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DIFFERENT ROLES FOR ANDROGENS AND ESTROGENS IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISEASES
Abstract
It is now documented that androgens and estrogens modulate susceptibility and progression to autoimmune rheumatic diseases. At any concentration, androgens seem to be primarily suppressive on cellular and humoral immunity, whereas at physiologic concentrations, estrogens seem to enhance humoral immunity. Further research should focus on the different and frequently opposite effects exerted by physiologic and pharmacologic doses of estrogens (dose-related effects). In addition to the influence of endogenous estrogen fluctuations (i.e., during pregnancy, postpartum, menstrual periods, menopause), estrogen replacement therapy, and the use of oral contraceptives, the susceptibility to autoimmunity might be increased by the environmental estrogens (xenobiotics). Further studies must be directed to the inflammatory mediators (i.e., cytokines) that seem to alter the peripheral metabolism of sex hormones and complicate the effects of sex hormones on susceptibility to autoimmunity. Finally, genetic factors might further interfere with the roles of androgens and estrogens in selected individuals.
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“The reduced frequency of autoimmune disease in men compared with women has been attributed to the antiinflammatory effect of androgens compared with oestrogens.32”
From Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with angina improves ischaemic threshold and quality of life (2004) · cites this paper as [32]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cutolo, M., & Wilder, R. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Genoa (IT)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- Cutolo, Maurizio
- Venue
- Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-11
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 825-839
- ISSN
- 0889-857X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996899099
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Rheumatoid Arthritis Research and Therapies
- Keywords
- androgens, estrogen, sex hormones, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, disease susceptibility, humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, estrogen replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, xenoestrogens, xenobiotics, cytokines, sex steroid metabolism, genetic factors, pregnancy, menopause
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Male, Rheumatic Diseases, Risk Factors, Mice
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