & Madubuonwu, S. (2022) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/00099228221093279 · Cited by 17
Hjartarson, K. H., Snorrason, Í., Bringmann, L. F., & Ólafsson, R. P. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000752 · Cited by 21
Navarro, R., Rubio, E. L., Jiménez, S. Y., & Víllora, B. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12060162 · Cited by 20
“The Conflict Tactic Scales (CTS, Straus, 1979) Sexual abuse Child Sexual Victimization Questionnaire (CSVQ, Finkelhor, 1979) Conflict Tactic Scales (CTS, Straus, 1979) Bivariate and multivariate analysis between ACEs and dating violence Retrospective analyses showed a relationship between childhood sexual victimisatio…”
BackgroundInfluentialYuan, M., Qin, F., Xu, C., & Fang, Y. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060477 · Cited by 19
Hemady, C. L., Speyer, L. G., Murray, A. L., Brown, R., Meinck, F., Fry, D. A., Do, H. P., Sikander, S., Madrid, B. J., Fernando, A. D., et al. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04839-0 · Cited by 21
“few studies to apply LCA to determine typologies of risk of early childhood adversity using the nine domains of the pioneering ACE study [1], most involve highincome countries (HICs).”
BackgroundSchroeder, K., Dumenci, L., Sarwer, D. B., Noll, J. G., Henry, K., Suglia, S. F., Forke, C. M., & Wheeler, D. C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137819 · Cited by 19
Clemens, V., Köhler-Dauner, F., Keller, F., Ziegenhain, U., & Fegert, J. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04177-7 · Cited by 17
Cuda, S. E., Censani, M., Kharofa, R. Y., Williams, D. R., O’Hara, V. M., Karjoo, S., Paisley, J., & Browne, N. T. (2022) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100032 · Cited by 22
“ACEs create dangerous levels of toxic stress that are often chronic and associated with negative behavioral and health outcomes, such as obesity, alcoholism, and depression [45].”
BackgroundCrouch, E. L., Probst, J. C., Shi, S., McLain, A. C., Eberth, J. M., Brown, M. J., Merrell, M. A., & Bennett, K. J. (2022) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12708 · Cited by 19
“2 This framework categorizes PCEs into 4 categories: (1) nurturing, supportive relationships, (2) safe, stable environments, (3) constructive social engagement, and (4) development of social and emotional competencies.”
BackgroundRanu, J., Kalebic, N., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., & Taylor, P. J. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221122818 · Cited by 18
“Nevertheless, one or more ACEs have long been associated with a range of physical, mental and behavioural disorders, with exposure increasingly evidenced as having a doseresponse relationship with many seriously negative physical health outcomes (Felitti et al., 1998).”
BackgroundPrevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) among young adults of Kashmir
Dar, A. A., Deb, S., Malik, M. H., Khan, W., Haroon, A. P., Ahsan, A., Jahan, F., Sumaiya, B., Bhat, S. Y., Dhamodharan, M., et al. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105876 · Cited by 22
The Effects of Social Support on ACEs and Mental Health in Ireland
McCutchen, C., Hyland, P., Maercker, A. R. A., Thoma, M. V., & Rohner, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2022.2124264 · Cited by 18
“This is consistent with an extensive literature on the adverse long-term impact of ACEs on adult mental health (Anda et al., 2002; Dube et al., 2001; Felitti et al., 1998; Friedman et al., 2002).”
BackgroundAdverse Childhood Experiences and COVID-19 Stress on Changes in Mental Health among Young Adults
Alradhi, M. A., Moore, J., Patte, K. A., O’Leary, D. D., & Wade, T. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912874 · Cited by 18
“ACEs are generally defined as exposure to traumatic experiences such as abuse and maltreatment, severe household dysfunction, and witnessing intimate partner violence involving parents/caregivers before the age of 18 [1].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHeinrich, C. J., Hernández, M., & Shero, M. (2022) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.22443 · Cited by 19
Rogers, C. J., Forster, M., Sussman, S. Y., Steinberg, J. K., Barrington‐Trimis, J. L., Grigsby, T. J., & Unger, J. B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042829 · Cited by 22
“Since the seminal study introducing the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) framework by the Kaiser Family Foundation [13], there has been a growing interest in the impact of ACE on behavioral health.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPurpose maintained: Adverse childhood experiences and meaning in life
Rose, H., Womick, J., & King, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12820 · Cited by 24
Child abuse and wellbeing: Examining the roles of self-compassion and fear of self
Collins, S., Orth, T., Brunton, R., & Dryer, R. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106089 · Cited by 25
“First, many studies examine child abuse as a composite variable encompassing other adversities such as household dysfunction (e.g., Adverse Childhood Experiences Survey, Felitti et al., 1998), arguing that this approach accounts for the interrelatedness of the different adversities (Dong et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultWhat's the matter with ACEs? Recommendations for considering early adversity in educational contexts
Compton, A. B., Panlilio, C. C., & Humphreys, K. L. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106073 · Cited by 26
“…collapsed items by category from the survey used in the second wave of data collection for the ACEs study (Anda et al., 2006, 2009; Dube et al., 2001), eliminates the preambles from the original ACEs survey (Felitti et al., 1998), and binarizes answers (i.e., yes/no; McLennan et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEarly exposure to adverse childhood experiences and delinquent peer association among youth
Jones, M. S., Pierce, H., & Shoaf, H. (2023) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12856 · Cited by 18
Furukawa, T. A., Tajika, A., Sakata, M., Luo, Y., Toyomoto, R., Horikoshi, M., Akechi, T., Kawakami, N., Nakayama, T., Kondo, N., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067850 · Cited by 18
Measuring adverse childhood experiences with latent class trajectories
Jones, M. S., & Hoffmann, J. P. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106142 · Cited by 18
Maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment and adverse birth outcomes
Keenan‐Devlin, L. S., Borders, A. E. B., Freedman, A. A., Miller, G. E., Grobman, W. A., Entringer, S., Simhan, H. N., Wadhwa, P. D., & Buß, C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36831-9 · Cited by 20
A data-driven approach to categorizing early life adversity exposure in the ABCD Study
Orendain, N., Anderson, A., Galván, A., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Chung, P. J. (2023) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-023-01983-9 · Cited by 20
“In addition to a dose–response relationship with risk for morbidity and premature mortality [3, 4], early life adversity (ELA) is associated with a higher incidence of problematic behaviors, neural alterations and psychopathology risk [5].”
BackgroundVahedi, L., Seff, I., Meinhart, M., Harker, A., Villaveces, A., & Stark, L. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106336 · Cited by 21
“…and attempted suicide) (Chapman et al., 2004; Choi et al., 2017; Felitti et al., 1998; Mersky et al., 2013), sexually transmitted infections (Felitti et al., 1998; Hughes, Bellis, Hardcastle, Sethi, et al., 2017a), and substance abuse (alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, and intravenous drugs)…”
BackgroundInfluentialKwok, S. Y. C. L., Jiang, J., & Fang, S. (2023) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12478 · Cited by 21
Lee, V. M., Hargrave, A. S., Lisha, N. E., & Huang, A. J. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08252-x · Cited by 19
Swimmer, K. R., & Sandelich, S. (2023) · Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.emc.2023.06.023 · Cited by 28
Martin, K., Dobson, M. R., Fitzgerald, K., Ford, M., Lund, S., Egeberg, H., Walker, R., Milroy, H., Wheeler, K., Kasten-Lee, A., et al. (2023) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-023-00648-2 · Cited by 19
“…and other researchers spent the next few decades identifying the increased risk of a multitude of negative outcomes with the more ACEs an individual experiences (Felitti, 2002; Felitti et al., 1998) (see https:// www. cdc. gov/ viole ncepr event ion/ aces/ about. html for a comprehensive list).”
ACE-IQ extended version validation and ACE's frequency in Mexican adolescents
Muñoz, A. C., Velasco-Rojano, Á. E., Rodríguez-Caballero, A., Prado-Solé, E., & Álvarez, M. G. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106492 · Cited by 19
Seya, M. K. S., Matthews, S., Zhu, L., Brown, C., Lefevre, A., Agathis, N. T., Chiang, L. F., Annor, F., McOwen, J., Augusto, Â. D. R., et al. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106493 · Cited by 20
Qassim, S., Golden, G. M., Slowey, D., Sarfas, M., Whitmore, K., Pérez, T., Strong, E., Lundrigan, E., Fradette, M.-J., Baxter, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100677 · Cited by 17
GABAergic neuroactive steroid response to sertraline in premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Miller, K. N., Standeven, L. R., Morrow, A. L., Payne, J. L., Epperson, C. N., & Hantsoo, L. V. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106684 · Cited by 19
The relationship between parental adverse childhood experiences and parenting behaviors
Wattanatchariya, K., Narkpongphun, A., & Kawilapat, S. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104166 · Cited by 19
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Metadata
- Authors
- Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Felitti, Vincent J
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 245-258
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2116839388
- Cited by
- 18,943
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1615 · 2025: 1790 · 2024: 1720 · 2023: 1711 · 2022: 1648 · 2021: 1720 · 2020: 1565 · 2019: 1232 · 2018: 963 · 2017: 825 · 2016: 666 · 2015: 573 · 2014: 446 · 2013: 413 · 2012: 340
- FWCI
- 57.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (TS-44-10/12)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, childhood abuse, household dysfunction, childhood emotional abuse, child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, suicide attempts, smoking, sexually transmitted infections, obesity, physical inactivity, ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, liver disease, cumulative exposure, leading causes of death
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, California, Cause of Death, Child, Child Abuse, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Problems, Violence, Health Behavior, Logistic Models, Child of Impaired Parents, Domestic Violence
About these checks
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