Cited by 157Cardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsNutritional Studies and DietHealthcare Systems and Public Health

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Coronary heart disease in seven countries

Keys, Ancel·1997·Nutrition

DOI 10.1016/s0899-9007(96)00410-8

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The Health Benefiting Mechanisms of Virgin Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds
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“The first suggestion of healthful effects arose from the Seven Countries Study conducted in the 1970’s [1].”
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“The concept of the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) was for the first time defined by the scientific Ancel Keys who observed that those countries around the Mediterranean Sea, which had a characteristic diet, had less risk of suffering coronary heart diseases [102,103].”
Background
The Outcome of COVID-19 Lockdown on Changes in Body Mass Index and Lifestyle among Croatian Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Method
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Background
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Health
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Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Essential Oils: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hypolipidemic Effect
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Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease
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Background
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Pulmonary function, smoking cessation and 30 year mortality in middle aged Finnish men
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Mediterranean Diet and Parkinson’s Disease
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“The first indication came from a study performed long ago, based on about 10,000 middle-aged men from 14 cohorts in 7 countries, in which it was observed that the MeDiet pattern was associated with a low incidence of coronary heart disease and results beneficial in a number of other chronic diseases [45].”
Perspective: The Application of A Priori Diet Quality Scores to Cardiovascular Disease Risk—A Critical Evaluation of Current Scoring Systems
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Phenols, Flavors, and the Mediterranean Diet
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Oleuropein Offers Cardioprotection in Rats with Acute Myocardial Infarction
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FFA4 (GPR120) as a fatty acid sensor involved in appetite control, insulin sensitivity and inflammation regulation
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“In the Seven Countries Study conducted by Ancel Keys in 1950e1960, low incidences of coronary heart diseasewere found to be associated with Mediterranean diets (Keys, 1995, 1997).”
Background
Diet quality and cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohort studies
Taylor, R., Haslam, R. L., Herbert, J., Whatnall, M. C., Trijsburg, L. E., de Vries, J. H. M., Josefsson, M. S., Koochek, A., Nowicka, P., Neuman, N., et al. (2023) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12860 · Cited by 63
Potential for the prevention of type 2 diabetes
Eriksson, J. G., Lindström, J., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (2001) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/60.1.183 · Cited by 54
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Fiore, M., Messina, M. P., Petrella, C., D’Angelo, A., Greco, A., Ralli, M., Ferraguti, G., Tarani, L., Vitali, M., & Ceccanti, M. (2020) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.104012 · Cited by 54
Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Potential of Aged Garlic Extract and Its Constituent, S-Allyl Cysteine, in Rats
Asdaq, S. M. B. (2015) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/328545 · Cited by 48
Fish consumption, blood docosahexaenoic acid and chronic diseases in Chinese rural populations
Wang, Y., Crawford, M. A., Chen, J., Li, J., Ghebremeskel, K., Campbell, T. C., Fan, W., Parker, R. S., & Leyton, J. (2003) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00016-3 · Cited by 45
Oleuropein attenuates the progression of heart failure in rats by antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects
Janahmadi, Z., Nekooeian, A. A., Moaref, A., et al. (2016) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-016-1323-6 · Cited by 43
“Taken together, our findings receive support from and give support to the widely accepted belief that Mediterranean diets, by virtue of richness in olive products, are associated with lower morbidity and mortality due to coronary heart diseases (Keys 1997).”
Result
Analysis of serum lipid levels in Japanese men and women according to body mass index. Increase in risk of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women
Yamamoto, A., Horibe, H., Mabuchi, H., Kita, T., Matsuzawa, Y., Saitō, Y., Nakaya, N., FUJIOKA, T., Tenba, H., Kawaguchi, A., et al. (1999) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00275-5 · Cited by 43
Cholesterol‐independent endothelial dysfunction in virgin and pregnant rats fed a diet high in saturated fat
Gerber, R. T., Holemans, K., O'Brien-Coker, I., Mallet, A. I., van Bree, R., Assche, F. A. V., & Poston, L. (1999) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0607t.x · Cited by 40
Low carbohydrate diets in family practice: what can we learn from an internet-based support group
Feinman, R. D., Vernon, M. C., & Westman, E. C. (2006) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-5-26 · Cited by 40
“This result was, in fact, anticipated by the original Seven Countries Study [40], the Framingham study [41,42], the Tecumseh study [43] and the Nurses Health Study[44,45].”
Result
A Spread Enriched with Plant Sterol-Esters Lowers Blood Cholesterol and Lipoproteins without Affecting Vitamins A and E in Normal and Hypercholesterolemic Japanese Men and Women
Ntanios, F. Y., Homma, Y., & Ushiro, S. (2002) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.12.3650 · Cited by 37
Maternal diet high in fat reduces docosahexaenoic acid in liver lipids of newborn and sucking rat pups
Ghebremeskel, K., Bitsanis, D., Koukkou, E. G., Lowy, C., Poston, L., & Crawford, M. A. (1999) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114599000689 · Cited by 38
“…fat: Maternal diet: Fetal liver fatty acids: Docosahexaenoic acid: Diabetes mellitus The high intake of saturated fatty acids in Western diets has been linked to endemic coronary vascular disease since the first substantive evidence from the Seven Countries Study in the 1950s (Keys, 1980, 1997).”
Background
Maternal diet rich in saturated fats has deleterious effects on plasma lipids of mice.
Chechi, K., & Cheema, S. K. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 38
Effect of Dietary Ethanolic Extract of Lavandula officinalis on Serum Lipids Profile in Rats.
Rabiei, Z., Rafieian‐Kopaei, M., Mokhtari, S., et al. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 35
Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Properties of Red and White Wine Extracts In Vitro
Tekos, F., Makri, S., Skaperda, Z., Patouna, A., Terizi, K., Kyriazis, I. D., Kotseridis, Y., Mikropoulou, E. V., Papaefstathiou, G., Halabalaki, M., et al. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11070436 · Cited by 37
“Between 1958 and 1964, Ancel Keys proposed the concept of a different diet model, named the “Mediterranean Diet”, through his “Study of the Seven Countries” [22].”
Background
Nutrition education: a questionnaire for assessment and teaching
Makowske, M., & Feinman, R. D. (2005) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-4-2 · Cited by 34
Cardiovascular risk factors in a Mexican middle-class urban population. The Lindavista Study. Baseline data
Meaney, A., Ceballos, G. M., Gutiérrez-Salmeán, G., Samaniego-Méndez, V., Vela-Huerta, A., Alcocer, L. A., Zárate-Chavarría, E., Mendoza-Castelán, E., Olivares-Corichi, I. M., García-Sánchez, J. R., et al. (2013) · Archivos de cardiología de México · doi:10.1016/j.acmx.2013.05.002 · Cited by 32
The effect of nutritional and lifestyle education intervention program on nutrition knowledge, diet quality, lifestyle, and nutritional status of Croatian school children
Jovanović, G. K., Janković, S., & Žeželj, S. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1019849 · Cited by 29
“This score was chosen because the town of Rijeka is in the littoral part of Croatia, where the Mediterranean diet is considered an inherited diet (Keys, 1997), and MD is considered a model for a sustainable diet (Trajkovska Petkoska and Trajkovska-Broach, 2021).”
Background
Effects of age and dietary n‐3 fatty acids on the metabolism of [13C]‐α‐linolenic acid
Vermunt, S. H. F., Mensink, R. P., Simonis, A. M. G., & Hornstra, G. (1999) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02562259 · Cited by 29
Dietary intake in Black British adults; an observational assessment of nutritional composition and the role of traditional foods in UK Caribbean and West African diets
Goff, L. M., Timbers, L., Style, H., & Knight, A. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014002584 · Cited by 28
Nanotechnological approach to delivering nutraceuticals as promising drug candidates for the treatment of atherosclerosis
Pillai, S. C., Borah, A., Jacob, E. M., & Kumar, D. S. (2021) · Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/10717544.2021.1892241 · Cited by 29
“Several epidemiological studies have shown that a Mediterranean diet comprising of large quantities of olive oil and nuts daily has displayed beneficial effects and lowered the incidence rates of atherosclerosis progression (Kromhout et al., 1989; Keys, 1997; Sofi et al., 2014).”
Background
Lipid minor constituents in wines. A biochemical approach in the French paradox
Antonopoulou, S. (2009) · International Journal of Wine Research · doi:10.2147/ijwr.s4587 · Cited by 27
“These unexpected results caused researchers to conclude that elevated serum cholesterol levels, although a strong indicator, do not always predict CHD risk.(1,5,6) Subsequent investigations into the diets of people living in Finland, Japan, and Greece have led to some of the most interesting hypotheses regarding the e…”
Effectiveness of an Intervention Programme on Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in a Preschool Child: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Martíncrespo-Blanco, M., Varillas‐Delgado, D., Blanco-Abril, S., Cid‐Expósito, M., & Robledo‐Martín, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14081536 · Cited by 26
“The Mediterranean diet has been studied since the 1950s, when Keys compared the dietary habits of different cohorts from seven countries (USA, Japan, Finland, The Netherlands, the former Yugoslavia, Italy and Greece) and after a follow-up of 5–15 years, confirmed lower overall and coronary heart disease mortality and…”
Background
Enhancing behavioral change with motivational interviewing: a case study in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit
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Proinflammatory status, genetics and atherosclerosis.
Poledne, R., Lorenzova, A., Stávek, P., et al. (2009) · PubMed · doi:10.33549/physiolres.931915 · Cited by 23
Ancel Benjamin Keys (1904–2004): His early works and the legacy of the modern Mediterranean diet
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“trends were linked to heart disease.(33,34) Keys took the preliminary data collected in support of his research idea to the WHO in 1955.”
Background
Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of the interaction between oleuropein, the major bio-phenol in olives, and salmon sperm DNA
Mohamadi, M., Afzali, D., Esmaeili‐Mahani, S., Mostafavi, A., & Torkzadeh‐Mahani, M. (2015) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.123 · Cited by 21
Juvenile Violence in the Americas: Innovative Studies in Research, Diagnosis and Prevention
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“High plasma LDL‐C is a well‐known risk factor for the develop‐ ment and progression of atherosclerosis (37,38).”
Background
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“Epidemiologic and clinical studies have demonstrated that plasma total cholesterol con- centrations are strongly associated with the risk for coronary heart disease (Verschuren et al. 1995; Keys 1997) and that plasma cholesterol levels are directly linked to dietary fat intake (Keys et al. 1957).”
The effect of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of C57BL/6 mice is age and sex specific
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“Individuals with a high concentration of small LDL particles are more at risk of developing CVD compared to those with equal concentration of large LDL particle size [115-117].”
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Modulation of 1,2-Dicarbonyl Compounds in Postprandial Responses Mediated by Food Bioactive Components and Mediterranean Diet
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“Clinical intervention trials for primary and secondary prevention, in which the diet was modified by increasing their adherence to the MedDiet, have been shown to decrease the incidence of numerous chronic diseases [155,159].”
BackgroundResult
Fighting the Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Mindfulness, Exercise, and Nutrition Practices to Reduce Eating Disorders and Promote Sustainability
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“The Seven Countries Study reported that people in Mediterranean countries had a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, and the MD then became recognized as a healthy dietary style [2].”
Background
Vascular Pathobiology
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Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fat increases the fractional catabolic rate of medium-sized HDL particles in African green monkeys
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“The MeDi is characterized by frequent consumption of bread, legumes, vegetables, fruits, and fats rich in unsaturated fatty acids, moderate intake of ﬁsh and poultry, low intake of dairy and meat, and regular but moderate consumption of wine with meals [106].”
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Knowledge of the biological actions of extra virgin olive oil gained from mice lacking apolipoprotein E.
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“2 vascular events.(3-7) More recently, the Mediterranean diet has been associated with improved cognition, reduced risk of Alzheimer disease, and delayed conversion to Alzheimer disease from mild cognitive impairment.”
BackgroundInfluential
Damage of Guinea Pig Heart and Arteries by a Trioleate-Enriched Diet and of Cultured Cardiomyocytes by Oleic Acid
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Authors: Keys, A.
Corresponding author: Keys, Ancel
Venue: Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1997-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 249-253
ISSN: 0899-9007 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(96)00410-8
OpenAlex: W1965972676
Cited by: 154
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 3.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
Keywords: coronary artery disease, cross-national comparison, dietary factors, cardiovascular risk factors
MeSH terms: Coronary Disease, Europe, Humans, Japan, Male, United States, History, 20th Century

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