Cited by 136Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and PsychiatryBipolar Disorder and Treatment

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Depressive symptoms in stable chronic schizophrenia: prevalence and relationship to psychopathology and treatment

Baynes, D., Mulholland, C., Cooper, S.J., Montgomery, R.C., MacFlynn, G., Lynch, G., Kelly, C., King, D.J.·2000·Schizophrenia Research

DOI 10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00205-4

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Abstract

The prevalence and correlates of the depressive syndrome were explored in a population of 120 patients with stable, chronic schizophrenia living in the community. The presence of clinically significant depressive symptoms was defined by a score of 17 or greater on the Beck Depression Inventory. Patients were examined to assess severity of schizophrenic symptoms and medication side-effects. Sixteen of the 120 patients (13.3%) had significant depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were significantly correlated with the hostility/suspiciousness (P<0.0001), the positive symptom (P=0.0009) factor of the BPRS and with scores on the Significant Others Scale, a measure of patients' perceived lack of social support (P=0.0004). The association between depression and akathisia approached significance (P=0.007). There was no correlation with demographic variables, alcohol intake, antipsychotic dosage or anticholinergic dosage. Using a scale that rates the subjective aspects of the depressive syndrome, we found no evidence of a relationship between depression and negative symptoms in this population. These results indicate that persistent depressive symptoms in stable patients in the community are related to the degree of persistent positive psychotic symptoms, patient perceptions of social support and, weakly, to the degree of akathisia but not other aspects of antipsychotic treatment.

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“…found no association of depressive symptoms with duration of illness (DOI), positive and negative symptom scores and extrapyramidal side effects (Baynes et al., 2000; Bottlender et al., 2000; Fervaha, Foussias, Agid, & Remington, 2014; Goldman, Tandon, Liberzon, & Greden, 1992; Mauri et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Mediating Roles of Rumination and Negative Emotion
Lam, A. H. Y., Cheung, Y. T. D., Wong, K. H., Leung, S. F., & Chien, W. T. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s338133 · Cited by 13
Lifetime Trauma and Suicide Attempts in People with Severe Mental Illness
O’Hare, T., Shen, C., & Sherrer, M. V. (2013) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-013-9658-7 · Cited by 15
“First, many people with severe mental illness have comorbid diagnoses (e.g., major depression, substance use disorders, PTSD), and also experience a range of overlapping symptoms despite having different primary Axis I diagnoses (Abrams et al. 2008; Baynes et al. 2000).”
Background
The course and concomitants of depression in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A 24-month longitudinal study
Phahladira, L. S., Asmal, L., Luckhoff, H. K., du Plessis, S. S., Scheffler, F., Kilian, S., Smit, R., Buckle, C., Chiliza, B., & Emsley, R. A. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113767 · Cited by 13
Depressive Symptoms in Schizophrenia Outpatients—Prevalence and Clinical Correlates
Freudenreich, O., Tranulis, C., Cather, C., Henderson, D. C., Evins, A. E., & GOFF, D. C. (2008) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.2.2.2 · Cited by 13
Lifetime Physical and Sexual Abuse and Self-Harm in Women With Severe Mental Illness
O’Hare, T., Shen, C., & Sherrer, M. V. (2015) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801215622576 · Cited by 13
“…with schizophrenia spectrum and major mood disorders share a range of common symptoms to one degree or another (Abrams, Rojas, & Arciniegas, 2008; Baynes et al., 2000), and because some studies with SMI samples have shown that people with major mood disorders report more trauma (including…”
Background
Substance Use Motives and Severe Mental Illness
O’Hare, T., & Shen, C. (2012) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2012.696184 · Cited by 12
“Although this approach has been informative, it could be masking relationships between substance use motives and specific psychiatric symptoms since people with various diagnoses of severe mental illness can all experience symptoms of psychosis and mood disturbance to one degree or another (Baynes et al., 2000; Abrams…”
Background
Relations between movement disorders and psychopathology under predominantly atypical antipsychotic treatment in adolescent patients with schizophrenia
Gebhardt, S., Härtling, F., Hanke, M., Theisen, F., von Georgi, R., Grant, P. S., Mittendorf, M., Martin, M., Fleischhaker, C., Schulz, E., et al. (2007) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0633-0 · Cited by 12
“Some studies revealed connections of akathisia with negative [17, 87] or with depressive symptoms [12, 20], whereas a study of Halstead et al.”
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Patrones de prescripción de antipsicóticos en pacientes afiliados al Sistema de Seguridad Social en Salud de Colombia
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Differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms in clients with schizophrenia spectrum and major mood disorders
O’Hare, T., Shen, C., & Sherrer, M. V. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.033 · Cited by 12
“…similar analyses while controlling for a range of symptoms of severe mental illness given that schizophrenia spectrum disorders and major mood disorders share, to one degree or another, a range of common symptoms (e.g., psychosis, depression and mania) (Baynes et al., 2000; Abrams et al., 2008).”
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Lange, S. M. M., Schirmbeck, F. N., Stek, M. L., Jansen, Y. R. M., van Rooijen, G., de Haan, L., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Rhebergen, D., van Amelsvoort, T., Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.009 · Cited by 12
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Lifetime Trauma, Subjective Distress, Substance Use, and PTSD Symptoms in People with Severe Mental Illness: Comparisons Among Four Diagnostic Groups
O’Hare, T., & Sherrer, M. V. (2013) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-013-9620-8 · Cited by 10
“Although depression has been shown to be common among people with schizophrenia (Baynes et al. 2000), clients with major mood disorders reveal more severe PTSD symptoms.”
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Higher Depression Scores in Patients with Drug-Resistant Schizophrenia
Panov, G. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2105126 · Cited by 9
Gender Differences of Schizophrenia Patients With and Without Depressive Symptoms in Clinical Characteristics
Liu, R., Fang, X., Yu, L., Wang, D., Wu, Z., Guo, C., Teng, X., Ren, J., & Zhang, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.792019 · Cited by 12
Lifetime abuse and self-harm in people with severe mental illness: A structural equation model.
O’Hare, T., Shen, C., & Sherrer, M. V. (2015) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000016 · Cited by 8
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Siu, M.-W., Chong, C., & Lo, W. (2018) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12426 · Cited by 9
“Akathisia has been associated with depressed mood in patients with FES (Seemüller et al., 2012) and stable schizophrenia (Baynes et al., 2000).”
Background
Lower sertraline plasma concentration in patients co‐medicated with clozapine—Implications for pharmacological augmentation strategies in schizophrenia
Gaebler, A. J., Haen, E., Omar, N. B., Endres, K., Hiemke, C., Schoretsanitis, G., & Paulzen, M. (2023) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.1065 · Cited by 7
Abstinence self-efficacy in people with severe mental illness
O’Hare, T., & Shen, C. (2013) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2012.12.014 · Cited by 7
“We controlled for symptoms of psychosis and depression because they are common in both schizophrenia spectrum andmajor mood disorders (Abrams, Rojas, & Arciniegas, 2008; Baynes et al., 2000), and have been shown to correlate positively with substance use (Schwartz, Hilscher, & Hayhow, 2007).”
Background
Forms of antipsychotic therapy: improved individual outcomes under personalised treatment of schizophrenia focused on depression
Babinkostova, Z., & Stefanovski, B. (2011) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-011-0103-0 · Cited by 7
“In one study only 9% of the examined patients with schizophrenia, that were clinically stabile and socially accepted, had depressive symptoms [12].”
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Long‐ and short‐term inpatients with schizophrenia in C hina: Implications for community‐based service development
Wu, G., Ouyang, X., Yang, B. Y., Li, L., Wang, Z., Yi, W., Liu, C., Wang, P., Chiu, H. F. K., Lee, E. H. M., et al. (2012) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00229.x · Cited by 7
“, 2001), persistent depression (Baynes et al., 2000), poor social functioning (Faccincani et al.”
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Psychosocial correlates with depressive symptoms six years after a first episode of psychosis as compared with findings from a general population sample
Forsell, Y., Levander, S., & Cullberg, J. (2004) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-4-29 · Cited by 6
Heavy Alcohol Drinking Associated Akathisia and Management with Quetiapine XR in Alcohol Dependent Patients
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Prevalence, Influencing Factors, and Cognitive Characteristics of Depressive Symptoms in Elderly Patients with Schizophrenia
Chen, Y., & Li, W. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s341297 · Cited by 7
Racial Differences in Response to Trauma: Comparing African-American, White, and Hispanic People With Severe Mental Illness
O’Hare, T., Shen, C., & Sherrer, M. V. (2017) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1080/15313204.2016.1272028 · Cited by 6
“…mood disorders (i.e., psychosis and depression) given that both diagnostic groups share some symptom overlap (Abrams, Rojas, & Arciniegas, 2008; Baynes et al., 2000) and PTSD symptoms have been shown to correlate moderately with symptoms of both depression and psychosis in people with SMI…”
Background
Cognitive effort in Schizophrenia: Dissimilar effects on cardiovascular activity and subjective effort
Décombe, A., Brinkmann, K., Merenciano, M., Capdevielle, D., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Raffard, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03145-4 · Cited by 5
“Interestingly, depressive symptoms including negative mood (Baynes et al., 2000) and fatigue (Waters et al.”
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Negative Appraisal and Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Community Clients With Serious Mental Illness
Sherrer, M. V., Shen, C., & O’Hare, T. (2015) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2014.916646 · Cited by 5
Homozygosity in the APOE 3 Polymorphism Is Associated With Less Depression and Higher Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein in Chinese Elderly Schizophrenics
Li, W., Ban, C., Yue, L., Sun, L., Li, X., & Xiao, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00642 · Cited by 5
“The study revealed several interesting findings: (1) that the APOE E3 genotype was associated with less depressive symptoms in elderly patients with schizophrenia; (2) the APOE E3 genotype was associated with higher serum low-density lipoprotein; and, (3) that there was a negative correlation between low-density lipop…”
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Babinkostova, Z., & Stefanovski, B. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 5
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Substance Use Motives in People With Severe Mental Illness: Comparisons Among Four Diagnostic Groups
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Depressão em esquizofrenia
de Araújo, F. S., Petribú, K., & Bastos, O. D. C. (2002) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462002000200010 · Cited by 4
Trauma and health risk behaviors in people with severe mental illness
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“In addition, our sample includes people diagnosed with either a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or a major mood disorder, conditions that often share common symptoms such as depression and psychosis (Abrams, Rojas, & Arciniegas, 2008; Baynes et al., 2000).”
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Predictors of unrecognised comorbid depression in patients with schizophrenia at Amanuel mental specialized hospital, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Ayalew, M., Reta, Y., & Defar, S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049026 · Cited by 3
Defining functioning levels in patients with schizophrenia: A combination of a novel clustering method and brain SPECT analysis
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“Given that symptoms of depression, other mood disturbances, and psychosis often co-occur in SMI (Abrams, Rojas, & Arciniegas, 2008; Baynes et al., 2000) including in older people (Meesters et al.”
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Yes, they can! Efficient physical effort mobilization according to task difficulty in schizophrenia
Décombe, A., Salesse, R. N., Jourdan, J., Laraki, Y., Capdevielle, D., & Raffard, S. (2021) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-021-09890-6 · Cited by 4
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Negative symptoms in drug-naive patients with a first-episode psychosis (FEP)
Cuñat, O., Hoyo, B., Vila‐Badia, R., Serra‐Arumí, C., Butjosa, A., Cacho, N. D., Colomer-Salvans, A., Dolz, M., Cuevas‐Esteban, J., Iglesias-González, M., et al. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103448 · Cited by 2

Authors: Baynes, D., Mulholland, C., Cooper, S. J., Montgomery, R. C., MacFlynn, G., Lynch, G., Kelly, C., & King, D. J.
Affiliations: Northern Health and Social Care Trust (GB)
Queen's University Belfast (GB)
Corresponding author: Cooper, S.J.
ORCID: Mulholland, C.
Cooper, S.J.
Kelly, C.
Venue: Schizophrenia Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-09
Volume: 45
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 47-56
ISSN: 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00205-4
OpenAlex: W2120118985
Cited by: 136
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 1.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Keywords: depressive symptoms, chronic schizophrenia
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Chronic Disease, Depression, Female, Hostility, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Psychomotor Agitation, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Severity of Illness Index, Prevalence

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Depressive symptoms in stable chronic schizophrenia: prevalence and relationship to psychopathology and treatment

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