The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What is beautiful is usable
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the relationships between users ' perceptions of a computer-ized system's beauty and usability. The experiment used a computerized application as a surrogate for an Automated Teller Machine (ATM). Perceptions were elicited before and after the participants used the system. Pre-experimental measures indicate strong correlations between system's perceived aesthetics and perceived usability. Post-experimental measures indicated that the strong correlation remained intact. A multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that the degree of system's aesthetics affected the post-use perceptions of both aesthetics and usability, whereas the degree of actual usability had no such effect. The results resemble those found by social psychologists regarding the effect of physical attractiveness on the valuation of other personality attributes. The ®ndings stress the importance of studying the aesthetic aspect of human±computer interaction (HCI) design
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Aesthetics can have a substantial impact on user acceptance and usability [22].”
From The Behavioral Intervention Technology Model: An Integrated Conceptual and Technological Framework for eHealth and mHealth Interventions (2014) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Stevens, J. P. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203843130 · Cited by 10,652
(1993) · Cited by 9,879
Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025848 · Cited by 6,745
The visual display of quantitative information
(1985) · General Pharmacology The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/0306-3623(85)90230-7 · Cited by 5,090
Carayannis, E. G. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3858-8_100431 · Cited by 4,819
Computer graphics: principles and practice
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-2713 · Cited by 4,661
Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033731 · Cited by 3,865
The Psychology of Everyday Things
Massaro, D. W., & Norman, D. A. (1990) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1423268 · Cited by 3,484
Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures?
Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247 · Cited by 3,479
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Martineau, 1958, The personality of the retail store, Harvard Business Review, 36, 47
- Donovan, 1982, Store atmosphere: an experimental psychology approach, Journal of Retailing, 58, 34
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,000
Direct and indirect impact of aesthetics on intention to buy smartphones
Le-Hoang, P. V. (2020) · Independent Journal of Management & Production · doi:10.14807/ijmp.v11i7.1181 · Cited by 3
Wang, D., & Xu, Z. (2020) · International Conference on Big Data and Social Sciences (ICBDSS) · doi:10.1109/icbdss51270.2020.00031 · Cited by 3
How Interface Design and Search Strategy Influence Children's Search Performance and Evaluation
Jochmann-Mannak, H., Lentz, L. R., Huibers, T. W. C., & Sanders, T. J. M. (2015) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8619-9.ch061 · Cited by 3
Towards a UX Assessment Method for AI-Enabled Domestic Devices
Spallazzo, D., Sciannamè, M., & Ceconello, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50344-4_24 · Cited by 3
The Role of User Experience in a Business-to-Business Context
Sundberg, H.-R. (2015) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 3
Nature-Inspired Visualisation of Similarity and Relationships in Human Systems and Behaviours
Beale, R., Hendley, R., Pryke, A., & Wilkins, B. (2006) · Information Visualization · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500135 · Cited by 3
Fishwick, P. A. (2005) · Journal of Visual Languages & Computing · doi:10.1016/j.jvlc.2005.01.001 · Cited by 3
Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Driving Towards Sustainability
Riga, D., & Thatcher, A. (2015) · Cited by 3
Ergonomics in the operating room: transition from open to image-based surgery
Albayrak, A. (2008) · Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) · Cited by 3
Cherry, J. M., Muter, P., & Szigeti, S. (2006) · Information Technology and Libraries · doi:10.6017/ital.v25i3.3347 · Cited by 3
Córdoba-Cely, C. (2013) · UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-94845 · Cited by 4
SE-3D: a controlled comparative usability study of a virtual reality semantic hierarchy explorer
Julien, C. (2011) · doi:10.82308/10338 · Cited by 3
(2018) · University of Manitoba Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781772841367-024 · Cited by 3
Developing a psychological model of end-users’ experience with news Web sites
Aranyi, G. (2012) · Cited by 3
The influence of aesthetics on website user perceptions
Phillips, C. M. (2007) · Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University) · Cited by 3
Chiou, C., & Lin, K. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13473-0 · Cited by 2
Chen, S., Whitfield, A., Barron, D., Zahari, Z. A., Suhaimi, S. N., Huang, L., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Empirical Studies of the Arts · doi:10.1177/02762374251371282 · Cited by 2
Liang, J., & Fan, S. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2551043 · Cited by 2
Real-Time AI-Powered Occupancy Monitoring for Modern Jeepneys in Bacolod City, Philippines
Daba-ay, M. A., Bibangco, E. J. P., Javier, R. K. T., & Moncera, C. J. A. (2025) · International Conference on Data Science and Its Applications (ICoDSA) · doi:10.1109/icodsa67155.2025.11157597 · Cited by 2
Pergantis, M., Katsaounidou, A. N., Lamprogeorgos, A., & Giannakoulopoulos, A. P. (2026) · Arts · doi:10.3390/arts15010009 · Cited by 2
Gender and aesthetics: A study on preferences in product design
van Remmen, J. S., Reichel, C., Wartzack, S. J., & Miehling, J. (2026) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2026.101388 · Cited by 2
Sound Design in Interactive Environments
Carvalho, L. R., & Pereira, A. T. C. (2014) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07857-1_70 · Cited by 2
Hashim, W. W. N. W., Noor, N. L. M., & Adnan, W. A. W. (2010) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2010.5641994 · Cited by 2
Design, implementation and evaluation of an autostereoscopic 3D mobile phonebook
Häkkilä, J., Posti, M., Ventä-Olkkonen, L., Koskenranta, O., & Colley, A. (2014) · International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM) · doi:10.1145/2677972.2677987 · Cited by 2
Attractive Visualization Influences the Perceived Quality of the Living Environment
Houtkamp, J. M., Colijn, S., & Bouwman, A. (2009) · International Conference in Visualisation (VIZ) · doi:10.1109/viz.2009.20 · Cited by 2
The fidelity of prototype and testing environment in usability tests
Uebelbacher, A. (2014) · reroDoc Digital Library · Cited by 2
HOW TO SATISFY MOBILE APPLICATION USERS AND INCREASE THEIR BRAND EQUITY PERCEPTION?
Ekizler, H. (2019) · Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.14780/muiibd.582314 · Cited by 2
Towards supporting reproducibility of experimental studies in GUI visual design
Burny, N. (2020) · ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (EICS) · doi:10.1145/3393672.3398644 · Cited by 2
Hekkert, P. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824350.013.48 · Cited by 2
Comparing Scales for the Assessment of Visual Aesthetics of Mobile GUIs Through Human Judgments
Lima, A. L. D. S., von Wangenheim, C. G., & Borgatto, A. F. (2022) · International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction · doi:10.4018/ijmhci.313028 · Cited by 2
A Chinese Version of the Aesthetics Scale: Cultural Adaptation and Psychological Measurement
Deng, X., Wang, Y., Su, J., & Li, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2352214 · Cited by 2
Huang, K.-L., Liu, Y., & Sun, H.-J. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60898-8_16 · Cited by 2
FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH FOR VISUAL ANALYSIS OF WEBSITES WITH K-MEANS CLUSTERING-BASED COLOR EXTRACTION
Abildayeva, T., & Shamoi, P. (2024) · Herald of Kazakh-British technical university · doi:10.55452/1998-6688-2024-21-4-10-21 · Cited by 2
Priming System 1 Influences User Acceptance
van der Heijden, H. (2013) · Figshare · Cited by 2
Kim, J., Kim, J., & Moon, J. Y. (2013) · Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems · Cited by 2
Comparing User Experience and Performance in SecondLife and Blackboard
Sutcliffe, A., & Alrayes, A. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23765-2_46 · Cited by 2
Perception of International Web Pages : a Repertory Grid Approach
Kačániová, M., & Szabová, E. (2014) · Studia Ekonomiczne / Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach · Cited by 2
Positive Emotional Experiences With Portable Interactive Products
Gómez, R., Popović, V., & Blackler, A. L. (2019) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.2596862 · Cited by 2
Integrating Aesthetic and Usability Factors in the Design of Mobile Phones
Nathan-Roberts, D., & Liu, Y. (2012) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181312561290 · Cited by 2
Effects of Brand Attachment and Perceived Aesthetic on Intention to Purchase New Smartphone
Lee, W.-K., & Park, J.-H. (2014) · The Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.5859/kais.2014.23.4.147 · Cited by 2
The impact of presentation vs. interaction design on user satisfaction with digital libraries
Liu, J., & Zhang, X. (2009) · Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/meet.2009.1450460217 · Cited by 2
Injecting Creativity into Teaching Simulation Modeling to Computer Science Students
Fishwick, P. A. (2006) · SIMULATION · doi:10.1177/0037549706074191 · Cited by 2
Self-designing user interfaces
Sandnes, F. E. (2002) · EUROMICRO Conference · doi:10.1109/eurmic.2001.952487 · Cited by 2
Jardina, J. R., Phan, M. H., Nguyen, D. T., & Chaparro, B. S. (2012) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181312561320 · Cited by 2
Application Multicriteria Decision Analysis on TV Digital
de Castro, A. K. A., Pinheiro, P. R., & de Souza, G. G. C. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8741-7_8 · Cited by 2
Koubek, T., Procházka, D., & Šťastný, J. (2013) · Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis · doi:10.11118/actaun201361072337 · Cited by 2
Fun: An Exploration in its Relevance to Interaction Design
Woolley, E. M. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
Towards Essential Visual Variables in User Interface Design
Silvennoinen, J. M. (2014) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 2
DIFFERENCES IN CREATIVE DESIGN ASSESSMENT
Wojtczukand, A., & Bonnardel, N. (2012) · Cited by 2
Yun, Y. (2013) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · doi:10.25335/0z5k-z449 · Cited by 2
MAIS - A Model for the Multi-criteria Analysis of Interaction Solutions
Furtado, E. S., & Pinheiro, P. R. (2015) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.131 · Cited by 2
Morshedzadeh, E., Ono, K., & Watanabe, M. (2016) · Dezaingaku kenkyu/Dezaingaku kenkyū · doi:10.11247/jssdj.62.5_41 · Cited by 2
Angeli, C., & Veletsianos, G. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-940-3.ch009 · Cited by 2
A Theoretical Model for the Design of Aesthetic Interaction
Hsieh, H. C. L., & Cheng, N. C. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39510-4_17 · Cited by 2
Baharom, S. N., Zolkifly, N. H., & Tan, W. H. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1458-1_7 · Cited by 2
Psychological Factors Influencing User Acceptance and Usability
Phillips, J. G., Jory, M. K., Wijenayake, L., & Hii, P. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-874-1.ch016 · Cited by 2
Aesthetic in Designing Shoes; a Necessity to Meet the Needs of Customers
Shokri, P. (2016) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v12n12p246 · Cited by 2
Mohamed, M. S., & Jaya, H. T. (2012) · Cited by 2
Jung, J.-Y., & Love, T. (2008) · eSpace (Curtin University) · Cited by 2
Product Gender and Product Evaluation
Lieven, T. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60219-6_8 · Cited by 2
Application of Object-Based Metrics for Recognition of Well-Designed Dashboards
Hynek, J., & Hruška, T. (2018) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2018.1518004 · Cited by 2
Design; Beauty and User Satisfaction
Ebrahimi, S. M., & Fahmifar, A. A. (2019) · International Journal of Arts · Cited by 2
Rathunde, K., & Isabella, R. A. (2020) · International Journal of Play · doi:10.1080/21594937.2020.1843807 · Cited by 5
Evaluation of Web Pages as a Tool in Public Relations
Trkman, P., & Lindič, J. (2004) · Informing Science and IT Education Conference · doi:10.28945/2771 · Cited by 2
Contextualizing micro High Performance Computing Artifacts in Higher Education
Mwasaga, N. M., & Joy, M. S. (2021) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie49875.2021.9637400 · Cited by 2
EVALUATION OF USABILITY OF MALAYSIA DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAM (MyDiPP) MOBILE APP – A PILOT STUDY
Fauzi, N. F. M., Wafa, S. W., Abdullah, M. I., Raj, N. B., Yusof, B. N. M., Rawi, N. A., & Hassan, N. M. (2021) · Malaysian Applied Biology · doi:10.55230/mabjournal.v50i2.1992 · Cited by 2
Bakar, Z. B. A., Salim, F. S., Noor, N. M. M., & Mohemad, R. (2020) · International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology · doi:10.14445/22315381/cati1p204 · Cited by 2
Impact of Screens on How Users Think
Chauhan, M., & Agarwal, R. (2023) · International Conference on Intelligent Technologies (CONIT) · doi:10.1109/conit59222.2023.10205565 · Cited by 2
van Remmen, J. S. (2023) · Symposium Design for X (DFX) · doi:10.35199/dfx2023.03 · Cited by 2
Eytam, E., & Tractinsky, N. (2010) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 2
Self-citationThe beauty in product-service systems
Post, R. A. G., da Silva, O., & Hekkert, P. (2015) · Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) · Cited by 2
A New Method to Evaluate Good Design for Brand Recognition in the Digital World
Gonzalez, I., Val, E., Justel, D., Iriarte, I., & Lasa, G. (2019) · The Design Journal · doi:10.1080/14606925.2019.1594921 · Cited by 2
How does the visual aesthetics of positively-framed messages impact their motivational capacity?
Duro, L., Romão, T., Karapanos, E., Campos, P., & Campos, P. (2019) · European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics · doi:10.1145/3335082.3335085 · Cited by 3
Champiri, Z. D., Fisher, B., Kiong, L. C., & Danaee, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60114-0_42 · Cited by 2
Explaining user adoption of virtual worlds: Towards a multipurpose motivational model
Meents, S., Verhagen, T., Feldberg, F., & van den Hooff, B. (2008) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) · Cited by 2
Quek, M. (2013) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow) · Cited by 2
The effect of positive and negative messages on problem solving in computer programming tasks
Thornburg, K. M. (2010) · doi:10.17077/etd.w3gho6d9 · Cited by 2
Evaluating images of virtual agents
Wilson, K. S. (2002) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/506443.506633 · Cited by 2
Adoption and Non-Adoption: Profiling Internet Usage among Tourists to New Zealand
Rao, U. K. (2007) · Research Commons (University of Waikato) · Cited by 2
Passera, S., Smedlund, A., Liinasuo, M., & Aikala, M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2648148 · Cited by 2
Smith, A. J. (2017) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-5232 · Cited by 2
INTERACTIVE SONIFICATION STRATEGIES FOR THE MOTION AND EMOTION OF DANCE PERFORMANCES
Landry, S. (2019) · doi:10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/896 · Cited by 2
Reeder, E. M. (2018) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1404572 · Cited by 2
Creating an evaluation system for a mobile application design to enhance usability and aesthetics
Choi, J. (2012) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-223 · Cited by 2
The fluency effect as the underlying variable for judging beauty and usability
Nazareth, D. S. (2014) · Cited by 2
Dormant deficiency: a novel concept to direct cause–effect CAD model analysis
Otto, H. E., & Mandorli, F. (2023) · Research in Engineering Design · doi:10.1007/s00163-023-00423-5 · Cited by 1
Unraveling Metaverse's Retention Secrets
Akash, R., & Suganya, V. (2024) · Advances in social networking and online communities book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3358-7.ch002 · Cited by 1
Designing Effective Career Websites: A Study on User Experience and Job Seeker Engagement
Huang, W.-T. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-9910-7_12 · Cited by 1
Zhou, D., Xing, E., & Huang, J. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3706659 · Cited by 1
Kim, J., Shin, J.-K., & Kim, A. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-09-2024-1219 · Cited by 1
Patient and Provider Insights on the Design and Engagement of Digital Health Recommendation Systems
Wagner, E. S., & Torous, J. B. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00522-1 · Cited by 1
Engineering aesthetics generic definition, tests, factors, and methods
Singh, J., & Sarkar, P. K. (2025) · International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation · doi:10.1080/21650349.2025.2536001 · Cited by 1
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0037 · Cited by 1
Introduction to user interfaces
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0023 · Cited by 1
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0018 · Cited by 2
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0046 · Cited by 1
Hornbæk, K., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864543.003.0003 · Cited by 1
GraspR: A Computational Model of Spatial User Preferences for Adaptive Grasp UI Design
Caetano, A., Luo, Y., Sharma, A., & Sra, M. (2025) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology · doi:10.1145/3746059.3747744 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Tractinsky, N., Katz, A. S., & Ikar, D.
- Affiliations
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- ORCID
- Tractinsky, N
- Venue
- Interacting with Computers
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 127-145
- ISSN
- 0953-5438 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998515403
- Cited by
- 1,376
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 14.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Interacting with Computers (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Keywords
- aesthetic perception, usability, user perception, human-computer interaction design, automated teller machines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review