The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 17 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis
Abstract
Despite the widespread prescribing of benzodiazepines, uncertainty still surrounds the potential for cognitive impairment following their long-term use. Furthermore, the degree of recovery that may take place after withdrawal or the level of residual impairment, if any, that is maintained in long-term benzodiazepine users is also unclear. The current paper employed meta-analytic techniques to address two questions: (1) Does the cognitive function of long-term benzodiazepine users improve following withdrawal? (2) Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data? Results of the meta-analyses indicated that long-term benzodiazepine users do show recovery of function in many areas after withdrawal. However, there remains a significant impairment in most areas of cognition in comparison to controls or normative data. The findings of this study highlight the problems associated with long-term benzodiazepine therapy and suggest that previous benzodiazepine users would be likely to experience the benefit of improved cognitive functioning after withdrawal. However, the reviewed data did not support full restitution of function, at least in the first 6 months following cessation and suggest that there may be some permanent deficits or deficits that take longer than 6 months to completely recover.
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Claims the paper makes
30 Own result · 18 Own interpretation · 9 No full text of the sources · 6 Own method · 5 Sources not found · 3 No basis given · 1 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weighting for sample size had little impact on the effect size (0.42 unweighted compared to 0.40 weighted, meta-analysis A; -0.41 unweighted compared to -0.48 weighted, meta-analysis B)”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An analyses conducted on moderator variables did not reveal any significant relationships.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there remains a significant impairment in most areas of cognition in comparison to controls or normative data.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean weighted effect size was 0.41 (median = 0.37) with a standard deviation of 0.22.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.1. Meta-analysis A: Does the cognitive function of long-term benzodiazepine users improve following withdrawal?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In meta-analysis A, effect sizes greater than zero were found across all cognitive domains measured”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant negative correlation, between age and overall effect size, suggests that improvement in attention/concentration after withdrawal decreases as age increases.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Negative effect sizes were found across 11 of the 12 cognitive categories in meta-analysis B”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of the meta-analyses indicated that long-term benzodiazepine users do show recovery of function in many areas after withdrawal.”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Meta-analysis A: Does the cognitive function of long-term benzodiazepine users improve following withdrawal? · hedged
“Compared to their initial assessment, previous long-term benzodiazepine users appeared to improve across all cognitive categories examined at follow-up assessment.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Meta-analysis A: Does the cognitive function of long-term benzodiazepine users improve following withdrawal? · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the reviewed data did not support full restitution of function, at least in the first 6 months following cessation”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to controls or norms, previous long-term benzodiazepine users performed more poorly across all cognitive categories, except sensory processing, when examined at follow-up assessment.”
- Also stated in: § 3. Discussion · hedged
“suggesting that, except for sensory processing, patients who had withdrawn from long-term benzodiazepine use continued to perform more poorly than controls (or normative data) at follow-up.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3. Discussion · hedged
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One trend of interest was a relationship between publication year and overall effect size, such that studies published later than 1994 tended to have larger effect sizes.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean weighted effect size was -0.48 (median = 0.48) with a standard deviation of 0.45.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The studies included in these meta-analyses were all published in peer-reviewed journals.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fail-safe n, which represents the number of studies obtaining null results that would need to be in existence to threaten the significant effect size found, was calculated to be four for meta-analysis A and five for meta-analysis B.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear from Fig. 2 that the 95% confidence intervals do not span zero for 8 of the 11 effect sizes and therefore, that most of these effects are significant and different to zero”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear from Fig. 1 that the 95% confidence intervals do not span zero for 5 of 11 effect sizes and therefore, that these effects are significant and different from zero”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.1. Meta-analysis A: Does the cognitive function of long-term benzodiazepine users improve following withdrawal?
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From nine studies covering 12 categories (a maximum of 108 possible effect sizes), 37 effect sizes were obtained.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present meta-analyses, the tolerance level is estimated at 5(10) + 10 = 60 and 5(9) + 10 = 55 for meta-analyses A and B, respectively.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the effect sizes were positive and ranged in magnitude from 0.06 to 0.70.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.1. Meta-analysis A: Does the cognitive function of long-term benzodiazepine users improve following withdrawal?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean scale scores in four of these would be considered in the clinical range and two in the non-clinical range.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the degree of recovery that appears to take place in the domain of attention/concentration is significant with a moderate to large effect size (d = 0.69), and a significant, small to moderate effect size (d = -0.43)indicating the level of residual impairment.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven out of 10 studies reported pre-and post-withdrawal anxiety or depression levels and in all of these, patient's symptoms either improved significantly or remained the same.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six studies specified pre-and post-withdrawal psychiatric symptoms using a variety of subjective mood scales including the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Hamilton Depression Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it was not possible to calculate effect sizes for all 12 categories as only one test within the problem-solving category was used”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Five studies specified the conditions for which subjects used benzodiazepines and for all five the conditions were anxiety or depression.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight studies excluded patients with a history of heavy alcohol or other drug use and one study stated that 23% of patients had a history of alcohol use in excess of four standard drinks per day.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All six studies reported that mean scores either remained the same following withdrawal (four studies) or significantly improved (two studies).”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it should be interpreted with caution due to the inflation in type I error rate associated with the number of analyses conducted.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and suggest that there may be some permanent deficits or deficits that take longer than 6 months to completely recover.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With regard to the coding of significance levels, a conservative approach was adopted.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 1.2. Criteria for inclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to Cohen (1988), effect sizes of d = 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 are considered small, medium, and large in magnitude, respectively.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cohen (1988)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each study was only allowed to contribute one effect size to each cognitive category by averaging together the effect sizes from the same study if more than one type of test was used to measure a particular category.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 1.2. Criteria for inclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes were weighted on the basis of their sample size.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 1.4. Calculation of effect sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rosenthal has suggested that a conservative estimate for this tolerance level is 5k + 10 where k is the number of studies retrieved.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rosenthal
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the fail-safe n falls short of the tolerance level, the possibility of a file drawer problem should be considered for both meta-analyses, and the resulting effect sizes interpreted with caution.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding may be related to deficits in performance on tasks of attention and concentration observed to accompany normal aging (Lezak, 1995).”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lezak, 1995
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a previous meta-analysis that we have conducted looking at the long-term cognitive effects of benzodiazepine use (Barker, Greenwood, Jackson & Crowe, in press) we found moderate to large effect sizes across all cognitive areas studied indicating that long-term benzodiazepine users are impaired across many cognitive areas.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barker, Greenwood, Jackson & Crowe, in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This seems unlikely, however, given that the mean age in nine of the studies was between 39 and 47 years, and the remaining study, which examined mainly older adults, did in fact screen for and exclude patients with dementia.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may be the case that some real differences do exist that were undetectable given the small sample size.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and suggests that there may be some permanent deficits or deficits that take periods longer than 6 months to completely recover.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Due to the small number of studies that met inclusion criteria in this meta-analysis, and the limited information provided on relevant characteristics, an analysis of heterogeneity (Q) (Hedges & Olkin, 1985) was considered inappropriate.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hedges & Olkin, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Gorenstein et al.'s (1995) well-controlled comparison of neuropsychological test performance in anxious drug-free patients and normal controls found no significant difference in performance on a variety of neuropsychological tests except for a ball-bearing test measuring motor co-ordination.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gorenstein et al. (1995) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“integrating all of the available evidence indicates that long-term benzodiazepine users may be affected in a generalized rather than specific way, with some areas being more affected than others.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence or absence of dementia in older subjects was not typically reported and the possibility of a dementing process as a contributing factor to the cognitive deficits observed cannot be ruled out.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known regarding the potential long-term effects of benzodiazepines.
“Despite such widespread use, little is known regarding the potential long-term effects of benzodiazepines.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“they suggested that longer than 6 months may be needed for recovery from some deficits.”
From Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics (2008) · cites this paper as [170]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For individuals who use BZDs long term, the possible degree of recovery and the extent of residual impairment that may remain after the drugs are withdrawn are unclear (170).”
From Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics (2008) · cites this paper as [170]
In the citing paper
“In a metaanalysis, Barker et al. (170) concluded that longterm BZD users show recovery of function in visuospatial skills, attention ⁄ concentration, general intelligence, psychomotor speed and nonverbal memory assessments after withdrawal.”
From Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics (2008) · cites this paper as [170]
In the citing paper
“The authors reported that the study data did not demonstrate complete restoration of function within the first 6 months following discontinuation of BZD use”
From Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics (2008) · cites this paper as [170]
In the citing paper
“The authors found, however, that significant cognitive impairment was more persistent in long-term users than in control groups or in normative data.”
From Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics (2008) · cites this paper as [170]
In the citing paper
“compelling evidence not supporting full restitution of cognitive function, at least in the first 6 months after cessation, and suggestion that there may be some permanent deficits in comparison to controls (Barker et al., 2004).”
From A Review of Alprazolam Use, Misuse, and Withdrawal (2018) · cites this paper as Barker et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“A major concern is that loss of memory associated with benzodiazepine use may be lasting, even after treatment discontinuation [62, 63], although other studies reported improved cognitive functioning after discontinuation with increased speed and accuracy of information processing, improved reaction time and working memory [50, 64–66].”
From Mechanisms Underlying Tolerance after Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use: A Future for Subtype-Selective Receptor Modulators? (2012) · cites this paper as [63]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentr(8) = -0.72reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .019
“r (8) = -.72,p < .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
“0.42 unweighted compared to 0.40 weighted, meta-analysis A”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
“| Overall | 44 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.22 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“The mean weighted effect size was -0.48 (median = 0.48) with a standard deviation of 0.45.”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.2. Meta-analysis B: Are previous long-term benzodiazepine users still impaired at follow-up compared to controls or normative data?
Reported 0.48 · recomputed -0.48
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 2.1. Meta-analysis A: Does the cognitive function of long-term benzodiazepine users improve following withdrawal?
“one significant correlation between mean age and attention/concentration, r (8) = -.72,P < .05”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
“The significant negative correlation, between age and overall effect size, suggests that improvement in attention/concentration after withdrawal decreases as age increases.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
“listed in order of decreasing, weighted effect size, meta-analysis A”
§ Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis > 3. Discussion
“| Motor control/performance | 4 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.27 | | Verbal memory | 5 | 0.44 | 0.36 | 0.46 |”
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BackgroundKurko, T., Saastamoinen, L., Tähkäpää, S.-M., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., Taiminen, T. J., Tiihonen, J., Airaksinen, M., & Hietala, J. A. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.003 · Cited by 283
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“230,231 The same study showed that these impairments persist well beyond cessation of BDZ use.”
Mura, T., Proust‐Lima, C., Akbaraly, T. N., Amieva, H., Tzourio, C., Chevassus, H., Picot, M., Jacqmin‐Gadda, H., & Berr, C. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.05.004 · Cited by 68
“Furthermore, despite the possible recovery of cognitive functions after withdrawal from longterm benzodiazepine use, this recovery after withdrawal could be incomplete with some remaining impairment in some areas of cognition (Barker et al., 2004).”
Agonist substitution—a treatment alternative for high‐dose benzodiazepine‐dependent patients?
Liebrenz, M., Boesch, L., Stohler, R., & Caflisch, C. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02933.x · Cited by 66
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Multifocal Cognitive Dysfunction in High-Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Cross-Sectional Study
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“However, a direct cause–effect relationship between BZDs and cognitive dysfunction is blurred by the inclusion of patients with pre-existing cognitive and/or psychiatric conditions [2, 3], the persistence of cognitive effects after BZD withdrawal [15], and the hypothesis that longterm BZD users may have increased risk…”
BackgroundNeuropsychiatric Effects of Prescription Drug Abuse
Caplan, J. P., Epstein, L. A., Quinn, D. K., Stevens, J. R., & Stern, T. A. (2007) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9037-7 · Cited by 60
“Neuropsychiatric Effects of Prolonged Addiction Neuropsychiatric effects of sedative-hypnotic addiction include deficits in memory, motor coordination, visuospatial learning, processing speed, and verbal learning, even after drug discontinuation (Barker et al. 2004a; Bateson 2002; Stewart 2005).”
BackgroundSys, J., Cleynenbreugel, S. V., Deschodt, M., der Linden, L. R. V., & Tournoy, J. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-019-02812-z · Cited by 58
Models of anxiety: Responses of mice to novelty and open spaces in a 3D maze
Ennaceur, A., Michalíková, S., VANRENSBURG, R., & Chazot, P. L. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.07.001 · Cited by 54
Benzodiazepines in Alzheimer’s disease: beneficial or detrimental effects
Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Saad, . M., & Batiha, G. E. (2022) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-022-01099-4 · Cited by 53
“However, according to clinical experiences and meta-analysis, discontinuation of BDZs may attenuate memory impairment in AD patients (Barker et al. 2004).”
BackgroundEffects of the use of hypnotics on cognition
Vermeeren, A., & Coenen, A. M. L. (2011) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53817-8.00005-0 · Cited by 53
An evaluation of persisting cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use
BARKER, M. J., GREENWOOD, K. M., JACKSON, M., & CROWE, S. F. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050332 · Cited by 53
“Because the feasibility of large-scale studies examining a wide variety of cognitive areas is questionable, we have previously argued the need for a number of smaller, wellcontrolled studies, which present their data in a manner amenable to future meta-analysis (Barker et al., 2004a).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCurrent and Potential Pharmacologic Therapies for Traumatic Brain Injury
Tani, J., Wen, Y.-T., Hu, C., & Sung, J. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15070838 · Cited by 56
“Benzodiazepines and Zolpidem Benzodiazepines are associated with attentional and memory impairments in TBI, and are generally to be avoided [86,87].”
BackgroundTen Wolde, G. B., Dijkstra, A., Van Empelen, P., Van Den Hout, W., Knuistingh Neven, A., & Zitman, F. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02141.x · Cited by 52
Rupprecht, R., Pradhan, A. K., Kufner, M., Brunner, L.-M., Nothdurfter, C., Wein, S., Schwarzbach, J. V., Puig-Bosch, X., Rupprecht, C., & Rammes, G. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01532-3 · Cited by 45
“These observations are also reflected by findings in humans that long-term benzodiazepine use may cause cognitive deficits under clinical conditions [76, 77].”
BackgroundMemory Deficit Recovery after Chronic Vanadium Exposure in Mice
Folarin, O. R., Olopade, F. E., Onwuka, S. K., et al. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/4860582 · Cited by 51
“[29] reported that previous benzodiazepine users will likely experience benefits of improved cognitive functioning after withdrawal but will not experience full restitution of functions; similarly, deficits resulting from vanadium exposure though reversible could take a long time before full restitution is obtained.”
BackgroundD’Alessio, L., Korman, G. P., Sarudiansky, M., Guelman, L. R., Scévola, L., Pastore, A., Obregón, A., & Ej, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00501 · Cited by 56
The effects of guided discontinuation of antipsychotics on neurocognition in first onset psychosis
Faber, G., Smid, H. G. O. M., Gool, A. R. V., Wiersma, D., & van den Bosch, R. J. (2011) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.02.003 · Cited by 50
“Also, the use of other medication and specifically benzodiazepines, that could have influenced the results [2], was limited and did not favour the GD group.”
Persistent post-traumatic headache: a migrainous loop or not? The preclinical evidence
Benemei, S., Labastida‐Ramírez, A., Абрамова, Е. А., Brunelli, N., Caronna, E., Diana, P., Гапешин, Р. А., Hofacker, M. D., Maestrini, I., Martínez‐Pías, E., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01135-0 · Cited by 50
Fond, G. B., Berna, F. S., Boyer, L., Godin, O., Brunel, L., Andrianarisoa, M., Aouizerate, B., Capdevielle, D., Chéreau, I., Danion, J., et al. (2017) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0787-9 · Cited by 51
“Future longitudinal studies should confirm that BLTA withdrawal is associated with cognitive improvement, which has been suggested in one previous study [7].”
BackgroundResultBäckström, T. C., Das, R., & Bixo, M. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13013 · Cited by 44
Baandrup, L., Fagerlund, B., & Glenthoj, B. Y. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0711-8 · Cited by 45
Shared and Distinct Neurocognitive Endophenotypes of Schizophrenia and Psychotic Bipolar Disorder
Kim, D., Kim, J., Koo, T., Yun, H., & Won, S. (2015) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.1.94 · Cited by 46
Rapeli, P., Fabritius, C., Kalska, H., & Alho, H. (2009) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-4-6 · Cited by 47
Mechanisms of Neurologic Failure in Critical Illness
Pustavoitau, A., & Stevens, R. D. (2008) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2007.11.004 · Cited by 45
“In non-ICU patients, prolonged treatment (O 1 year) with benzodiazepines may lead to decreased cognitive function that does not return to baseline after discontinuation of the drug [144].”
BackgroundTolerance development to Morris water maze test impairments induced by acute allopregnanolone
Türkmen, Ş., Löfgren, M., Birzniece, V., Bäckström, T. C., & Johansson, I. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.031 · Cited by 44
Psychopharmacology of traumatic brain injury
Polich, G. R., Iaccarino, M. A., & ZAFONTE, R. D. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00015-0 · Cited by 42
Identifying Exaggeration and Malingering
Iverson, G. L. (2007) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00116.x · Cited by 44
Insights on benzodiazepines' potential in Alzheimer's disease
Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Alsayegh, A. A., Abusudah, W. F., Almohmadi, N. H., Eldahshan, O. A., Ahmed, E., & Batiha, G. E. (2023) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121532 · Cited by 45
Fisher, J. E., Sanyal, C., Frail, D. M., & SKETRIS, I. S. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01245.x · Cited by 41
“Furthermore, short-term BZD use may be safe and effective but long-term use at normal therapeutic doses is associated with a high risk of dependence and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation.(1,4,10) Despite the associated risks, several population-based epidemiological studies have reported prevalence rates of BZD…”
BackgroundFirst- and second-generation antipsychotic medication and cognitive processing in schizophrenia
Weickert, T. W., & Goldberg, T. E. (2005) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-005-0085-5 · Cited by 41
“... treatment of anxiety or sedation, may have a negative impact on cognition in patients with schizophrenia because verbal memory, speed of processing, motor control and/or performance, working memory, visuospatial ability, and general intelligence all have been shown to be adversely influenced by prolonged administr…”
BackgroundCognitive disorders in epilepsy II: Clinical targets, indications and selection of test instruments
Helmstaedter, C., Sadat-Hossieny, Z., Kanner, A. M., & Meador, K. J. (2020) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.031 · Cited by 42
Is Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use a Risk Factor for Cognitive Decline? Results of a Systematic Review
Nader, D. A., & Gowing, L. (2020) · Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1155/2020/1569456 · Cited by 49
“that there is an association between current [11] or previous [12] long-term BZD use and cognitive impairment.”
BackgroundPuustinen, J., Lähteenmäki, R., Polo‐Kantola, P., Salo, P., Vahlberg, T. J., Lyles, A., Neuvonen, P. J., Partinen, M., Räihä, I. J., & Kivelä, S.-L. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-013-1613-6 · Cited by 40
Executive function in eating disorders: The role of state anxiety
Billingsley‐Marshall, R. L., Basso, M. R., Lund, B. C., Hernandez, E. R., Johnson, C. L., Drevets, W. C., McKee, P. A., & Yates, W. R. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22086 · Cited by 40
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Who Gets Head Trauma or Recruited in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Research?
Isokuortti, H., Iverson, G. L., Kataja, A., Brander, A., Öhman, J. E., & Luoto, T. M. (2015) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2015.3888 · Cited by 36
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“BZDs have anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, skeletal muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant effects (Ashton, 1994; Barker et al., 2004a).”
BackgroundThe effect of alcohol withdrawal syndrome severity on sleep, brain and cognition
Lanièpce, A., Cabé, N., André, C., Bertran, F., Boudehent, C., Lahbairi, N., Maillard, A., Mary, A., Segobin, S. H., Vabret, F., et al. (2020) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa123 · Cited by 40
Lou, B. X., & Oks, M. (2021) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2021.04.003 · Cited by 32
Huhtaniska, S., Jääskeläinen, E., Heikka, T., Moilanen, J. S., Lehtiniemi, H., Tohka, J., Manjón, J. V., Coupé, P., Björnholm, L., Koponen, H., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.05.009 · Cited by 34
“…associated with increased risk of mortality even after controlling for potential confounders (Fontanella et al., 2016) and, in general, benzodiazepine use has been associated with not only increased mortality (Tiihonen et al., 2016) but also cognitive impairment (Barker et al., 2005, 2004a, 2004b).”
Lähteenmäki, R., Neuvonen, P. J., Puustinen, J., Vahlberg, T., Partinen, M., Räihä, I., & Kivelä, S. (2019) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.13144 · Cited by 34
“Chronic BZDA use in older adults is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcome such as balance difficulties, falling, cognitive impairment, dementia and increased mortality.(5-13) Various strategies have been applied to improve the quality of hypnotic prescription and to withdraw BZDA hypnotics from their ch…”
BackgroundThe Relationship between Sleep Complaints, Depression, and Executive Functions on Older Adults
de Almondes, K. M., Costa, M. V., Malloy‐Diniz, L. F., & Diniz, B. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01547 · Cited by 36
“Previous studies have also found association between attention and use of benzodiazepines (Barker et al., 2004) that could be due to inductive sedation effect (Chennu and Bekinschtein, 2012).”
BackgroundLee, J. Y., Farrell, B., & Holbrook, A. M. (2018) · Polish Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.20452/pamw.4391 · Cited by 32
García, M. Á. F., Lima, A. O. D. L., López, I. F., & Bermúdez‐Tamayo, C. (2018) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice · doi:10.1186/s40545-017-0128-4 · Cited by 33
“As evidence-based clinical guidelines [1] on BZD use are not being applied in clinical practice, we saw the need for an analysis of how prescribing trends have changed over recent years.”
BackgroundDavies, S., Jacob, B. J., Rudoler, D., Zaheer, J., de Oliveira, C., & Kurdyak, P. A. (2017) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125317743651 · Cited by 30
Monocausal attribution and its relationship with reasoning biases in schizophrenia
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“Evidence for severe neuropsychological impairment has become equivocal as poor cognitive test results partially reflect the effects of psychotropic medication and poor motivation (Barker et al., 2004; Faber et al., 2012; Fervaha et al., 2014; Moritz et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMemory dysfunction in panic disorder: an investigation of the role of chronic benzodiazepine use
Deckersbach, T., Moshier, S. J., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., & Otto, M. W. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20891 · Cited by 30
“Furthermore, one meta-analysis suggests that although cognitive impairment lessens following withdrawal, patients continue to demonstrate some impairment compared to healthy individuals.[10] One serious challenge to the interpretation of these findings is that studies of long-term benzodiazepine use are potentially co…”
BackgroundDo Benzodiazepines Cause Alzheimer’s Disease?
Salzman, C. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20040375 · Cited by 31
Dependence on Prescription Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs Among Young to Middle-aged Patients in France
Guerlais, M., Grall‐Bronnec, M., Feuillet, F., Gérardin, M., Jolliet, P., & Victorri‐Vigneau, C. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.980952 · Cited by 29
Greten, S., Müller-Funogea, J. I., Wegner, F., Höglinger, G. U., Simon, N., Junius‐Walker, U., Gerbel, S., Krause, O., & Klietz, M. (2020) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-020-02276-x · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Barker, M.
- Affiliations
- La Trobe University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Barker, M
- Venue
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 437-454
- ISSN
- 0887-6177 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2169064904
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- benzodiazepines, long-term benzodiazepine use, benzodiazepine withdrawal, cognitive impairment, cognitive recovery, residual cognitive deficits, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
- MeSH terms
- Benzodiazepines, Clinical Trials as Topic, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Long-Term Care, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychometrics, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
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